Psychology Final Chapters 8,10,11,12,13
_____ is an OCD-related disorder that involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder
Which of the following is the most important determinant of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?
the therapeutic alliance
_____ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.
nurture
John often experiences unanticipated attacks of intense fear. During these episodes, he feels like fainting and has trouble catching his breath. John cannot identify the source of his feelings and worries that he might die of heart failure. In the context of psychological disorders, John is exhibiting the symptoms of
panic disorder.
The process by which we come to understand the causes of others' behavior is known as
attribution.
The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by
damage to DNA.
Which theory of attraction suggests that long-term relationships are likely to continue when both partners are committed and put a lot into the relationship and when there are few attractive tempting alternatives around?
the investment model
_____ is the most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder.
Dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following was formerly called multiple personality disorder?
dissociative identity disorder
Which of the following is NOT one of the big five personality factors?
dominance
_____ treat depression by increasing the level of norepinephrine and serotonin.
Tricyclics
The _____ approach is evident in the medical model.
biological
Alex is shy and keeps to himself most of the time. Alex would score low on what trait?
extraversion
Validation, reframing, structural change, and detriangulation are techniques most commonly used in
family therapy.
_____ involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity.
Dissociative disorders
Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.
Which of the following indicates the view of a humanistic therapist regarding the cause of psychological problems?
They occur as a result of client's functioning below the optimal level.
The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
biological
Cindy's therapist uses the technique of distraction to help her deal with anxiety and asks her to count to 200 by 13s when she feels herself becoming anxious. From this scenario, it can be inferred that Cindy's therapist practices
cognitive therapy
Which of the following perspectives emphasizes that personality is primarily unconscious?
psychodynamic perspectives
A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.
teratogen
Most adults reach their peak physical development during their
20s
The volunteer participants in Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity conformed to group pressure to select the incorrect answer approximately _____ percent of the time.
35
Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?
An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder is nervous most of the time.
Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of conscientiousness?
Anne, who forgives her son for his poor academic performance
_____ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.
Anorexia nervosa
_____ is a mood disorder that is characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state.
Bipolar disorder
_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Borderline personality disorder
_____ is an eating disorder in which an individual, typically female, consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
Bulimia nervosa
_____ inhibits the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine and is also known as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.
Effexor
_____ refers to a psychological state in which an individual feels overexcited and unrealistically optimistic.
Mania
Which of the following statements is true of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Not every individual exposed to the same event develops PTSD.
In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?
Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.
_____ are called insight therapies because they encourage self-awareness as the path to psychological health.
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies
Which of the following is true of Carl Rogers's approach to personality?
Rogers believed that each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment.
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public
Social phobia
All of the following are symptoms of major depressive disorder EXCEPT
a history of manic episodes.
Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain
A fear becomes a phobia when
an individual will go to any length to avoid the object of the fear.
A woman who is in relentless pursuit of thinness for more than six months, so much so that she is starving herself to achieve this goal is exhibiting symptoms of
anorexia nervosa
Jessie, a young American, is obsessed about losing weight. She is paranoid about having calories and often starves herself. Despite being dangerously underweight for her age, Jessie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight. Which of the following disorders best fits the description of Jessie's condition?
anorexia nervosa
Tranquilizers are _____ drugs.
antianxiety
A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?
antisocial personality disorder
Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used drug therapies for treating
anxiety disorders.
According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains
archetypes.
Mazie's mom is loving and caring. Her mom sets clear boundaries and engages in a lot of verbal give and take. In terms of parenting styles, she would be described as
authoritative.
All of the following are criteria that are used to distinguish normal behavior from abnormal behavior EXCEPT
behavior that is inconsistent.
Dr. Wren is in the process of diagnosing Lily's psychological disorder. After asking Lily a few questions about her symptoms, Lily reveals that she experiences alternating episodes of euphoria and distress. On some days, Lily claims that she feels like she is capable of doing anything in the world. During this phase, she can't sleep; feels restless, and is extremely excitable. On the other days, Lily feels utterly worthless and miserable. During this phase, Lily lies in bed all day and is troubled by morbid thoughts. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Wren is likely to diagnose Lily with
bipolar disorder.
