Psychology Final Exam Questions

Luke was born with one kidney. This random error in gene replication is know as: a. Evolution b. Natural selection c. Heridity d. Mutation

Mutation

Melissa's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in Down Syndrome. This is an example of: a. Epigenetics b. Gene-environment interaction c. Mutation d. Natural selection

Mutation

Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing? a. Experimentation b. A case study c. Naturalistic observation d. Survey research

Naturalist observation

Professor Frank has asked students to create a study to examine the behavior of coyotes in a nearby nature preserve. If they are only interested in observing and recording behavior, and not exploring cause and effect for those behaviors, which method would they choose? a. A survey method b. A correlational method c. Experimental method d. Naturalistic Observation

Naturalistic Observation

Dr. Schmidt believes that alcohol use disorder is influenced both by biological and cultural factors. This finding is most relevant to the issue of: a. Nature versus nurture b. Observation versus introspection c. Structuralism versus functionalism d. Behavior versus mental processes

Nature versus nurture

Women appear to be more sensitive to ________ cues than men. a. Verbal b. Auditory c. Oral d. Noverbal

Nonverbal

Muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output begin to decline in the late 20s. Research has shown that these processes of aging can be reversed by: a. Perceiving one's life with a sense of integrity b. Brain-training exercises c. Nothing can reverse the decline associated with aging. d. Exercise and lifestyle changes

Nothing can reverse the decline associated with aging.

After one chimpanzee sees a second chip open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates: a. Acuisition b. Associative learning c. Respondent behavior d. Observational learning

Observational learning

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called: a. Respondent behaviors b. Automatic behaviors c. Operant behaviors d. Conditioned responses

Operant behaviors

A learned association between a behavior and its consequences is central to: a. Operant conditioning b. The association of two stimuli c. Classical conditioning d. Respondent behavior

Operant conditioning

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying: a. Extinction b. Respondent behavior c. Spontaneous recovery d. Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

A token economy incorporates ______ to modify behaviors by reinforcing desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for various treats. a. Operant conditioning procedures b. Punishment c. Classical conditioning techniques d. Aversive conditioning

Operant conditioning procedures

Students who expect that they will be able to rebound from a low test score through their own effort and self-discipline most clearly demonstrate: a. The benefits of aerobic exercise b. The adaption-level phenomenon c. An external locus of control d. Optimism

Optimism

Jennifer has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and her psychoanalyst thinks she is overcompensating. In which psychosexual stage would he say Jennifer is fixated? a. Genital b. Phallic c. Oral d. Anal

Oral

Visual illusions are to ______ as false memories are to actual memories. a. Hypnosis b. Real perception c. Real memories d. Source misattribution

Real perceptions

Nutrients and oxygen are transferred from a mother to her developing fetus through the: a. Embryo b. Placenta c. Ovaries d. Uterus

Placenta

Professor Boyd believes that children in every culture can distinguish between costs and benefits because humans have an inborn understanding of economics. This belief is most consistent with the views of: a. Aristotle b. B. F. Skinner c. Edward Titchener d. Plato

Plato

Michelle, who has suffered from epilepsy all her life, takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently she became pregnant with her first child. She then checked on her medication and found no adequate studies have been performed on the effect of the medication on pregnant women. She asked her doctor whether Trileptal was a(n): a. Influence on newborn reflex responses b. Tatata c. Stimulant for fetuses d. Teratogen

Teratogen

Professor Ming is conducting a study for which it is critical that the findings be representative of the population of interest. Which research method runs the greatest risk that its findings may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? a. The survey b. The case study c. Naturalistic observation d. Experimentation

The case study

Em asked her roommate to turn down the radio because she was trying to study. Her roommate had increased the volume from a volume level of 14 to 15. This was just enough for Em to detect the increase and subsequent decrease. Em's detection of the increase of volume is an example of: a. Sensory adaption b. The difference threshold c. Prosopagnosia d. An absolute threshold

The difference threshold

Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychotherapy is TRUE? a. One type of psychotherapy is generally better than others. b. Research has consistently shown that most people must e in psychotherapy for a year or longer before any significant improvements occur. c. The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be longer lasting. d. As a general rule, the benefits of psychotherapy are minimal when compared to the almost identical improvement rates of untreated people with psychological problems.

The gains that people make as a result of psychotherapy, including brief forms of psychotherapy, tend to be longer lasting.

