Psychology Final

According to the textbook, one study of eyewitness cases found that the wrong person was chosen from police lineups what percentage of the time?

25%

If Abe stares at a picture of a yellow smiling face for 30 seconds, and then looks at a blank white paper, what will Abe most likely see?

A blue smiley face

Which one of the following is a finding of Terman's research on gifted children?

A child's talents are most likely to blossom when he or she is nurtured with education and encouragement

Which of the following is a mental category for classifying things based on common features or properties?

A concept

Which of the following statements accurately describes an element of classical conditioning?

A conditioned response is a learned response elicited by a conditioned stimulus.

Which of the following refers to sensory adaptation?

A decrease over time in sensory response to an unchanging stimulus

Which of the following terms refers to a community-based facility for individuals making the transition from an institution to independent living?

A halfway house

In the context of hypnosis, which of the following best describes the basic suggestion effect?

A hypnotized person carries out recommended actions as if they were involuntary.

Which one of the following is a statistical technique for combining the results of many studies as if they were all part of one big study?

A meta-analysis

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is an example of growth needs?

A need for self-actualization

What happens during the orientation stage of creative problem solving?

A person defines a problem and identifies its most important dimensions.

Which of the following best illustrates inattentional blindness?

A person fails to notice a stimulus because his or her attention is focused elsewhere.

Which of the following represents selective attention?

A person gives priority to a particular incoming sensory message.

Which of the following is an effect produced by cannabis?

A sense of well-being

Which of the following best describes the hypothalamus?

A small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviors and basic biological needs

Which of the following is a substance that increases activity in the body and nervous system?

A stimulant

Which of the following occurs during REM sleep?

A surge in emotion

Which of the following is a harmful substance that can cause birth defects?

A teratogen

In the context of therapies, which of the following terms is defined as a caring relationship that unites the client and therapist as they work together to solve the client's problems?

A therapeutic alliance

Which of the following is created via the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and draws a "picture" of individual personalities, making it easier to compare them?

A trait profile

Which of the following schedules of partial reinforcement produces slow, steady response rates and tremendous resistance to extinction?

A variable interval (VI) schedule

In biopsychology, the surgical removal of tissue from the surface of the brain is called _____.

Ablation

What technique likely has the most potential for physical harm of the brain being studied?

Ablation

Which of the following is a monocular depth cue?

Accommodation

What should you do if a suicidal person shares a specific, workable plan, and means to carry it out?

Accompany that person to the emergency ward of a hospital.

Armin recently immigrated to the United States from Greece. His circumstances increase his risk for which of the following?

Acculturative stress

Kristen applied for a job, and when she went in for the interview, the manager told her she was "too old" for this position. He thanked for her time and said she would not be moving on to the next phase. Which of the following did Kristen experience?

Ageism

Harley has been described by his family as being self-centered, moody, and resentful and holding a grudge against anyone who ever wronged him. Which of the following is Harley likely to score low on?

Agreeableness

Who among the following is high in the need for achievement?

Alex, who plans to tweak his efforts to get better grades than the ones he got in the previous semester

What is characterized by the inability to identify and describe one's emotions?

Alexithymia

Ellie has a hard time paying attention in class and behaves impulsively at times. The doctor wants to give her some drugs to help with this. Which of these is he likely to give her?

Amphetamine

Rachel is asked to choose one of her two most favorite desserts. In this scenario, Rachel is most likely to face _____. an avoidance-avoidance conflict an approach-approach conflict an approach-avoidance conflict multiple avoidance conflicts

An approach-approach conflict

When an investigator manipulates at least one variable while measuring another, they are conducting ____________

An experiment

Which one of the following is a condition or factor that a researcher wants to prevent from affecting the outcome of an experiment?

An extraneous variable

In the context of the psychological perspective of the biopsychosocial model, which one of the following best describes the key idea of the psychodynamic view?

An individual's behavior is directed by forces within his or her personality that are often hidden or unconscious.

Andre has matured early for his age. Which of the following can be expected of Andre when compared to boys who mature later?

Andre will be more likely to get into trouble with drugs, alcohol, and sex.

Ansel suffered a head injury in a road accident. As a result, his frontal lobes were damaged. From the information given in this scenario, we can say that _____

Ansel's personality might change dramatically

Which of the following terms refers to the error of attributing human thoughts, feelings, or motives to animals, especially as a way to explain their behavior?

Anthropomorphic error

What typically happens when a person holds an attitude with conviction?

Any existing barriers to action typically fall

Ashley is diagnosed with Broca's aphasia. Given this information, it can be said that:

Ashley cannot fluently utter words.

Study of any directly observable action or response—eating, hanging out, sleeping, talking, or sneezing—is referred to as _______.

Behaviorism

What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

Being forced to choose between two undesirable alternatives

April's son has been acting violently toward other children in school. She decides to take her son to a child psychologist, who takes a sample of April's son's blood to test his testosterone levels. With this, the psychologist can confirm that they are in balance with his age and maturity level. Which psychological perspective applies to April's situation?

Biopsychosocial

Hadley feels sad and guilt-ridden most of the time. However, sometimes he has lots of energy, talks too fast, and interrupts others in conversation. Hadley is most likely experiencing ________.

Bipolar II disorder

Which of the following is the best example of Schachter's cognitive theory of emotion?

Bob feels his heart racing but isn't sure why

What do neuroplasticity and neurogenesis have in common?

Both are responses to a change in brain physiology

Piaget and Vygotsky differed on a number of cognitive concepts. Which of the following best describes where they were similar?

Both believed that children actively seek to discover new principles within their environments

Which of the following methods promotes divergent thinking among people who have had different experiences?

Brainstorming

How does brainwashing differ from other persuasive techniques?

Brainwashing requires a captive audience

Jane was in a bike accident, not wearing a helmet. Now she has trouble producing language. What part of her brain was most likely damaged?

Broca's area

Which of the following statements represents current understanding of hearing loss?

By age 65, more than 40 percent of the ear's hair cells will be gone, mainly those that transduce high pitches.

How can one use punishment wisely to control behavior?

By applying punishment during, or immediately after, misbehavior

Which of the following is a feature of positive punishment?

By initiating discomfort, it decreases the likelihood that a response will occur again.

How can a person be a better team player?

By modeling the behavior they want to see in other members of the team

How are the different "stages" of sleep differentiated from one another?

By the levels of sleep identified through brain-wave patterns and behavioral changes

Tamara is often very sleepy throughout the day. Her sleep patterns are characterized by loud snoring with brief moments of silence. She cannot figure out what might be wrong with her sleep behavior. Which of the following would be an effective treatment for Tamara?

CPAP

Which theory states that emotional feelings and physical arousal occur at the same time?

Cannon-bard theory

Check My Work Which among the following is the best example of someone who is exhibiting prosocial behavior?