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with
body dysmorphic disorder.
The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?
borderline personality disorder
Chronic sore throat, kidney problems, dehydration, gastrointestinal problems, and dental problems are complications commonly experienced by individuals who suffer from
bulimia nervosa.
The most common compulsion exhibited by individuals who have obsessive-compulsive disorder is excessive
cleansing.
Dr. Laura engages in reflective listening with Bill who suffers from depression. She waits for him to express his feelings and decide what he wants to do about his problems. According to this information, it can be inferred that Dr. Laura is practicing _____ therapy.
client-centered
Tasha is seeing a therapist because she is depressed. Her therapist gives her examples of reinforcing self-statements and trains Tasha on self-instructional methods that allow her to modify her own behavior. Tasha's therapist is most likely practicing
cognitive-behavior therapy.
The _____ is a theory suggesting that preexisting conditions, such as genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, or experiences, put a person at risk of developing a psychological disorder.
diathesis-stress model
Adrian is a cognitive therapist. He intends to help his client Troy, who feels that he is a born loser and will continue to be a loser in the future. According to this information, which of the following cognitive therapy techniques should be implemented by Adrian?
examining advantages and disadvantages
Systematic desensitization involves
exposing someone to a feared situation in a real or an imagined way.
Brad has been in a state of incessant worry for almost half a year now. He has trouble sleeping and breathing. Dr. Simons, a psychiatrist, asks Brad detailed questions about his symptoms and medical history. Brad tells Dr. Simons that he cannot stop worrying and is constantly nervous. Brad also complains of muscular tension and stomach problems. After conducting a quick examination of Brad's symptoms, Dr. Simons discovers that Brad's incessant worry does not have a particular cause, and it has taken a physical toll on Brad's health. Which of the following disorders is Dr. Simons most likely to diagnose Brad with?
generalized anxiety disorder
When an individual hears and sees people who are not actually there, the individual is likely to be experiencing
hallucinations.
The main goal of psychoanalysis is to
help individuals gain insight into the unconscious conflicts that are the source of their problems.
Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. She holds that individuals are capable of controlling their lives and achieving their goals. Brittney is most likely to agree with the _____ of personality.
humanistic perspectives
According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following traits is least likely to be associated with self-actualizers?
intolerance
The sense of _____ is the most dangerous aspect of adolescent egocentrism.
invincibility
According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?
low levels of conscientiousness
The Americans with Disabilities Act
made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.
Cathy is worried about her mental health. She visits Dr. Henderson, a psychiatrist, to seek treatment for her condition. When Dr. Henderson asks her questions about herself, Cathy reveals that she is unhappy and feels worthless most of the time. She doesn't eat or sleep well and has even contemplated suicide. Dr. Henderson also learns that Cathy has been experiencing these distressing symptoms for almost three weeks. In the context of disorders involving emotion and mood, it can be inferred that Dr. Henderson is likely to diagnose Cathy with
major depressive disorder
A therapist who uses cognitive restructuring believes that _____ are the causes of abnormal behavior.
maladaptive thoughts
Aria has been awake for two nights in a row and still feels highly energetic, and euphoric. The previous day, she quit her job on an impulse and decided to become an actress. In the context of bipolar disorder, Aria is experiencing an episode of
mania.
Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.
medical model
In the context of types of therapy, client-centered therapy follows a _____ approach.
nondirective
Jillian can't bear to leave her home without washing all the linens and floors, vacuuming the carpets, and organizing everything in her cupboards. Because she knows that her behavior is extreme, she has tried to go to work without doing all these things, but she becomes overwhelmed with such dread that she never makes it all the way to the office. Jillian probably has
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Your best friend Kelly is liberal and tolerant. Which trait is she likely high on?
openness
A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting
overt aggression.
