Psychology Final Exam
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by____________
a hierarchy of needs
This area of the brain is the last cortical area to develop and is associated with thinking, memory, and language
Association areas
____________________ results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Normative social influence
Uncontrollable thoughts and worries are to _________________ as uncontrollable behaviors are to compulsions.
Obsessions
Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of an:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder.
which of the following characteristics appears to be the most stable over time?
Temperament
When does the Zygote attach to the uterine wall?
Ten days after conception
Brenda, who has suffered from epilepsy all her life, takes Trileptal to control her seizures. Recently he became pregnant with her first child. Che then checked on her medication and found that no adequate studies have been preformed on the effect of the medication on pregnant women. She asked her doctor if Trileptal was a _________
Teratogen
Your neighbor is five months pregnant and is still smoking about a pack of cigarettes a day. Perhaps she is unaware that nicotine is a_________ for the fetus
Teratogen
According t your textbook, the most widely used personality questionnaire is:
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The stability of personality during adulthood is best evaluated by:
The Trait Perspective
In all of Milgram's obedience experiments, participants were deceived about____________
The amount of shock the victim actually received
In a classic experiment with preschoolers, Walter Mischel gave children a choice to eat one marshmallow now or two marshmallows when he returned a few minutes later. Mischel was testing_________________ in the children
The capacity to delay gratification
According to Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle.
The ego
Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17% of the homeowners consented. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small, neatly lettered sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked 2 weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76% of this second group consented. The results of this experiment support______________________________
The foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The Milgrim obedience experiments were controversial because the_________________
"Teachers" were deceived and were frequently subjected to stress.
25-year-old Jonah has decided to ask his doctor about whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. He knows at puberty it was supposed to be at a rate of______
1000 sperm per second
An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles would be most clearly provided by:
A biospychosocial approach
Becky suddenly feels chest pains, shortness of breath, trembling, and dizziness. She thinks she is having a heart attack but could actually be experiencing what?
A panic attack
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of___________________
A positive self-concept
Rebecca experiences depression each winter. The rest of the year she is fine. What is she experiencing?
A seasonal pattern of depression
Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate:
A self-serving bias
Some people may be more vulnerable to PTSD because they have________________, which floods the body with stress hormones
A sensitive limbic system
A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of___________
A theory of mind
An enriched early environment may lead to_______
A thicker brain cortex
After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of_______
Accommodation
Suzi has been diagnosed with a panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help if a panic attack should strike. More specifically, Suzi suffers from:
Agoraphobia
Symptoms of which disorder tend to occur at the earliest age? -schizophrenia -Major depressive disorder -Phobias -Antisocial personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
_____________ is a response to the threat of future loss
Anxiety
Liam was at the park with his father and excitedly pointed to a squirrel and exclaimed, "Kitty, kitty." His father pointed out that this was a squirrel, not a kitty. Liam's labeling of the animal best illustrates the process of:
Assimilation
Infancy's major social achievement is:
Attachment
Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. The presence of this __________________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor
Attitude
_________________ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Attitudes
Luca's parents set firm rules but they are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight, and so on. Luca's parents have which type of parenting style?
Authoritative
Deficient social interaction and an impaired understanding of another person's state of mind are most characteristic of:
Autism spectrum disorder
___________ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of manis
Bipolar disorder
___________ was formerly known as manic-depressive disorder
Bipolar disorder
When individuals are driven to preform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:
Compulsions
During this stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are able to think logically about events, grasp analogies, and perform arithmetical operations.
Concrete operational
A learning theory would be most likely to emphasize the role of ________________ in the onset of anxiety disorders
Conditioning
The Big Five personality factors include:
Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.
Thirteen-year-old Davis is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and should make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates_________________ morality
Conventional
Frieda is typically very shy. However, while watching a rock concert in a huge crowd, she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of___________________
Deindividuation
In terms of pervasiveness, _____________ is the number one reason people seek mental health services
Depression
___________ Psychologists invesitgate the influence of multiple factors on how people chance physically, mentally, and socially-- including biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors--at every stage of life
Developmental Psychologists
Elena feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and even in her hobbies. She wonders if she would be better off dead. Elena is most likely suffering from:
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Your cousin lost her pregnancy during her eighth week. During what stage of prenatal development did she have the miscarriage?
Embryo
Javier is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses, and he spends school holidays at home with them. He is in the phase of life as_____________________
Emerging adulthood
Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When you watch her, you can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Researcher Tanya Chartrand might suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of______________--
Empathy
___________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.
Free association
The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by_____________________
Erikson's psychological development theory
Lee is very sociable and fun-loving. He is high on:
Extraversion
Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures:
Extraversion
_________ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait
Factor Analysis
The_______is the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
Fetus
According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning form?
Formal operational
You are trying to convince your parents to finance your planned trip to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as:
Getting a foot in the door
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic chat rooms for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for___________________
Group polarization
All of the following are no longer labels in DSM-5 EXCEPT: -autism -mental retardation -Asperger syndrome -Hoarding disorder
Hoarding disorder
Jacob picks up a toy hammer and begins pounding on the floor just as his father is hammering nails into a wall. Jacob's actions are best explained by_________
Identification
In psychiatry and psychology, diagnostic classification aims to do all of the following EXCEPT: -prompt research into its causes -suggest appropriate treatment -identify those who are deemed treatable -predict the disorder's future course
Identify those who are deemed treatable
16 year old Jeremy is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jeremy is in the stage of development called________
Identity versus role confusion
According to the textbook, the DSM-5 has been criticized for:
Including some conditions that are too "normal" to be considered disorders, such as extreme sadness related to bereavement.