Carlos, who helps a friend safely cross the street

Who among the following is most likely to be a psychiatrist?

Carol, a medical doctor who treats serious mental disorders by prescribing drugs

In the context of the theories of hypnosis, state theorists argue that hypnosis:

Causes a split in awareness

Bob and Dan are good friends who interact regularly. During a recent conversation between them, it appeared that both showed similar postures, mannerisms, and facial expressions. What is this an example of?

Chameleon effect

Which of the following is a strategy for reducing cognitive dissonance?

Changing the importance of the dissonant thoughts

According to Piaget, which of the following is a characteristic of the preoperational stage?

Children begin to think symbolically but engage in intuitive thought

Which of the following statements is a behaviorist most likely to agree with?

Children can learn things like kindness, hostility, generosity, or destructiveness

Which of the following theories states that contradicting or inconsistent thoughts cause a psychological state of discomfort?

Cognitive dissonance theory

Which of the following is an enhanced X-ray image of the brain or body?

Computed tomographic (CT) scan

Emilia has been really stressed at work and school lately. Her friend recommends taking a class to help her learn how to relax that focuses on various breathing techniques. Which of the following is Emilia going to learn?

Concentrative meditation

Which of the following terms refers to a mental exercise based on attending to a single object or thought?

Concentrative meditation

Janessa is convinced that her favorite purple shirt is lucky. Whenever she wears it, good things happen to her. Except for the one time that she spilled coffee on herself, and another time when she was late for the bus. But Janessa is convinced those events don't have anything to do with her purple shirt—only the luck does. What is this an example of?

Confirmation Bias

Which of the following refers to the tendency to remember or notice things that corroborate our expectations and ignore the rest?

Confirmation Bias

Which of the following consists of your awareness of external events in the environment around you, as well as your awareness of your mental processes, including thoughts, memories, and feelings about your experiences and yourself?

Consciousness

A marketing firm is looking to revamp packaging so that it will be more eye catching for shoppers in an effort to increase sales. Which psychologist applies his research to this field?

Consumer psychologist

Ever since Janna and Marcus had quintuplets, people stop them seemingly everywhere, mention how cute they are, and then ask the children's names. Where do Janna and Marcus access this information?

Declarative memory

Alcohol is classified as a(n) _____.

Depressant

Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely devastate the color vision of the patient?

Destruction of approximately 10 million rods and 10 million cones

Consider an experiment in which a squirrel, born and raised in a controlled environment, only displays horizontal stripes. When released into the wild, the squirrel will likely have difficulty:

Detecting tree trunks

Stimuli that precede rewarded and nonrewarded responses in operant conditioning are called _____.

Discriminative stimuli

Which of the following best describes illusions?

Distorted perceptions of stimuli that actually exist

Which of the following is a characteristic of schizophrenia?

Disturbances in thought, perceptions, emotions, and behavior

In Freudian theory, which one of the following terms refers to the parts of the mind that are beyond awareness, especially conflicts, impulses, and desires not directly known to a person?

Dynamic Unconscious

According to an influential theory, what is the most common temperament of newborn babies?

Easy children, who are relaxed and agreeable

Which of the following examples represent behavioral risk factors for health?

Eating a diet high in saturated fats and sugars

According to Maslow, which of the following is a characteristic of self-actualizers?

Efficient perceptions of reality

Which of the following terms refers to a socially accepted period of extended adolescence that is unstable and self-focused and involves exploring identities and life possibilities?

Emerging adulthood

Which of the following steps should a group leader take to prevent groupthink?

Encourage open inquiry and searching for alternate solutions

Which one of the following is a symptom of bulimia nervosa?

Excessive exercise or purging behaviors to prevent weight gain

In the context of the factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness perceptions, which the following best describes unconscious transference?

Eyewitnesses sometimes identify as a culprit someone whom they have seen in another situation or context.

Which one of the following is an important critical thinking principle?

Few truths transcend the need for logical analysis and empirical testing.

Hypnosis is characterized by:

Focused attention

An individual is under the influence of drugs and can't remember making plans to and actually robbing a bank. What brain region was affected?

Frontal Lobes

Which one of the following brain areas are associated with higher-level mental processes?

Frontal lobes

Which of the following statements highlights the primary difference between a frustrations and a conflict?

Frustrations occur from goal-based obstacle, while conflicts involve a choice between contradicting elements

Which school of psychology considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations?

Functionalism

If you experience a great deal of anxiety, which neurotransmitter might you be deficient in

GABA

You may have seen a person hit his or her head on something hard, and then immediately begin to vigorously rub or scratch his or her head. Which of the following theories best explains why the person does this?

Gate control theory

Which theory proposes that pain messages pass through neural portals in the spinal cord?

Gate-control theory

Which answer choice best represents an operational definition of intelligence?

General intelligence is fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

Which one of the following assesses a wide variety of intellectual abilities and is the broadest measure of aptitude?

General intelligence tests

Alexis is a sixty-year-old woman who has a good job and lives a comfortable life but lives alone. Yet she seems unhappy and somewhat aimless with longer-term goals. Which of the following is she likely struggling with?

Generativity

The coded instructions of heredity located on a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are called _____.

Genes

Which of the following is a hormone that activates your lateral hypothalamus to stimulate hunger and also activates parts of your brain to activate learning?

Ghrelin

Gino is trying to go on a diet but keep having difficulty in keeping to it. His family is not on a diet, nor are any of his friends. What is likely the most significant contributing factor to Gino's inability to stay on a diet?

Gino does not have the social support from his family and/or friends to maintain a diet

Just about anyone who knows Brian would describe him as hard working, ambitious, and very competitive. What else can you assume about Brian?

He will be at greater risk for heart disease

Chrissy has recently entered a drug rehabilitation program and would like to reconnect with her family once she completes it. Upon completion, Chrissy would like her family to view her as independent and trustworthy. Which of these best describes what Chrissy is demonstrating?

Her portrayed ideal self

Erin has to give a presentation at work. She experiences subjective feelings of fear, trembling hands, a pounding heart, and worries that she will perform poorly. What is likely happening in her body at this time?

Her sympathetic nervous system is more active

Which of the following two factors play the most important role in shaping human development?

Hereditary and Environment

Which of the following is a detached part of the hypnotized person's awareness that silently watches events?

Hidden Observer

Which of the following would be most likely to cause the sympathetic nervous system to activate?

Holding your hand in ice water

When your doctor taps your knee to see if your leg moves upward automatically, what type of bodily messaging is she looking for?

How your spinal cord produces a response without your brain

Which statement is a clear illustration of confirmation bias?

I believe everyone who drives a red car is a rude driver, even though blue cars cut me off just as frequently.

According to Erikson, which of the following is a characteristic psychosocial dilemma faced by adolescents (12-19 years)?

Identity versus role confusion

Shelly, a movie critic, is so focused on an emotional scene in a movie that she forgets to continue her note taking for a subsequent review in a newspaper. She is most closely exhibiting which of the following?

