Psychology Final Exam

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According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by____________

a hierarchy of needs

This area of the brain is the last cortical area to develop and is associated with thinking, memory, and language

Association areas

____________________ results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Normative social influence

Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _________________ as uncontrollable behaviors are to compulsions.

Obsessions

Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of an:

Obsessive-compulsive disorder.

which of the following characteristics appears to be the most stable over time?

Temperament

When does the Zygote attach to the uterine wall?

Ten days after conception

Brenda, who has suffered from epilepsy all her life, takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently he became pregnant with her first child. Che then checked on her medication and found that no adequate studies have been preformed on the effect of the medication on pregnant women. She asked her doctor if Trileptal was a _________

Teratogen

Your neighbor is five months pregnant and is still smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a_________ for the fetus

Teratogen

According t your textbook, the most widely used personality questionnaire is:

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The stability of personality during adulthood is best evaluated by:

The Trait Perspective

In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about____________

The amount of shock the victim actually received

In a classic experiment with preschoolers, Walter Mischel gave children a choice to eat one marshmallow now or two marshmallows when he returned a few minutes later. Mischel was testing_________________ in the children

The capacity to delay gratification

According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle.

The ego

Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17% of the homeowners consented. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small, neatly lettered sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked 2 weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76% of this second group consented. The results of this experiment support______________________________

The foot-in-the-door phenomenon

The Milgrim obedience experiments were controversial because the_________________

"Teachers" were deceived and were frequently subjected to stress.

25-year-old Jonah has decided to ask his doctor about whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. He knows at puberty it was supposed to be at a rate of______

1000 sperm per second

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles would be most clearly provided by:

A biospychosocial approach

Becky suddenly feels chest pains, shortness of breath, trembling, and dizziness. She thinks she is having a heart attack but could actually be experiencing what?

A panic attack

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of___________________

A positive self-concept

Rebecca experiences depression each winter. The rest of the year she is fine. What is she experiencing?

A seasonal pattern of depression

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:

A self-serving bias

Some people may be more vulnerable to PTSD because they have________________, which floods the body with stress hormones

A sensitive limbic system

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of___________

A theory of mind

An enriched early environment may lead to_______

A thicker brain cortex

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of_______

Accommodation

Suzi has been diagnosed with a panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help if a panic attack should strike. More specifically, Suzi suffers from:

Agoraphobia

Symptoms of which disorder tend to occur at the earliest age? -schizophrenia -Major depressive disorder -Phobias -Antisocial personality disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

_____________ is a response to the threat of future loss

Anxiety

Liam was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to a squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Liam's labeling of the animal best illustrates the process of:

Assimilation

Infancy's major social achievement is:

Attachment

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. The presence of this __________________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor

Attitude

_________________ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Attitudes

Luca's parents set firm rules but they are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, and so on. Luca's parents have which type of parenting style?

Authoritative

Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are most characteristic of:

Autism spectrum disorder

___________ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of manis

Bipolar disorder

___________ was formerly known as manic-depressive disorder

Bipolar disorder

When individuals are driven to preform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:

Compulsions

During this stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.

Concrete operational

A learning theory would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________________ in the onset of anxiety disorders

Conditioning

The Big Five personality factors include:

Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

Thirteen-year-old Davis is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates_________________ morality

Conventional

Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert in a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of___________________

Deindividuation

In terms of pervasiveness, _____________ is the number one reason people seek mental health services

Depression

___________ Psychologists invesitgate the influence of multiple factors on how people chance physically, mentally, and socially-- including biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors--at every stage of life

Developmental Psychologists

Elena feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and even in her hobbies. She wonders if she would be better off dead. Elena is most likely suffering from:

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Your cousin lost her pregnancy during her eighth week. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?

Embryo

Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses, and he spends school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life as_____________________

Emerging adulthood

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Researcher Tanya Chartrand might suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of______________--

Empathy

___________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.

Free association

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by_____________________

Erikson's psychological development theory

Lee is very sociable and fun-loving. He is high on:

Extraversion

Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:

Extraversion

_________ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait

Factor Analysis

The_______is the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Fetus

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning form?

Formal operational

You are trying to convince your parents to finance your planned trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

Getting a foot in the door

By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for___________________

Group polarization

All of the following are no longer labels in DSM-5 EXCEPT: -autism -mental retardation -Asperger syndrome -Hoarding disorder

Hoarding disorder

Jacob picks up a toy hammer and begins pounding on the floor just as his father is hammering nails into a wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by_________

Identification

In psychiatry and psychology, diagnostic classification aims to do all of the following EXCEPT: -prompt research into its causes -suggest appropriate treatment -identify those who are deemed treatable -predict the disorder's future course

Identify those who are deemed treatable

16 year old Jeremy is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jeremy is in the stage of development called________

Identity versus role confusion

According to the textbook, the DSM-5 has been criticized for:

Including some conditions that are too "normal" to be considered disorders, such as extreme sadness related to bereavement.