According to ________, dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidates our memories. a. Freud's wish-fulfillment theory b. The activation-synthesis model c. The cognitive development model d. The information-processing theory

The information processing theory

In the last 40 years in the United States, over ______ people have been killed by firearms in non-war settings. a. 10,000 b. 100,000 c. 1 million d. 2 million

1 million

The introduction of therapeutic drugs and community-based treatment programs in the _______ helped to empty large mental hospitals. a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s

1950s

There is a gradual decline in female fertility as women age. As an example, for women _______, a single act of intercourse is only half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a woman 19 to 26 years old. a. 35 to 39 years old b. At menopause c. 40 to 45 years old d. 27 to 30 years old

35 to 39 years old

The 90-minute sleep cycle is an example of: a. A biological rhythm b. A hypnogogic cycle c. Sleep apnea d. Sleep spindles

A biological rhythm

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by: a. A stay at a psychiatric hospital b. A biopsychosocial approach c. The medical model d. A mental disorder diagnosis

A biopsychosocial approach

An infant is most likely to be at risk for FAS if her mother is: a. A teenager b. Infected with the AIDS virus c. A heavy drinker d. A heavy smoker

A heavy drinker

Suan, who is African American, has just been pulled over by a police officer. However, the officer failed to give a legitimate reason for pulling him over. Suan believes that his traffic stop was directly related to his race. If his is correct, this is an example of: a. A microaggression b. A stereotype c. Implicit bias d. Justifiable action

A microaggression

Mark is a 25-year-old who has decided to ask his doctor about whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. He knows at puberty it was supposed to be at a rate of: a. About 100,000 sperm per second b. About 100 sperm per second c. about 10,000 sperm per second d. about 1,000 sperm per second

About 1,000 sperm per second

Which two researchers laid the groundwork for today's scientific positive psychology? a. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers b. Sigmund Freud and Karen Horney c. Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow d. Alfred Adler and Karen Horney

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Sam is a firefighter and immediately wakes in the middle of the night at the sound of an alarm. It is likely that his _____ have released epinephrine and norepinephrine in response. a. Parathyriods b. Somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems c. Reflex pathways d. Adrenal glands

Adrenal glands

The hospital where Josh works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _______, for treating people having heart attacks. a. Heuristics b. Concepts c. Algorithms d. Prototype

Algorithms

North Americans are more likely than those in China and Japan to: a. Allow their facial expressions to openly display their feelings. b. Recognize facial expressions of happiness. c. Hide their negative emotions. d. Detect sadness.

Allow their facial expressions to openly display their feelings.

Which of the following is an emotion-control center of the brain? a. Thalamus b. Somatosensory cortex c. Amygdala d. Amygdala

Amygdala

Having a view of increase personal control is related to: a. An increased view of having free will b. An increased sense of external locus of control c. Decreased wealth d. A suppressed immune system

An increased view of having free will

The perception that one can strongly influence the outcome and destiny of one's own life exemplifies: a. Subjectivity well-being b. The Type B personality c. An internal locus of control d. Self-control

An internal locus of control

Tylor can remember the past just fine but is unable to form new memories. He is experiencing: a. Retrograde amnesia b. Anterograde amnesia c. Protective interference d. Retroactive interference

Anterograde amnesia

Each time Brenda eats yogurt, she feels sick. Brenda has learned that eating yogurt and sickness go together, so she now refuses to eat yogurt. This kind of learning is called: a. Cognitive learning b. Associative learning c. Generalization d. Observational learning

Associative learning

Infancy's major social achievement is: a. Accommodation b. Self-concept c. Assimilation d. Attachment

Attachment

_____ is characterized by one or more of three key symptoms, including extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impassivity. a. Schizophrenia b. Obsessive-compulsive disorder c. Posttraumatic stress disorder d. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Ashleigh has been told her basilar membrane is damaged. This is most likely to affect her: a. Vestibular sense b. Vision c. Audition d. Sense of smell

Audition

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are sometimes prescribed to induce sleep and reduce anxiety. They belong to which class of medication? a. Antidepressants b. Alcohol c. Barbiturates d. Opiates

Barbiturates

Your professor directs a clinic for children and adolescents that specializes in shaping conduct through rewards and consequences. Which of the following branches of psychology does this clinic support? a. Functionalism b. Behaviorism c. Psychoanalysis d. Humanistic Psychology