Inattentional blindness

Which of the following is the only difference between experimental and control groups and the only possible cause of a change in the dependent variable?

Independent Variable

Leon is defending his dissertation tomorrow and is quite nervous. He keeps replaying his presentation over and over again in his head. This is keeping him awake. Which of the following is Leon experiencing?

Insomnia

Mary places headphones on her pregnant belly so that her baby can hear classical music. She notices that her baby moves less as a result of the soft, soothing music. What type of environment is being impacted by the music?

Intrauterine

In the context of psychological research methods, which one of the following is an advantage of the clinical method?

It allows investigation of rare or unusual problems or events.

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the expansion of disorders classified in newer editions of the DSM compared to past editions?

It assists clinicians in making diagnoses.

In the context of psychological research methods, which one of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?

It cannot confirm cause-and-effect relationships.

In the context of projective tests of personality, which of the following is a characteristic of the Thematic Apperception Test?

It consists of 20 sketches depicting various scenes and life situations.

Which of the following is a function of the somatic nervous system?

It controls voluntary behavior.

Which of the following is the definition of refusal skills training?

It is a program that teaches youths how to resist pressures to begin smoking.

Which of the following statements best describes intuition?

It is a quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning.

Which one of the following best describes the myelin sheath?

It is an insulating material that covers the axons of some neurons.

Which of the following statements best describes absolute threshold?

It is the minimum amount of physical energy that can be detected 50 percent of the time for any sensory input.

According to Erikson, how does a psychosocial dilemma dictate one's behavior?

It is the struggle between an individual's personal impulses and the social world

Which of the following is a disadvantage of early maturation?

It may force premature identity formation

Which of the following is a feature of deep brain stimulation?

It requires surgery to implant electrodes that allows for electrical stimulation of precisely targeted brain regions.

Which of the following is a characteristic of self-assertion?

It typically maintains one's self-respect

Jared was recently involved in a serious road accident. In the accident, his cerebellum was injured. It is most likely that:

Jared will not be able to walk or run.

What would be the clearest demonstration of the flooding of Jesse's potassium ions (K+) into the axions?

Jesse stops running for a moment

Which of the following is an example of relative poverty?

Joe lives in New York City, earns $12,000 a year, and has trouble with housing.

In the context of social roles, which of the following illustrates an ascribed role?

Keith is an adolescent.

Kisha's daughter, Emma, is eight months old. Kisha holds her up for several hours each day in an effort to get Emma to stand and walk on her own. About a month later, Emma stands by herself holding onto a table. What influence, if any, might Kisha have had on Emma's ability to stand on her own?

Kisha had very little influence on Emma's ability to stand. Emma was ready to stand around this time anyway without additional training from Kisha.

Maria was asked by her former classmate Theresa what she was doing on May 19th last year. Maria replied that she had no idea. Theresa said that it was the day of their high school graduation, and Maria then was able to recall in detail what she did that day. Maria's inability to recall at first was most likely because she was experiencing ________.

Lack of retrieval clues

In the context of the brain and short-term hunger, which of the following parts of the hypothalamus acts as a feeding "start button"? Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Ventromedial hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus Posterior hypothalamic nucleus

Lateral hypothalamus

Laura has just started a new position as a manager of a department. She does not know anything about anyone in the department, and they just received two large projects with tight deadlines. Which of the following would be the best way to handle this situation?

Laura needs to speak with each employee and learn of their individual talents and assign tasks accordingly.

Which of the following is a psychological factor associated with mental illness?

Learning disorders

Which of the following is an example of an escape reaction to stress?

Leaving a job due to frustration at lack of advancement opportunities.

Lee has vitiligo, a skin condition where he loses pigment in his skin, but neither of Lee's parents have this condition. Which of the following reasons best describes how Lee developed this condition?

Lee received a recessive gene from each parent for the condition

Adah has driven the same route to work every day for 35 years. Last week, the highway department opened a new bypass that saves Adah 15 minutes in travel time. However, three times this week, Adah forgot to turn onto the bypass and ended up taking her traditional route to work. Which biological concept likely caused Adah to make this mistake?

Long-term potentiation

Madison seems pretty outgoing when hanging out with her family, but she is quiet and reserved at school. Which of the following reasons most accurately describes why Madison is the way she is?

Madison's differing behaviors are due to her personality dependent trait-situation interaction.

In the context of drug therapy, which of the following is mostly used to alleviate hallucinations and delusional thinking that is associated with mental disorders?

Major tranquilizers

The evening news reporter spoke of a story where they said drinking red wine was beneficial to overall health, but they only gave the journal where the information was published. Upon review of this original research, Robert realizes there was no control group. Should Robert consider the research to be valid?

Maybe—If he can validate the finding with additional research on the same topic.

The receptors for umami are most sensitive to which of the following?

Meat

Which of the following is an effective retrieval strategy offered by the cognitive interview?

Mentally returning to the context of encoding

If a researcher wanted to combine the results of lots of studies together on the same subject, which technique would they use?

Meta-Analysis

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the metacognitive monitoring process and the metacognitive control strategies?

Metacognitive monitoring is the ability to assess how effectively certain strategies guide your thinking, while metacognitive control is the ability to alter those strategies.

Zane does not want to use methadone as a harm-reduction strategy to get his opiate addiction under control. He wants to quit but feels that methadone is just replacing one drug for another. What is the largest issue with Zane's argument against methadone?

Methadone is often the only hope for addicts who would otherwise cause more harm to themselves and to others.

Which of the following is most likely the main objective of culture-fair tests?

Minimizing the importance of skills that may be more common in some cultures than in others

What is at the core of groupthink?

Misguided loyalty

Which one of the following statements most accurately represents people with intellectual disability?

Most individuals with mild intellectual disabilities can benefit from carefully structured education.

What part of the CNS can function without the direct involvement of the brain?

Motor Movements

Which of the following is one of the most dramatic sleep problems that is commonly triggered by emotional excitement, such as laughter?

Narcolepsy

Scientists previously believed that as people aged they inevitably began to lose neurological functioning. However, recent studies show that adults can continually produce new brain cells through a process known as __________.

Neurogenesis

Since the day we are born, our brain is continuously learning as we observe and explore the world around us. The brain's ability to engage in this process is known as _____

Neuroplasticity

Biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists, comprise the broader field of _______.

Neuroscience

Which of the following is one of the big five personality traits?

Neuroticism

Nita, a 7-year-old, cries frequently and uses it as a mechanism to draw her parents' attention. Her parents realize this and stop paying attention to Nita's crying. After a couple of weeks, Nita realizes that crying is not helping her get her parents' attention and she stops using this behavior as a means to gain her parents' attention. In the context of operant therapies, which of the following operant principles is best illustrated in this scenario?