The United States is largely_________________, but it includes many cultural subgroups that remain collectivist.

Individualist

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter, and she frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of_______________

Insecure Attachment

According to the social-cognitive perspective, our behavior is influenced by the ____________ between our traits (including our cognition) and our social context.

Interaction

Jenny has a good job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her latest birthday cake. She feels lonely at times, though, and wonders if she'll find a life partner. Jenny is in the stage of development called_____________`

Intimacy versus isolation

Elsa, a 50-year-old teacher, is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:

Is NOT classified as an illness

For the past 4 weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal activities. It seems likely that Odessa is suffering from:

Major depressive disorder

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is associated with:

Mania

_______ is biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior that are relatively uninfluenced by experience

Maturation

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _________________ model of psychological disorders.

Medical

The first menstrual period is known as_______________

Menarche

"When you are the minority, you are far more likely to sway the majority if you hold firmly to your position and don't waffle." This represents______________________

Minority influence

Early-maturing boys tend to be_________

More self-assured, popular, and independent

Trait theorists have been criticized for:

Overestimating the consistence of behavior from one situation to another

Changing opinions because of incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates________________

Peripheral route persuasion

This occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

Peripheral route persuasion

You imagine the self you want to be, a great athlete who is well loved and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming, a homeless person who is lonely and unemployed. These visions reflect a concept of:

Possible Selves

Years after barely surviving a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Pukari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Pukari is most clearly showing signs of:

Post traumatic Stress Disorder

According to Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning, wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as_________

Post-conventional morality

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _______________________ of self-interest

Preconventional morality

A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable." This is an example of which defense mechanism?

Rationalization

Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce's behavior best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as________________

Reaction formation

A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. What defense mechanism is he using?

Regression

Your 3-year-old niece has just started in preschool and her teachers are reporting that she is extremely emotionally reactive and impulsive. What do you think she will be like as a young adult?

Research findings suggect she will be somewhat impulsive and conflict-prone.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing_____________

Role confusion

This is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Schema

When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a _________ attachment to the parents.

Secure

In Western psychology, the _____________ is the thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of our personality.

Self

According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do the developmental phenomena of object permanence and stranger anxiety occur?

Sensorimotor

Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help increase her _____________ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter

Serotonin

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to_____________________

Situational attributions

20-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has become intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a:

Social anxiety disorder

Childhood experiences are considered to be________ influences on personality.

Social-cultural

Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences, and it is ________________ that determine(s) which personality traits are culturally desirable

Society

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are:

Specific and temporary

Which of the following is TRUE about ADHD? -Minority youth more often receive an ADHD diagnosis that do White youth. -The majority of those with ADHD are adults -The majority of those with ADHD are boys -The diagnosis and rate of medication use caries very little from state to state

The majority of those with ADHD are BOYS

Identify the understanding of psychological disorders as having physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

The medical model

According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is one of the ultimate psychological needs. It only arises after basic physiological and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is____________________

The motivation to fulfill one's potential.

Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Abraham Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by_____________________

The need for self-actualization

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

Based on research into the responses of infants immediately after they are born, we can be MOST certain that the human fetus would be aware of and learn to recognize:

The sound of the mother singing

____________________ is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act

Trait

Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task, the one infants wrestle with, is____________

Trust versus mistrust

4 year old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Roger's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of_________________ from her parents.

Unconditional positive regard

Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as___________________

Unconditional positive regard

___________________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others

Unconditional positive regard

According to Freud, this part of the mind is made up primarily of the id

Unconscious mind

Puberty is a time _____________

When one is maturing sexually

The humanistic perspective of personality______________

emphasizes the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization

Lenore is continually tense and plagues by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a:

generalized anxiety disorder

Bonita is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Bonita is more likely to:

have a preoccupation with death or be prey to suicidal thoughts

18-year-old Bianca is a White American high school senior. She is experiencing a major depressive episode, and her depression is at its lowest point. Bianca does not drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca....

is less likely to attempt suicide that depressed individuals who also abuse alcohol.

Genie has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and her psychoanalyst thinks she is overcompensating. In which psychosexual stage would he say Genie is fixated?

oral

35-year-old Lucy needs to have a blood sample taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a:

phobia

Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor:

resiliency

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used, she should read:

the DSM-5


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