In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
panic disorder
Randy experienced a horrific childhood. She was physically and verbally abused by her mother and sexually abused by her stepfather. Years later, she began experiencing anxiety symptoms. Which of the following anxiety-related disorders would best apply to this situation?
post-traumatic stress disorder
Dissociative disorders often occur in individuals who also show signs of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
Which of the following biomedical interventions for eliminating the symptoms of psychological disorders is used least often?
psychosurgery
All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT
reduced awareness.
Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Which of the following is an important element of Carl Rogers's humanistic theory?
self-concept
Which of the following is an important aspect of cognitive-behavior therapy?
self-efficacy
John, an alcoholic, does not have much money, but requires the help of a mental-health professional. He might best be served by contacting a
self-help support group.
Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for
smoking, overeating, and drinking alcohol.
Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?
specific phobia
By influencing norepinephrine and serotonin, lithium is thought to
stabilize moods.
Taylor is a family therapist who intends to resolve a mother-child coalition that has formed in the case of her client Hannah, since Hannah's husband does not spend quality time with them. According to this information, it can be inferred that Taylor is likely to implement the _____ technique.
structural change
Frank is seeing a therapist for his spider phobia. The therapist first teaches him muscle relaxation and then they develop a stimulus hierarchy. Frank is seeing a therapist who uses
systematic desensitization.
A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by
trying to get the patient to identify irrational and self-defeating thoughts.
According to Rogers, an individual's need to be liked, loved, and accepted by others regardless of his or her behavior is called
unconditional positive regard.
Infants who display secure attachment
use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment.
Attribution theory
views people as motivated to discover the underlying causes of their behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?
The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.
Which of the following statements was made by Freud's critics on his ideas about sexuality, early experience, social factors, and the unconscious mind?
The first five years of life are not as powerful in shaping adult personality as Freud thought.
What did Harry Harlow demonstrate in his classic study of attachment amongst baby monkeys?
The monkeys were more attached to the artificial mothers that were warm and soft.
Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be
more collaborative.
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who lacks the concept of
object permanence.
Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought?
preoperational
Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person through activities such as gossiping and spreading rumors is known as
relational aggression.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?
serotonin
Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?
A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.
Which of the following is NOT a belief of the psychodynamic perspectives of personality?
A person's personality can be truly understood by focusing exclusively on his or her behavior.
_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.
Attitudes
_____ means helping another person for personal gain, such as to feel good, or avoid guilt.
Egoism
_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world.
Personality
Which of the following statements is true of the development of the brain in humans?
The process of myelination begins prenatally.
Which of the following is a criticism of the humanistic perspectives of personality?
They are too optimistic about human nature.
Which of the following statements best defines conformity?
a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
According to social exchange theory, the most important predictor of relationship success is
equity.
Your grandma initiates regular get-togethers at her neighborhood community hall. She also believes it's important to experience gratitude and be thankful for the wonderful life she has lived. According to the big five model of personality, grandma would likely score high on which of the following traits?
extraversion
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression.
frontal lobes
Adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life is known as
individual psychology.
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
According to Freud, penis envy and the Oedipus complex is experienced during which of the following psychosexual stages of development?
phallic
You arrange two rows of pennies so they are equal in length. A child views the rows and states that s/he has the same amount of pennies. You spread out the pennies in the bottom row so it is longer than the top row. The child now states that the bottom row has more pennies. This child is in which of Piaget's stages?
preoperational
Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobsen conducted a study in 1968. The researchers told grade-school teachers that five students were likely to be "late bloomers"—that these students had high levels of ability that would likely emerge over time. In reality, the students had been randomly selected by the researchers. Nonetheless, a year later, the researchers found that teachers' expectations for the "late bloomers" were reflected in student performance—the academic performance of the "late bloomers" was beyond that of other students. The results from this study demonstrate which of the following concepts?
self-fulfilling prophecy
Freud believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is _____.
sex/security
Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with
specific phobia.
Social loafing refers to the
tendency for people to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone.
According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from his or her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____.
unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth
Freud's view of anatomy as destiny was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for
ignoring sociocultural influences on personality development.
Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?
Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.
_____ is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.
Social psychology
In attribution theory, the person who offers a causal explanation of the actor's behavior is called the
observer.
According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.
sensorimotor
Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals
show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
"Am I as popular as Cathy?" This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of
social comparison.
Which of the following is most closely associated with the nurture side of the nature versus nurture debate?
social experiences
Which of the following statements about panic disorder is FALSE?
American men are twice as likely as American women to be diagnosed with panic disorder.
According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality?
Neuroticism is low in self-satisfied individuals.
Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?
Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion.
_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.
Traits/States
Which of the following is NOT one of the essential qualities needed in a relationship to reconnect with one's true feelings and desires according to Rogers?
defense mechanisms
When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.
sociocultural approach
Which of the following is true of Adler's individual psychology?
Adler argued that people have the ability to take their genetic inheritance.
Which of the following is true with regard to development?
Development is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.
Ernie is an extrovert. Bert is an introvert. What can you predict about Ernie and Bert given your knowledge of personality research?
Ernie experiences more positive emotions than Bert.
Which of the following individuals illustrates the trait of extraversion?
Ethan, who communicates with all the members of his choir group lightheartedly
Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?
It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.
_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.
Positive illusions
Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?
The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into early adulthood.
Which of the following traits is related to generosity and altruism to reports of religious faith and to more satisfying romantic relationships?
agreeableness
When people try to confront Alfred about drinking too much alcohol, he replies, "Drinking may be harmful to my health, but I'll die having a good time." This statement made by Alan illustrates his attempt to reduce
cognitive dissonance.
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past is called the
collective unconscious.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages of prenatal development?
conception, zygote, embryonic period, fetal period
A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into the Hawk Club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _____ level.
conventional
Carolyn's parents were extremely religious, conservative and brought her up with strict moral codes. She was not permitted to have male friends and even her female friends were not allowed to spend time in their home. In college, Carolyn fell in love and despite her strict upbringing, engaged in premarital sex. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which personality structure was most likely responsible for Carolyn's sexual activity in college?
id
Nelly's friends attempt to convince Nelly to try cocaine at a party. Even though Nelly is tempted, she resists because she knows that the consequences of her actions would be disastrous for her body. In the context of Freud's structures of personality, Nelly's temptation to take cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to take the cocaine is most likely dictated by her _____.
id; ego
Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect?
industry vs. inferiority
Schaie's longitudinal study of intellectual abilities showed that _____ is the period when most people reach their peak for many intellectual skills.
middle adulthood
Cooper's father is a corporate executive who works long hours. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. He has never been to any of Cooper's soccer games or met any of his friends. Cooper's father believes that his career is more important than raising his son. As such, he does not get involved in Cooper's life. Psychologists would describe Cooper's father's style of parenting as
neglectful.
Joyce has the potential to be an honor student but frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than working to succeed, she tends to "dummy down" to act more like the students that she hangs out with. She has at times answered questions incorrectly in class on purpose to be more like her friends. Joyce's behavior is due to
normative social influence.
Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders
psychological approach
Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is exhibiting which ego defense mechanism?
repression
Benjamin loves putting together puzzles. He has recently mastered putting together a 10-piece Sesame Street puzzle. His mother claps at his accomplishment but wants to continue challenging Benjamin just beyond his current abilities. The next time they play, she gives Benjamin a 15-piece puzzle and offers some guidance on how to sort the pieces out. According to Vygotsky, Benjamin's mother provides _____ that allows Benjamin's cognitive abilities to be built higher and higher.
scaffolding
Juanita returned home after being away for several years. When she saw her father, whom she thought she disliked, she hugged him and cried. Based on her crying when she saw him, she determined that she must like him more than she thought. This is most consistent with the of attitudes
self-perception theory.
Some researchers disagree with the notion that the labels "easy," "difficult," and "slow-to-warm-up" are the best way to conceptualize temperament. These psychologists argue that _____ are the core dimensions of temperament.
self-regulation, inhibition, and negative affectivity