Nonreinforcement and extinction

Which of the following statements best describes an authoritarian belief?

Obedience and respect for power are the most important virtues that children should learn

Which is a problem in which experimenters see what they expect to see or record only selected details?

Observer Bias

Which of the following is a debilitating stress reaction to traumatic events that can leave an affected person unable to function normally?

PTSD

The tongue is covered with small protrusions called _______

Papillae

After walking through a haunted house, the body returns to homeostasis through the activation of which nervous system?

Parasympathetic nervous system

Chantal is memorizing her lines for the school play. She read and practiced her lines for Act 1 until she mastered them, then went on to review Act 2, and eventually memorized the lines for Act 3. What strategy did Chantal use to remember all her lines?

Part learning

Which of the following most closely resembles a cult?

Paul, the leader, sexually assaults his followers.

Which one of the following is a genetic disorder that causes severe intellectual disability when a destructive chemical accumulates?

Phenylketonuria

Pilar, a new driver, attempted to text her girlfriend while driving. When the car in front of her stopped at a red light, Pilar, distracted, rear-ended the car. Which of the following is the independent variable in this situation?

Pilar was texting while driving

The Federal Drug Administration is testing a new drug for high blood pressure. They have recruited patients to try their new drug and fill out a survey based on their use of their new pill and any side effects. The participants do not know if they have the real or fake drug, but both groups report side effects. What is this an example of?

Placebo effect

Which of the following methods is primarily characterized by presenting information in small amounts, offering immediate practice, and providing continuous feedback to learners?

Programmed instruction

The Freudian approach to psychotherapy emphasizing the exploration of unconscious using free association, dream interpretation, resistances, and transference to uncover unconscious conflicts is called _______

Psychoanalysis

Unconscious conflicts, emotions, and thoughts fuel Alma's anxiety according to her psychiatrist. Which of the following is he using to explain her behaviors?

Psychoanalytic approach

Which of the following personality theories focuses on the mental aspects that control and influence personality, especially internal struggles and conflict?

Psychodynamic theories

Hannah didn't do as well on her math exam. She can work harder, drop the course, or go shopping as a coping mechanism for her sadness. These options are open to interpretation by Hannah due to which of these concepts?

Psychological situation

Which of the following is a biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction?

Puberty

Which of the following stages of sleep is most commonly associated with dreaming?

REM Sleep

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Receiving money every Saturday for doing chores

Which of the following is a core function of the hypothalamus?

Regulating emotional behaviors and basic biological needs

Which of the following is a core function of the hypothalamus? Connecting the left and right hemisphere of the brain Regulating emotional behaviors and basic biological needs Protecting the brain and the spinal cord from trauma Coordinating voluntary movements such as body posture

Regulating emotional behaviors and basic biological needs

Which of the following best describes the term "chromosomes"?

Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individual's genes

Santino was told he was put into a special level of consciousness to overcome his fear of snakes. How would a non-state theorist describe the special level of consciousness that Santino felt?

Santino was susceptible to hypnosis because of his level of relaxation, vivid imagination, and conformation to authority

Which of the following scenarios BEST represents an ingrained pattern of organization and attention?

Saying "How are you" in response to the question "How are you?

Which of the following theories states that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues?

Schachter's cognitive theory

Which one of the following most accurately represents parenting in African American families?

Self-reliance, resourcefulness, and an ability to take care of oneself in difficult situations are qualities that parents seek to promote in their children.

Gabrielle fell down the stairs and injured her head. What is the most likely symptom that would develop as a result of this injury?

She does not recognize her son

Harper is 45 and has been smoking since she was 18. She would love to quit but fears the feeling of withdrawal. Which of these offers her the best option for success?

She needs a comprehensive approach that includes tapering down, social support, and medication

According to the textbook, which among the following is perhaps the most tender of prosocial acts?

Showing kindness to strangers who are in need

Stacey has always had issues with confrontation and expressing herself vocally. Recently, Stacey immersed herself in painting when she is stressed. Which of the following best applies to Stacey, in accordance with personality theory?

Since she has weak verbal expression, she overcomes her feelings of inferiority by painting

In the context of sleep stages, which of the following occurs in Stage 2?

Sleep spindles may help prevent the sleeping brain from being aroused by external stimuli.

Beta waves are:

Small, fast brain waves associated with being awake and alert.

Which of the following refer(s) to the rules that define acceptable and expected behavior for members of a group?

Social Norms

Which of the following is a division of the nervous system that is activated when a baseball player attempts to hit a ball thrown by the pitcher? a. Somatic

Somatic

A friend asked Sheldon where he got the video game they were playing. Sheldon replied that he received it for his birthday. Sheldon's mother overheard the conversation and said that Sheldon got a different game for his birthday and that the game they were playing was a gift to his sister on her birthday. What caused the error in Sheldon's memory about the game?

Source confusion

Rayna's five-year-old daughter had a nightmare and went into her mom's room to wake her up. Rayna woke up in a state of confusion and failed to hear her daughter open the door to her bedroom. Which stage of sleep was Rayna most likely in before she was woken up?

Stage 4

Which of the following statements most accurately presents the relationship between framing a problem and making a good decision?

Stating problems in increasingly narrow terms until a single answer emerges decreases the chance of making a good decision.

You have decided that coffee is the reason for your mood swings and stained teeth, so you give it up. After four days, you walk by your favorite coffee bar after class and end up ordering your usual double espresso. Which of the following is the most likely reason your behavior did not change?

Stopping for your usual afternoon double espresso was a habit

Which of the following defines negative reinforcement?

Strengthening a behavior by removing something unpleasant from the environment

Which of the following is the best example of using a mnemonic device to remember the cell phone number of a friend?

Susan makes up a sentence with words that start with the same letter as the word for each number of his friend's cell phone number.

If norepinephrine is released, which of the following systems is activated?

Sympathetic nervous system

You show two friends a picture of a rock snake, a snake whose coloring looks like rocks, hiding in a pile of rocks. Miguel only sees a picture of rocks, but Tami immediately sees the rock snake. Of the following, the best explanation is that

Tami has experience with rock snakes

Which of the following best illustrates social power?

The Grade 9 girls at North High School are highly influenced by Keya's dressing style.

Which one of the following statements best describes the effect of the environment on the intelligence of a child?

The IQs of low socioeconomic status children may be more dramatically influenced by environmental factors than the IQs of high socioeconomic status children

Which of the following is a structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions?

The Medulla

Sam and Alex are certain their one-year-old daughter, Bree, has above-average intelligence. They are looking for a psychologist who will give Bree the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, to determine her IQ score. Why would you discourage Alex from this pursuit?

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, is not suitable for children younger than age two.

In the context of spatial norms, which of the following best describes social distance?

The distance at which impersonal interaction takes place

Which of the following is Jean Piaget's stage of cognitive development characterized by the ability to engage in thinking that includes abstract, theoretical, and hypothetical ideas?