The United States is largely_________________, but it includes many cultural subgroups that remain collectivist.
Individualist
Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter, and she frequently ignores her daughter's cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of_______________
Insecure Attachment
According to the social-cognitive perspective, our behavior is influenced by the ____________ between our traits (including our cognition) and our social context.
Interaction
Jenny has a good job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her latest birthday cake. She feels lonely at times, though, and wonders if she'll find a life partner. Jenny is in the stage of development called_____________`
Intimacy versus isolation
Elsa, a 50-year-old teacher, is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
Is NOT classified as an illness
For the past 4 weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal activities. It seems likely that Odessa is suffering from:
Major depressive disorder
An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is associated with:
Mania
_______ is biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior that are relatively uninfluenced by experience
Maturation
Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _________________ model of psychological disorders.
Medical
The first menstrual period is known as_______________
Menarche
"When you are the minority, you are far more likely to sway the majority if you hold firmly to your position and don't waffle." This represents______________________
Minority influence
Early-maturing boys tend to be_________
More self-assured, popular, and independent
Trait theorists have been criticized for:
Overestimating the consistence of behavior from one situation to another
Changing opinions because of incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates________________
Peripheral route persuasion
This occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
Peripheral route persuasion
You imagine the self you want to be, a great athlete who is well loved and well educated. You also imagine the self you fear becoming, a homeless person who is lonely and unemployed. These visions reflect a concept of:
Possible Selves
Years after barely surviving a terrorist attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Pukari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Pukari is most clearly showing signs of:
Post traumatic Stress Disorder
According to Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning, wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as_________
Post-conventional morality
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _______________________ of self-interest
Preconventional morality
A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable." This is an example of which defense mechanism?
Rationalization
Bryce often acts overly confident and daring. Few people realize he is actually riddled with unconscious insecurity and self-doubt. Bryce's behavior best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as________________
Reaction formation
A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking on the way to his first day of school. What defense mechanism is he using?
Regression
Your 3-year-old niece has just started in preschool and her teachers are reporting that she is extremely emotionally reactive and impulsive. What do you think she will be like as a young adult?
Research findings suggect she will be somewhat impulsive and conflict-prone.
Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing_____________
Role confusion
This is a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
Schema
When parents are consistently warm and responsive to their infant, the infant is likely to develop a _________ attachment to the parents.
Secure
In Western psychology, the _____________ is the thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of our personality.
Self
According to Piaget, during which stage of cognitive development do the developmental phenomena of object permanence and stranger anxiety occur?
Sensorimotor
Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant called Paxil that will help increase her _____________ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter
Serotonin
In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to_____________________
Situational attributions
20-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has become intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a:
Social anxiety disorder
Childhood experiences are considered to be________ influences on personality.
Social-cultural
Behavior emerges from the interplay of external and internal influences, and it is ________________ that determine(s) which personality traits are culturally desirable
Society
An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are:
Specific and temporary
Which of the following is TRUE about ADHD? -Minority youth more often receive an ADHD diagnosis that do White youth. -The majority of those with ADHD are adults -The majority of those with ADHD are boys -The diagnosis and rate of medication use caries very little from state to state
The majority of those with ADHD are BOYS
Identify the understanding of psychological disorders as having physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
The medical model
According to Abraham Maslow, self-actualization is one of the ultimate psychological needs. It only arises after basic physiological and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is____________________
The motivation to fulfill one's potential.
Most of Dakota's friends look at him with respect. He is self-aware, self-accepting, and open. He is spontaneous and caring, and does not worry about other people's opinions. According to Abraham Maslow, it is likely that Dakota is motivated by_____________________
The need for self-actualization
Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?
The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.
Based on research into the responses of infants immediately after they are born, we can be MOST certain that the human fetus would be aware of and learn to recognize:
The sound of the mother singing
____________________ is a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act
Trait
Erik Erikson proposed that at each stage of life we face a psychosocial task that needs resolution. The first task, the one infants wrestle with, is____________
Trust versus mistrust
4 year old Brooke throws a tantrum when her parents want to leave the playground and go home. Instead of punishing her, Brooke's parents patiently and lovingly try to teach Brooke a more acceptable way of coping with disappointment and frustration. Using Carl Roger's terminology, Brooke is experiencing a high degree of_________________ from her parents.
Unconditional positive regard
Darius's friends know him as someone who values people, regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as___________________
Unconditional positive regard
___________________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others
Unconditional positive regard
According to Freud, this part of the mind is made up primarily of the id
Unconscious mind
Puberty is a time _____________
When one is maturing sexually
The humanistic perspective of personality______________
emphasizes the ways people strive for self-determination and self-realization
Lenore is continually tense and plagues by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a:
generalized anxiety disorder
Bonita is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Bonita is more likely to:
have a preoccupation with death or be prey to suicidal thoughts
18-year-old Bianca is a White American high school senior. She is experiencing a major depressive episode, and her depression is at its lowest point. Bianca does not drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca....
is less likely to attempt suicide that depressed individuals who also abuse alcohol.
Genie has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and her psychoanalyst thinks she is overcompensating. In which psychosexual stage would he say Genie is fixated?
oral
35-year-old Lucy needs to have a blood sample taken. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from a:
phobia
Most combat-stressed soldiers do not later exhibit PTSD. This best illustrates survivor:
resiliency
Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used, she should read:
the DSM-5