Behaviorism

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with anti-gay attitudes? a. Being an older adult b. Being unemployed c. Being less educated d. Being female

Being female

Professor Caste perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be interactive outcome of cultural expectations. Autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought process. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) _____ approach. a. Trait b. Social cognitive c. Biopsychosocial d. Big Five

Biopsychosocial

Treating our mind and body as independent entities seems especially inappropriate to those who take a ________ approach to therapy. a. Biopsychosocial b. Biomedical c. Cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive

Biopsychosocial

Dr. McDougal decided to publish a paper based on a patient who presented her with a complicated case of depression and anxiety. Her hope, besides getting published, was to share universal principles with the psychology community. This is an example of a(n): a. Naturalistic observation b. Experiment c. Survey d. Case study

Case study

After she suffered a brain injury, Marla had difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she suffered damage to her: a. Corpus callosum b. Amygdala c. Cerebellum d. Reticular formation

Cerebellum

It has been suggested that raised eyebrows are universally associated with a surprised expression because they effectively widen the eyes, enabling us to take in more information. Which theorist would have agree with this statement? a. Jean Piaget b. Judith Hall c. Charles Darwin d. William James

Charles Darwin

Which of the following individuals suffered from panic disorder and agoraphobia? a. Charles Darwin b. Sigmund Freud c. David Beckham d. Susan Mineka

Charles Darwin

A learned association between two stimuli is central to: a. Shaping b. Negative reinforcement c. Operant behavior d. Classical conditioning

Classical conditioning

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of: a. Operant conditioning b. Extinction c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping

Classical conditioning

If a culture is described as valuing harmony, interdependence, fitting in, and social responsibility, it is likely: a. Collectivist b. Individualist c. Competitive d. Rigid

Collectivist

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n): a. Mental set b. Concept c. Heuristic d. Prototype

Concept

After being told that her parents had just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Denise is likely to experience an outpouring of: a. Serotonin b. Oxytocin c. Epinephrine d. B lymphocytes

Epinephrine

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously? a. Hannah engages in meditation, which she learned in order to help him relax and reduce anxiety. b. David is experiencing hallucinations caused by LSD. c. Corbin is daydreaming about his upcoming trip to Europe. d. Megan has just entered a state of hypnosis with the aid of a psychologist.

Corbin is daydreaming about his upcoming trip to Europe.

Studying initially healthy men over a 10-year period, researchers found that pessimistic adult men were more than twice as likely as optimistic men to experience: a. Low blood pressure b. Coronary heart disease c. Longer life expectancy d. Less inflammation

Coronary heart disease

The most common scheme for classifying psychological disorders is the: a. Study of rates disorder b. Medical model c. DSM-5 d. Biopsychosocial approach

DSM-5

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it: a. Depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgement. Lowering inhibition. b. Stimulates activity in regions of the brain that are involved with emotion, especially positive emotions. c. Is a stimulant. d. Increases activity in the motor regions while simultaneously decreasing activity in sensory regions.

Depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgement. Lowering inhibitions.

Although he is more than a year old, Erik wakes up frequently during the night and is hard to soothe back to sleep. In general, he cries easily, is a fussy eater, and rarely naps at the same time every day. Erik's temperament would most likely be categorized as: a. Insecurely attached b. Difficult c. Securely attached d. Easy

Difficult

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed _____ racial prejudice. a. Increasing b. Substantial c. Partial d. Diminishing

Diminishing

Claire is recalling the day of her college graduation. Of what type of memory is this an example? a. Non-declarative b. Episodic c. Implicit d. Semantic

Episodic

Which of the following helps to retain information for the long-term? a. Massed study b. Distributed practice c. Shallow processing d. Cramming

Distributed practice

One shortcoming of the instinct theory of motivation is that it: a. places too much emphasis on environmental factors b. focuses on cognitive aspects of motivation c. Applies only to animal behavior d. Does not explain human motives

Does not explain human motives

While you probably wish that studying was automatic, the successful studying your introductory psychology course requires the attention and conscious exertion known as: a. Effortful processing b. Implicit memory c. Parallel processing d. Working memory

Effortful processing

The link between chronic sleep deprivation and weight gain can be attributed to all the following EXCEPT sleep deprivation: a. Enhances limbic brain responses to the mere sight of food and decreases corical inhibition. b. Increases ghrelin, a hunger-arousing hormone, and decreases it hunger suppressing partner, leptin. c. Increases cortisol, a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make hat. d. Enhances the activation of the hippocampus, which produces hormones that trigger hunger.