The formal operational stage

Which of the following best describes the term "temperament"?

The general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth

Consider a glass-bottom boat. One section is a wooden deck. The other section is glass so that tourists can see the ocean underneath. If a tourist brought onto the wooden decks his or her 3-month- old infant, who had just learned to crawl, and then called the infant over to the glass-bottom section to see the ocean floor beneath, what is the MOST likely outcome?

The infant would refuse to cross the glass section

Tatiana is 7 months old and has already begun to babble. Which of the following factors will have the most influence over the particular way in which Tatiana babbles?

The language spoken by Tatiana's parents

Which of the following theories of Freudian personality development is widely discredited by contemporary psychologists?

The latency period of development is nonsexual and has little effect on personality development.

Karen wants to quit smoking, but she loves the way that inhaled nicotine makes her feel. Where in her brain is Karen's pleasure processed?

The limbic system

Which of the following theories holds that odors are related to the shapes of chemical molecules?

The lock-and-key theory of olfaction

Which of the following theories states that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state?

The opponent-process theory

According to Baumrind, which one of the following is a characteristic of the parenting style of overly permissive parents?

The parents do not hold children accountable for their actions.

A neurologist is trying to determine what parts of a patient's brain are damaged. Which of the following would be evidence that the amygdala is damaged?

The patient doesn't show any fear even in situations that would be very frightening to most people

According to researcher Herbert Benson, an innate physiological pattern that opposes our body's fight-or-flight mechanisms is the core of meditation. This pattern is referred to as ___

The relaxation response

Which of the following theories explains motion sickness as the result of a mismatch among information from vision, the vestibular system, and kinesthesis?

The sensory conflict theory

Arjun conducts research on whether violent video games increase player aggression. While analyzing his data, he notes that the correlation coefficient is −0.86. Which statement accurately represents what this information means?

There is a moderate negative relationship between violent video games and aggression

Which of the following is a characteristic of moods?

They are low-intensity emotional states.

Which of the following is a characteristic of people with a Type B personality?

They are unlikely to suffer from a heart attack.

Which one of the following statements accurately represents culture-fair tests?

They attempt to measure intelligence without being influenced by a person's verbal skills, cultural background, and educational level, to the greatest extent possible.

In the context of the prejudiced personality, which of the following is a characteristic of authoritarians?

They have a general social dominance orientation

Which of the following is a characteristic of people with a hardy personality?

They see life as a series of challenges rather than as a series of threats or problems.

Which of the following is a characteristic of people suffering from somatic type delusional disorder?

They think that their bodies are diseased or rotting or infested with insects or parasites.

Which of the following is a characteristic of people suffering from grandiose type delusional disorder?

They think that they have some great, unrecognized talent, knowledge, or insight.

Which of the following is a characteristic of people who have an ambivalent attachment style?

They worry that their romantic partners do not really love them or may leave them.

Kinsley is eleven months old and smiles every time her mommy enters the room. What significance does this have?

This is a social reaction exhibited when people are close by.

Which of the following scenarios would be MOST challenging for someone with blindness in the left eye?

Throwing Darts

In the context of drug therapy, which of the following is the main effect of stimulants?

To counteract attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The scientific review process requires submission of "blinded" work in which the scientists' names and identifying information are removed from the work before review. What is the most likely explanation for why this practice is used?

To decrease top-down processing

In the context of psychoanalysis, which of the following is the purpose of free association?

To lower defenses so that unconscious thoughts and feelings can emerge

Stephen, who is very quiet in his classroom, becomes the loudest person while playing football. Which of the following terms best explains the shift in Stephen's behavior?

Trait-situation interaction

Which of the following are common criticisms of Milgram's obedience experiments?

Unethical, biased, and did not consider alternative explanation

Which of the following factors is a primary symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Unnecessarily repetitious behavior

To become a better encoder, you should:

Use mental images

Which of the following uses secondhand learning and is defined as a reduction in fear or anxiety that takes place when a client watches models perform the feared behavior?

Vicarious desensitization

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy?

Viewing a page of a book from different angles

What activity would likely activate the sympathetic nervous system the most?

Weeping at a funeral

What can be inferred about the distance between the teacher and the learner in Milgram's experiment?

When participants faced the learner and forced their hand on the shock plate, obedience decreased

Which of the following is the best example of inattentional blindness?

While arguing with your father in the back seat as you drive, you run a red light.

Brian stopped taking the prescription pills, and within a couple days, he felt very ill. He started sweating and had chills and cramps. Which of the following is he experiencing?

Withdrawal symptoms

In which of the following situations would you be passively complying?

You tolerate a person talking loudly while you are trying to study in the library

Which of the following would be stored as an episodic memory?

Your high school graduation

Describing the answer to a math problem as "a five digit number that includes two decimal places" is an example of _______

a general solution

Kanzi is learning a new word. Kanzi's language teacher creates a geometric symbol for a key on a computer keyboard to represent the word. Because there are no letters or numbers on the geometric symbol that stands for the new word, it is an example of _______

a lexigram

In the context of the biological perspective of the biopsychosocial model, the evolutionary view is a:

a neutral

In discovery learning, _____.

a person gains skills by insight and understanding

A change in symptoms due to a research participant's expectation that a drug or treatment will do something is called _____.

a placebo effect

Social exchange theory states that _____

a relationship must be profitable for both parties for it to last

A heuristic is:

a shortcut or rule of thumb for finding a solution to a problem

Which of the following is defined as a rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group?

a social distance scale

The term "lateralization" refers to _____

a specialization in the abilities of the left and right hemispheres of the brain

The use of positive coping statements to control fear and anxiety is called __

a stress inoculation

Insight is defined as:

a sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious.

Which of the following terms best reflects the process of thinking in a way that leaves no options open?

absolute

Claude Steele's studies suggest that stereotype threat is likely to emerge in the context of______

academic ability

Russell is memorizing the scout law for his initiation into his troop. Russell makes up a sentence that aligns the first letter of every word with the beginning letter of each word in the scout law. To help him memorize the scout law, Russell is using a(n) ________________

acrostic

In the context of patterns in which a person adopts to a new culture, assimilation involves _____.

adopting the new culture as your own and having contact with its members

A baby's emotional needs for care, love, and positive relationships with others are known as his or her _____

affectional needs

One of the drawbacks of using punishment to manage behavior is that the person it is applied to can experience elevated levels of ________.

aggression

Which of the following would most likely lead a person to want to stay inside his home?

agoraphobia

avier suffers from an excessive, irrational fear of being in public places. He fears that something extremely embarrassing will happen if he leaves home. It is evident that Javier is suffering from _____.

agoraphobia

People who have a learned difficulty in expressing emotions are said to be suffering from _____.

alexithymia

Benzodiazepine tranquilizers are prescribed by doctors to:

alleviate nervousness and stress.

Which of the following is an inability to form or retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma?

amnesia

Recognition can be defined as:

an ability to correctly identify previously learned information.

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes is known as _____.

an actor-observer bias

A flashbulb memory is defined as:

an especially vivid recollection that seems to be frozen in memory at times of emotionally significant personal or public events.

Which of the following refers to a negative pattern characterized by a chronic lack of self-worth along with self-doubt?

an inferiority complex

Maria has trouble with her body image and always sees herself as fat even though she is severely underweight. She severely restricts her eating in order to maintain a low body weight. What does this likely reflect?

anorexia nervosa

In the context of drug therapy, which of the following mainly enhances the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid?

anti-anxiety drugs

Deductive thought involves:

applying a general set of rules to specific situations.

Widget Corp., a leading business consultancy, has recently adopted a new incentive policy, wherein the employees are given monetary rewards. The top one percent of the employees with the highest target completion rate are given monthly monetary bonuses. In this scenario, it can be said that the employees of Widget Corp. _____.

are less likely to solve tricky problems that inhibit the growth of the firm

Lucas asks his boss for a 20 percent raise, but his request is refused. If Lucas were to use the door-in-the-face technique to gain his boss's compliance, what should he do?

ask his boss for a 10% increase

Affiliation refers to people's common need to _____

associate with other people

If a child is prone to displaying hyperactive and impulsive behavior, a physician might prescribe a mild stimulant to help the child improve his or her mental performance and diagnose the child with _________

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

The act of assigning cause to behavior is called ________.

attribution

In the context of client-centered therapy, Carl Rogers believed that effective therapists maintain four basic conditions. Which of the following is one of the basic conditions?

authenticity

A person's heart rate increasing during physical activity is an example of the activation of what nervous system?

autonomic nervous system

Kiara, a 16-year-old, is diagnosed with diabetes and needs to immediately cut off her sugar intake. She has a sweet tooth and fails to give up food high in sugar. She consults a therapist and is asked to take a pill immediately after eating something sweet. The pill makes Kiara throw up, and she begins to associate sweets with nausea. In the context of behavior therapy, this scenario best illustrates _____.

aversion therapy

According to the anxiety reduction theory, which of the following serves to strengthen anxiety disorders?

avoidance

Marvin sees on the work schedule that he is assigned to work with the manager that he doesn't like. So Marvin calls into work sick that night. He enjoyed not having to listen to the manager yell at everyone, so he does the same thing the next two times they are scheduled for the same shift. What is Marvin engaging in?

avoidance learning

Amit can take any two routes to travel to work. One day, when he checks for traffic using an application in his cell phone, he finds that both routes have massive traffic jams. Amit needs to go to work, and he has to choose either of those routes. In this scenario, Amit is most likely to face _____

avoidance-avoidance conflict

According to Izard's theory, interest, happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, and fear are technique considered to be what?

basic emotions

Howard recently damaged his amygdala in a car accident. In this scenario, Howard is most likely to _____.

be blind to emotion

What does the chameleon effect describe?

behavioral mimicry

Which of the following is a characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder?

being a loner, engaging in extremely odd behavior, and having bizarre thought patterns

A person's consistent maladaptive behavior can most likely be attributed to which of the following?

biological factors

The presumed hereditary readiness of humans to learn certain skills, such as how to use language or a readiness to behave in particular ways, is called _____.

biological predisposition

At times, Ajit needs little or no sleep; he cannot stop talking, his mind races, and everything that he does is of utmost importance to him. At other times, he seems extremely sad and feels worthless. Ajit is most likely suffering from a(n) _____.

bipolar 1 disorder

In the context of coercion, engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience is known as _____.

brainwashing

Ellen struggles with adaptive behaviors. Which task would she have the most difficulty with?

brushing her teeth

Annabel has had eating issues for the past several years where she goes from periods where she eats a huge amount of snack foods such as cookies or chips and afterward she will exercise for hours to compensate for her eating. Despite her eating issues, her body weight is within the average range. What does this behavior likely reflect?

bulimia nervosa

Which of the following terms is defined as a work-related condition of mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion?

burnout

In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children in the concrete operational stage _____.

can perform mental operations such as reversing thoughts

A person with schizophrenia remains mute while holding odd postures for hours or even days at a time. What term can be best used to describe this behavior?

catatonia

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. Kavya, a college student, visits a particular salon a couple of times. Each time, she is assigned to a trainee hairdresser who does a lousy job. Kavya forms a negative attitude about the salon and even posts negative reviews on social media about its service. In the context of forming attitudes, which of the following is best illustrated in the scenario?

chance conditioning

Rational-emotive behavior therapy usually attempts to _____.

change self-defeating thoughts and behaviors that cause emotional problems

Janna is on spring break and looking at the menu of drink choices at the tiki bar. After trying to process the 40 names and 25 ingredients on the menu, Janna ordered a glass of soda. Janna's decision to opt for a soda instead of a selection from the drink menu is likely an example of ________.

choice overload

The hyphen, spaces, and parentheses in a telephone number support memory through which of the following?

chunking

Eidetic imagery can best be described as _______

cinematic

What is the correct term used for a 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species?

circadian rhythm

Which one of the following is the process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge?

cognition

When the big new high school opened, students asked friends and staff in the hallways to help them locate their classrooms, lockers and other locations. At first it was a funny chaotic adventure, but within a few days, the students were bustling around easily from place to place, just like in the old school. What enabled the students to quickly master the new facility?

cognitive maps

The opponent-process theory of color vision proposes that:

color vision is based on coding things as red or green, yellow or blue, or black or white.

Creativity is the ability to:

combine mental elements in new and useful ways.

A few years back, Rajesh was diagnosed with a mood disorder. The medicines prescribed to him curbed the problem of the disorder, but he became addicted to the medicines over time. Rajesh now suffers with a mood disorder as well as a substance use disorder. It can be said that Rajesh is _____.

comorbid

Thorndike's law of effect is primarily focused on which of the following?

consequences

Which of the following is Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities stay constant despite changes in shape or appearance?

conservation

In the context of Robert Sternberg's (1988) triangular theory of love, which of the following is defined as a form of love that is characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment?

consummate love

In the context of mental blocks that hinder problem solving, learned barriers are:

conventions about uses, meanings, possibilities, and taboos.

Which of the following processes commonly leads to the discovery of a single established correct answer?

convergent thinking

A woman who recently lost her job and was evicted from her apartment woke up one morning unable to move her legs. Her friends are worried, but the woman simply sees this as more bad luck. A psychologist would see this as a symptom of ________.

conversion disorder

The sympathetic nervous system is the division of the autonomic nervous system that:

coordinates arousal.

Which is a mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems that do not involve serious mental disorders?

counselor

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the use of short-term memory?

creating information chunks is the key to making the most use of short-term memory.