Enhances the activation of the hippocampus, which produces hormones that trigger hunger.

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of: a. Environmental influences b. Unconscious motives c. Personality traits d. Genetic influences

Environmental influences

Environmental factors such as viral infections can "turn on" specific genes that put people at risk of developing schizophrenia. This best illustrates the impact of: a. Biological factors b. Myelin c. Epigenetic factors d. High levels of antibodies

Epigenetic factors

Dr. Margo is studying the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection. Dr. Margo is most likely a(n): a. Geneticist b. Evolutionary psychologist c. Biological psychologist d. Behavior geneticist

Evolutionary psychologist

Your professor suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in Western cultures might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now, these foods are easily available and Westerners are eating too much of them. What type of theoretical approach is your professor expressing? a. Behavior gentetics b. Biopsychosocial c. Evolutionary psychology d. Personality psychology

Evolutionary psychology

Your sister has an independent study proposal due next week, and she has asked you for help in deciding on a topic. She is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. On which one of the following subfields of psychology would you recommend she focus? a. Biological b. Genetic c. Behavior genetics d. Evolutionary psychology

Evolutionary psychology

The third phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS) is characterized by: a. Resistance b. Exhaustion c. An alarm reaction d. Low blood pressure

Exhaustion

Signal detection theory predicts that a person's ability to detect weak signals is partly dependent on the person's: a. Behavior, perception, and alertness. b. Experience, motivation, and alertness. c. Attitude, motivation, and behavior. d. Expectation, behavior, and attitude.

Experience, motivation, and alertness.

A stressor is a(n): a. Adaptive response b. External event that threatens or challenges us c. Fight or flight adaption d. Hormone released by the adrenal glands during periods of stress

External event that threatens or challenges us

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature morel reasoning form? a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Formal operational d. Preoperational

Formal operational

According to the _______, the spinal cord contains a neurological opening that either blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. a. Placebo theory of pain b. Larger-fiber theory of pain c. Biopsychosocial theory of pain d. Gate-control theory of pain

Gate-control theory of pain

You are trying to convince your parents to finance your planned trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as: a. Normative social influence b. Getting a foot in the door c. Peripheral route persuasion d. Minority influence

Getting a foot in the door

What is the hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach? a. Ghrelin b. Orexin c. Serotonin d. PYY

Ghrelin

George must avoid foods high in MSG, since an oversupply of the neurotransmitter _____ can overstimulate the brain, inducing seizures or migraines. a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Dopamine d. Serotonin

Glutamate

Our tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as: a. Interposition b. Convergence c. Grouping d. Parallel processing

Grouping

The perception of vivid geometric images and dreamlike scenes is most likely to be triggered by: a. Cocaine b. Alcohol c. Hallucinogens d. Methamphetamine

Hallucinogens

Research shows that infant rats deprived of their mother's grooming: a. Have a lower metabolic rate b. Have a faster metabolic rate c. Produce more growth hormones d. Gain weight faster

Have a lower metabolic rate

Ami has just begun teaching a class and is trying to memorize the names of her students. Her ability to store the names to memory will rely on the work of her: a. Amygdala b. Hypothalamus c. Hippocampus d. Cerebellum

Hippocampus

______ is the tendency to maintain a balanced internal state, regulating any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level. a. Motivation b. Homeostasis c. The hierarchy of needs d. Optimum arousal

Homeostasis

Which theories focus on inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment? a. Social-cognitive theories b. Trait theories c. Psychodynamic theories d. Humanistic theories

Humanistic theories

Professor Jamison is a scientist who maintains an awareness of her own vulnerability to error and openness to surprise and new perspectives. She is exemplifying which scientific attitude? a. Curiosity b. Skepticism c. Humility d. Inquisitiveness

Humility

The concept of a set point is relevant to understanding the experience of: a. Hunger b. People in a motivational "hot" state c. Eating spicy food d. People in a motivational "low" state

Hunger

Dr. Branson is a researcher at a large pharmaceutical company that has a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in schizophrenia. Dr. Branson believes that this new medication may be useful for treating some forms of the disorder. This belief is a(n): a. Operational definition b. Hypothesis c. Method d. Theory

Hypothesis

Sharron hugged her purse tight when an African American man entered the elevator she was on. While Sharron believes that everyone should be treated equal, her behavior may be related to: a. Implicit memories b. Priming c. Conscious awareness d. Implicit prejudice