People who have a strong capacity for mental imagery also tend to rank highly in _______

creativity

In the context of intellectual disabilities, the consumption of iodized salt has made _____ rare in developed nations.

cretinism

A group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question is called a _____.

cult

Brent grew up in rural Canada and never left his province of New Brunswick. Brent took a test that asked him read a subway schedule. The question would best be described as __________.

culturally unfair

A split-brain operation involves:

cutting the corpus callosum to control severe epileptic seizures.

Which of the following proposes that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve?

decay theory

A disjunctive concept is:

defined by the presence of at least one of several possible features.

Check My Work Which of the following terms defines a strongly held thought or belief that is at odds with reality?

delusion

Lately, Sorboni has been having difficulty concentrating, feels hopeless, and has lost interest in activities she used to enjoy. What is Sorboni likely experiencing?

depression

Matthew seems dejected from quite some time. He has not been to a house party for the past couple of years. He feels fatigued all the time and is unable to feel pleasure or take interest in anything. Matthew is most likely suffering from a(n) _____.

depressive disorder

In certain situations, Padma engages in rationalization and projection. Whether she is consciously aware of it or not, these behaviors help Padma to ________.

develop resistance

In the context of differences in intelligence between males and females, it can be said that today, ____

differences in intelligence between males and females have almost disappeared among children and young adults

Action therapies generally focus on _____

directly changing troubling thoughts and behaviors

Cal's neighbor Simone is a member of an ethnic minority group. Cal invites everyone on his block to his annual block party except Simone. Cal is being ______

discriminatory toward simone

Which of the following involves the redirection of aggression to a target other than the actual source of one's frustration?

displaced agression

An unwarranted positiveness or certainty in matters of belief or opinion is known as _____.

dogmatism

Ramola asks Jonathon, her 15-year-old son, to help with the household chores over the next weekend. She asks him to do the laundry, do the dishes, and clean the backyard. Jonathon refuses to do all these things, but he finally agrees to do the dishes. In the context of compliance, this scenario best illustrates the _____.

door-in-the-face effect

_____ is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, which results in intellectual disability.

down syndrome

Jennifer is a ballet dancer. Whenever she feels stressed by the intense competition in her dance school, she tries to compare herself with another dancer, named Maya, who was asked to leave their dance school. She eventually feels better and comfortable. In the context of social cognition, this scenario best illustrates _____.

downward comparison

A yoga class was being offered with a new meditative technique focusing on each individual sense and how each piece of information was interpreted by each person. This relaxation and training technique worked for each person in the class because:

each individual experienced sensations and perceptions differently than anyone else in the room due to introspection

The ability to retain a "projected" mental picture long enough to use it as a source of information is called _____.

eidetic imagery

Julia is upset because she totally blanked out on an important exam today. She tries to distract herself by taking a walk and listening to her favorite music. What is this an example of?

emotion-focused coping

Kumar, a 52-year-old, is hit by a motorcycle and falls on the ground. Benjamin, a 50-year-old, feels for Kumar and reaches out to help him. Benjamin calls for an ambulance and accompanies Kumar to the hospital. Which of the following best explains Benjamin's helping behavior?

empathetic arousal

Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology that:

emphasizes the study of observable actions over the study of the mind.

Check My Work After 10 years of marriage, Rennae remains committed to her husband, but she feels no intimacy or passion in their relationship. Rennae's feelings characterize ______

empty love

During a family gathering Sorboni asks her grandfather to tell her about his immigration to the United States when he was a child. What will the grandfather draw upon to tell Sorboni his story?

episodic memory

Which of the following denotes changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating and is particularly used to refer to females in heat?

estrus

In the context of associative learning, antecedents are:

events that precede a response.

Which of the following is a biological factor associated with mental illness?

exposure to toxic drugs

In classical conditioning, which of the following occurs by weakening the connection between the conditioned and the unconditioned stimulus?

extinction

The partial reinforcement effect is focused on which of the following?

extinction

Which of the following may occur if a learned operant response is not reinforced?

extinction

According to Carroll Izard's theory, which of the following is one of the most basic emotions?

fear

Which of the following is a key element that underlies cognitive learning and is often used to indicate progress toward a goal?

feedback

Arranging a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out as an object against a less prominent background is known as _____.

figure-ground organization

In problem solving, the tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives, is called _____.

fixation

Amber is conducting research to condition rats to press a lever for a food reward. During week two of the study, the rats are given a food pellet every six minutes, regardless of how many times they press the lever. Which type of reinforcement schedule is Amber using?

fixed interval

An especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event is called a(n) ______

flashbulb memory

Aaron is diagnosed with schizophrenia. Because Aaron shows little emotion and appears depressed or apathetic, Aaron is displaying ________.

flat affect

In the context of creative thinking, the number of times people shift from one class of possible uses to another is called _______

flexibility

The conceptual structure in which we store memories is similar to a ______

flowchart

In the context of personality theories, psychodynamic theories _____.

focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles

A tiny spot in the center of the retina, containing only cones, where visual acuity is greatest is known as the _____.

fovea

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that _____.

frustration tends to lead to anger

Which of the following is defined as an approach that focuses on immediate experience and awareness to help clients rebuild thinking, feeling, and acting into connected wholes and emphasizes the integration of fragmented experiences?

gestalt therapy

A dynamic person who is able to form a cult by convincing people he is an emissary from the heavens likely has which type of delusion disorder?

grandiose

Which term refers to the degree of attraction among group members or the strength of their desire to remain in the group?

group cohesiveness

The general assumption that people who are physically attractive are also smart and sophisticated is an example of a ______

halo effect

After a brief separation, infants with a secure attachment _____.

have a stable and positive emotional bond with their mother

Quinn is a three-year-old preschooler. Which behavior would best indicate that Quinn might be gifted?

he reads chapter books

In contrast to the left hemisphere, the right hemisphere of the brain _____

helps a person in expressing emotions

Jameson can tell you what the weather was like every day over his entire lifespan of 57 years. Jameson's amazing memory ability is impressive; however, his semantic memory is about normal. Jameson's memory skills are characteristic of __________.

highly superior autobiographical memory

Soren had a brain tumor in a difficult area and required a risky operation to remove it. After the surgery, Soren was unable to form new memories. It is likely that the surgical procedure damaged his ______________.

hippocampus

Which of the following is an anxiety-related disorder in which a person collects things and has difficulty throwing or giving them away?

hoarding disorder

The component of Freud's personality theory containing primitive drives present at birth is called the _____.

id

In the context of the influence of heredity on intelligence, research suggest that _____.

identical twins who grow up in the same family show higher correlation in intelligence quotients as compared with fraternal twins who are raised in different environments

Philip is an adolescent. In the context of Erik Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas, he is most likely to face the dilemma of _____.