Implicit prejudice

When does a human female produce her eggs? a. During menstruation b. At puberty c. At menopause d. In the uterus

In the uterus

Two year old Vivi is very bored. She has been stuck in her playpen for 30 minutes, has played with every toy available to her, and has looked at everything she can see in the living room. She wants to escape. She is motivated to escape the playpen to: a. Maintain her level of arousal b. Decrease her arousal c. Increase her arousal to an optimum level d. reach homeostasis

Increase her arousal to an optimum level

B. F. Skinner believed that future "machine and textbooks" could promote effective learning because they would allow for both: a. Continuous reinforcement and intermittent reinforcement b. Positive reinforcement and punishment c. Individualized learning and immediate reinforcement d. Individualized learning and spontaneous recovery

Individualized learning and immediate reinforcement

At the beginning of a research study, Allen is given information that explains what he will be asked to do during the experiment. Obtaining his approval in this step of the study is called: a. A protocol form b. A confidentiality agreement c. Debriefing d. Informed consent

Informed consent

_______ is a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood glucose. a. PYY b. Insulin c. Leptin d. Orexin

Insulin

Brenda has been asked to give a brief lecture on neurons and the action potential to a group of high school students. Which of the following would she likely use as a model to describe the chemistry-to-electricity process of the action potential? a. It is similar to the way ocean currents generate electricity b. It is similar to the way waterfalls can generate electricity c. It is similar to the way windmills generate electricity d. It is similar to the way batteries generate electricity

It is similar to the way batteries generate electricity

The process of acquiring new and relaively endouring information or behaviors is called: a. Reinforcement b. Learning c. Respondent behavior d. Acquisition

Learning

Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors. a. Right cererbral hemisphere b. Left cerebral hemisphere c. Corpus callosum d. Motor Cortex

Left cerebral hemisphere

In a positive mood, a person will experience increased activity in her: a. Left frontal lobe b. Right frontal lobe c. Amygdala d. Right hemisphere

Left frontal lobe

what will the lower layer of the cells develop into? a. Hemoglobin b. Lungs c. Collagen d. Crystalline

Lungs

The white blood cells that fight bacterial infections and attack cancer cells and viruses are called: a. Lymphocytes b. Macrophages c. Carcinogens d. NK cells

Lymphocytes

All the following are considered theorists EXCEPT: a. Jean Piaget b. Marc Bornstein c. Erik Erikson d. Lawrence Kohlberg

Marc Bornstein

Homosexuality was removed in 1973 from the DSM system for classifying psychological disorders as a psychological disorder because: a. Mental health workers came to the view that same-sex attraction was not inherently dysfunctional or distressing. b. Mental health workers came to the view that same-sex attraction was normal. c. Same-sex attraction was not found to impact cognition. d. Same-sex attraction was not found to affect behavior and emotion regulation.

Mental health workers came to the view that same-sex attraction was not inherently dysfunctional or distressing.

Cognitive neuroscience is best described as the interdisciplinary study of brain activity linked with: a. A selective attention b. Altered state of consciousness c. Mental processes d. Inattentional blindness

Mental processes

"When you are the only person like yourself in a group, you are far more likely to sway the majority if you hold firmly to your position and don't waffle." This represents: a. Social control b. Personal control c. Minority influence d. Informational social influence

Minority influence

Carolyn believes she can complete a term paper, start to finish, in two day, so she begins the paper two days before its due date. Unfortunately, she soon realizes it will more likely take four or five days to complete. Her failure to accurately determine how long the assignment would take best illustrates: a. Overconfidence b. Framing c. Mental set d. Belief perseverance

Overconfidence

Thomas is a smoker. He has at least double risk of which mental disorder? a. Obsessive-compulsive disorder b. Panic disorder c. Phobia d. Generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities best illustrate our normal capacity for: a. Parallel processing b. Feature detection c. Perceptual organization d. Accommodation

Parallel processing

After Jamie is startled awake in the middle of the night by a loud noise, she soon realizes that the noise she heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Once she know that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly her ________ has now been activated. a. Adrenal system b. Sympathetic nervous system c. Central nervous system d. Parasympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

Zack sees an apple on his desk. The sight of the apple reminds him of the times he spent picking apples from his grandmother's apple trees as a child. The experiences Zack had with apples has affected his ____ of the apple. a. Priming b. Transduction c. Perception d. Sensation

Perception

Casey is watching a presidential debate on television and says, "The Republican candidate looks like he would make an excellent president. Just look at how he dresses!" Casey is influenced by: a. Peripheral route persuasion b. Central route persuasion c. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon d. Normative social influence

Peripheral route persuasion

Sam is stressed because she has a sinking feeling that she's too socially inept to make friends with any of her new classmates. Erin best illustrates the debilitating effects of: a. An internal locus of control b. A Type A personality c. Problem-focused coping d. Pessimism

Pessimism

Alone in her home, Janis hears a noise in the middle of the night. Her heart begins pounding. Here emotional response to the situation at this point best represents: a. Conscious experience b. Physiological arousal c. Expressive behavior d. The interaction of thinking and feeling

Physiological arousal

Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This illustrates the motivational significance of: a. Possible selves b. Narcissism c. Self-serving bias d. The spotlight effect

Possible selves

______ is often required for everyday tasks, which are frequently ill-defined and with multiple solutions. a. Creative intelligence b. Analytical intelligence c. Fluid intelligence d. Practical intelligence

Practical intelligence

Evidence suggests that ______ contribute(s) to the development of schizophrenia. a. Depressed serotonin levels b. Underactive dopamine system c. A larger-than-normal corpus callosum d. Prenatal viral infections

Prenatal viral infections

This is the activation of particular associations in memory: a. Priming b. Storage c. Memory consolidation d. The serial position effect

Priming

"The thief thinks everyone else is a thief." This is an example of which defense mechanism? a. Regression b. Reaction formation c. Rationalization d. Projection

Projection

This is a mental image or best example of a category: a. Prototype b. Concept c. Heuristic d. Mental set

Prototype

The distance between our right and left eyes function to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as: a. Linear perspective b. Retinal disparity c. Interposition d. Proximity

Proximity

The most powerful predictor of whether people will become friends is: a. Physical attractiveness b. mirror-image perceptions c. Proximity d. Similarity

Proximity

Seventy-six-year-old Tyler has an optimistic outlook on life, plays golf several times a week, and teaches non-English speaking people. Tyler's example demonstrates the role that _____ factors play in helping older people live longer and flourish. a. Psychological b. Social c. Cultural d. Biological

Psychological

Will, a little boy, has reverted to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. What defence mechanism is he using? a. Regression b. Reaction formation c. Projection d. Rationalization

Regression

Researchers have found that classical conditioning can be used to produce an immune response in patients. Of the following pairings, which would be the most likely to produce this response? a. Repeated pairing of lemonade with the drug that enhances the immune response. b. Repeated pairing of a minor electric shock with the drug that enhances the immune response. c. Repeated pairing of the drug that enhances the immune response with a tone. d. Repeated pairing of the drug that enhances the immune response with a puff of air into the eye.

Repeated pairing of lemonade with the drug that enhances the immune response.

More than 9 in 10 New Yorkers, although stunned and grief-stricken by the 9/11 terrorist attack, did not have a dysfunctional stress reaction. This best illustrates: a. Syntematic desensitization b. Preventive mental health c. Therapeutic lifestyle change d. Resilience

Resilience

Although instincts are not common to humans, which of the following can be considered an innate tendency for human infants? a. Grasping for a bottle b. learning a language c. rooting and sucking d. becoming potty trained

Rooting and sucking

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model, we record information in which order? a. Short-term memory, sensory memory, and encode memory b. Sensory memory, encode memory, and long-term memory c. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory d. Short term memory, long-term memory, and sensory memory

Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

Samantha taught her 4-year-old cousin how to do jumping jacks. First, she rewarded him for jumping up and down on the spot Then, she rewarded him for jumping up and down while alternating wide-leg landings with narrow-leg landings. Finally, she rewarded him for doing this kind of jumping while also raising his arms from his sides in time to each of his wide-legged jumps. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of: a. Negative reinforcement b. Delayed reinforcement c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping

Shaping

Today, who among the following is most likely to earn a doctorate degree in psychology in the United States, Canada, and Europe? a. Brandon b. Juan c. Steven d. Shelly

Shelly

_______ is the "we" aspect of our self-concept that comes from our group membership. a. Social identity b. Trust c. Role confusion d. Intimacy

Social identity

Serena, who is 82, frequently receives visits from family members, plays cards with her neighbors several times a week, lives in a safe neighborhood, and is valued by all the people in her life. All of the above illustrates the ______ factors that have a role in helping older people live longer and flourish. a. Genetic b. Biological c. Social-cultural d. Psychological

Social-cultural

Professor J is interested in whether the presence of peers will influence cheating behavior. Professor J's research would focus on which of the following levels of analysis? a. Social-cultural influences b. Biological influences c. Psychological influences d. Evolutionary influences

Social-cultural influences

Feeling liked and encouraged by intimate friends and family has been found to promote: a. Stress hormone increases b. High blood pressure c. Stronger immune functioning d. Decreased oxytocin levels

Stronger immune functioning

According to Edward L. Thorndike, behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences become more likely, whereas those that are followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This concept is know as: a. The law of consequences b. The law of effect c. Shaping d. Conditioned reinforcement

The law of effect

What is the phenomenon in which the repeated contact with novel stimuli increases the liking of them? a. Proximity b. Companionate love c. The mere exposure effect d. Cognitive appraisal

The mere exposure effect

Jocelyn really enjoys eating ice cream. The joy she receives from eating it comes from the dopamine reward center in which area of the brain (the area is located in front of the hypothalamus)? a. The hippocampus b. The nucleas accumbens c. The cerebellum d. The amygdala

The nucleas accumbens

Depression is: a. The number one reason people seek mental health services b. More commonly suffered by men than women c. Less common than phobias d. Less common than generalized anxiety disorder

The number one reason people seek mental health services

In response to bright morning light: a. Brief but harmless instances of sleep apnea can occur. b. The number of retinal proteins generated by the brain increases. c. The pineal gland increases the production of melatonin. d. The suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to decrease production of melatonin.

In response to various stressors, _______ increases your heart rate and respiration. a. Oxytocin b. The endocrine system c. The immune system d. The sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system

The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate attraction and sexual desire. This is best explained by: a. Social exchange theory b. Physical arousal c. The two factor theory d. Mirror-image perception

The two factor theory

Serena, the manager of a food store, is trying to come up with ways of increasing sales of items with high profit margins. She diecides that she is going to embed subliminal messages to buy certain items in the music playing in the store. What do you predict will happen to the sales of the items that are subliminally advertised? a. There will be a significant decrease in the sales of all items, whether they were subliminally advertised or not. b. There will be no real change in the sales of those items. c. There will be significant increase in the sales of those items. d. There will be a significant decrease in the sales of those items.

There will be no real change in the sales of those items.

When a person needs a gradual increase in the amount of a psychoactive drug to produce the desired effect, _____ has occurred. a. A beta blocking b. Withdrawal c. Addiction d. Tolerance

Tolerance

Which theories examine characteristic patterns of behaviors? a. Social-cognitive theories b. Trait theories c. Psychodynamic theories d. Humanistic theories

Trait theories

According to Carl Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toard another person is known as: a. Empathy b. Unconditional positive regard c. Genuiness d. Self-actualization

Unconditional positive regard

Many clinical psychologists have a Ph.D. degree, which indicates that they: a. Have a medical license b. Underwent research training c. Majored in psychodynamic therapy d. Can prescribe medication

Underwent research training

A health psychologist would be most likely to conduct research assessing the relationship between: a. Lung disease and life expectancy b. Prenatal hormones and brain development c. Unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infection d. Inherited genes and cardiovascular disease

Unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infection

Terrance suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. The form of treatment his psychiatrist is using is electroconvulsive therapy, a therapy that will affect his memory of ______. a. Personal experiences b. Learned information c. Long-term memories d. Very recent memories

Very recent memories

Which of the following statements is true? a. We are able to remember information that has not been encoded properly. b. We cannot remember what we have not encoded. c. External events are remembered best when processed through short-term memory, then sensory memory. d. Working memory is equivalent to long-term memory.

We cannot remember what we have not encoded.

Although Sam is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. According to Freud, Sam most clearly demonstrates a(n): a. Inferiority complex b. The collective unconscious c. Weak superego d. Oral fixation

Weak superego

Which of the following is the BEST example of a flashbulb memory? a. You recall the name of a high school colleague while looking at his yearbook snapshot. b. You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks. c. You remember to make an important phone call. d. You suddenly remember you need to buy bread while you're standing in the grocery store checkout line.

You remember exactly what you were doing when you heard about the 9/11 terrorist attacks.