identity vs role confusion

Unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members of other groups are known as ______

implicit prejudice

In general, muscular control in newborn babies spreads ___

in a pattern that is cephalocaudal and proximodistal

At what age range might a person's "unique" behaviors begin to be considered potential signs of a personality disorder?

in their teens

Julie is offered her favorite dessert, chocolate cheesecake, and eats two pieces even though she wasn't that hungry. The cheesecake is an example of a what?

incentive

Karl Duncker's experiment with the candle on a vertical board demonstrates that functional fixedness in problem solving can be reduced by ________.

increasing flexibility in categorizing

Cognitive psychology is the study of:

information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.

n which pattern of acculturative stress do people retain their old cultural identities but participate in the new culture?

integration

In the context of the classification of traits proposed by psychologist Gordon Allport, which of the following is a central trait?

intelligence

The overall ability to think rationally, to act with purpose, and to adapt to one's surroundings is called _______.

intelligence

Mental age divided by chronological age times 100 refers to ___

intelligence quotient

Which of the following is triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells?

intracellular thirst

Quick, impulsive thought is called _______.

intuition

he relationship between arousal and performance forms a(n) _________.

inverted U function

Which of the following is an example of a relational concept when asking for clues in a guessing game?

is it bigger than a bread box?

A feature of latent learning is that it:

is not immediately observable in an organism's behavior.

The drug MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) _____.

is sometimes classified as a hallucinogen since it can produce hallucinations

Heather tends to believe claims because they seem true even if they have weak or nonexistent evidence. This indicates that Heather _____.

is vulnerable to uncritical acceptance

Which of the following is the main strength of Gestalt therapy?

it focuses on immediate awareness

Megan took a brief multiple-choice personality quiz that her friend made through a popular social media site. Which of the following attributes does this personality quiz likely possess?

it has low validity

It is difficult to treat people suffering from paranoid delusions because ________.

it is almost impossible for them to accept that they need help

According to the textbook, what typically happens when self-handicapping becomes habitual?

it lowers the individuals self-esteem

A word's denotative meaning is:

its exact, or dictionary, definition

Chaunte is preparing to make an attempt at the high jump. Before starting her jump, Chaunte closes her eyes and envisions every motion she will make when completing the jump. Chaunte is using ________.

kinesthetic imagery

Which of the following is one of the five factors of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition that is measured by questions such as "Why does the sky appear to be blue?"

knowledge

Which one of the Stanford-Binet cognitive factors is related to crystalized intelligence?

knowledge

Which of the following activates basic needs?

lack of security

As a young teenager riding in the car to her grandparents' house, Malika always noticed the various landmarks, highway exits, and street signs. When she got her license, she drove to visit her grandparents by herself, without once having to turn on the GPS or ask for directions. Malika is demonstrating ________.

latent learning

Aubry failed his English class because he was unable to deal with the ambiguity of starting research for a required paper on an unfamiliar topic. Aubry's barrier to problem solving was most likely ________.

learned

A belief that one cannot control the outcome of events is called _____

learned helplessness

Which of the following is a common reaction to repeated failure and unpredictable or unavoidable punishment?

learned helplessness

Operant conditioning involves _____.

learning voluntary responses

In habituation, a person _____

learns to stop paying attention to familiar stimuli

A strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable, is called the _____.

low-ball technique

Repair and restorative theories of sleep propose:

lowering body and brain activity during sleep may help conserve energy and lengthen life

Which one of the following is a new field of artificial intelligence that involves creating programs that gain information through the acquisition of knowledge, not programming?

machine learning

In the context of patterns in which a person adopts to a new culture, separation involves _____.

maintaining your old cultural identity and avoiding contact with the new culture

Which of the following best illustrates problem-focused coping?

making a plan of action

Escape learning involves:

making a response in order to end an aversive stimulus.

Authoritative parents control their children's behavior through ____

management techniques

A person with cyclothymic disorder has alternating experiences of ________.

mania and depression

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans allow us to:

map human brain pathways in great detail.

Elaborative processing improves memory for a piece of information by adding _______

meaning

According to the theory of multiple intelligences, which one of the following pursuits employs naturalist intelligence?

medicine man

Episodic memory is a form of:

memory that stores an autobiographical record of personal experiences.

Which of the following is an emotional sign of impending exhaustion?

mental fatigue

Iconic memory is defined as a:

mental image or visual representation.

In Maslow's hierarchy, needs associated with impulses for self-actualization are called __________.

meta needs

Marta is a 24-year-old mathematician who enjoys mountain climbing with her father. Which of the following is one of Marta's achieved roles?

methematician

A person who serves as an example in observational learning is called a(n) _____.

model

To ace simple tasks, the optimal level of arousal to attain peak performance should be _____.

moderate

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that participates in:

mood, appetite, and sleep.

Howard Gardner's theory of _____ states that there are several specialized types of intellectual ability.

multiple intelligences

If your eyeball is too long, images fall short of the retina, and you will not be able to focus on distant objects. This results in _____.

myopia

Primary reinforcers are:

natural reinforcers rooted in biology.

Tenzin displays a lack of emotion and a reduced capacity to communicate verbally. Tenzin is experiencing ________.

negative symptoms of a disorder

The production of new brain cells is called _____

neurogenesis

The distribution of adult intelligence quotient scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition approximates a(n) _____

normal distribution

The distribution of adult intelligence quotient scores on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition approximates a(n) _____.

normal distribution

A recognition that physical things continue to exist even when they are no longer visible is known as ______

object permanence

Acquiring information on how to perform new behaviors by watching others is called _____.

observational learning

Professional athletes often donate time and money to various community programs and nonprofit organizations, with their efforts documented by cameras, social media, and news stories. In addition to helping people in need, the athletes hope their celebrity status will encourage others to perform similar actions through the process of ________.

observational learning

Learning from models is primarily based on what two factors?

observing and imitating

Nick is on the phone with his mother and says, "I'll drive over later." Nick is teeing off at the golf course and says, "Watch this drive." The meaning of the word drive in the two sentences changes because _______

of the context in which it is used

In the context of major cognitive distortions in depression, which of the following refers to the tendency to think that an upsetting event applies to other, unrelated situations?

overgeneralization

Make a selection below and click submit to continue. In the context of assertiveness, which of the following defines the practice that continues after initial mastery of a skill?

overlearning

Check My Work Suppose you live on the alien world of robots. Sixty-one percent of the robots that live on the Northern Island vote for the Toaster political party, whereas 57 percent of the robots that live on the Southern Island vote for the Microwave political party. Saying that the Northern Island robots are toasters and the Southern Island robots are microwaves is most closely an example of which of the following?

oversimplification

Which of the following is the most common delusional disorder?

paranoid psychosis

According to Robert Sternberg, what are the three primary components of love?

passion, commitment, intimacy

According to the multimedia principle, _____.

people process words and mental images together better than they do words alone

When the brain selects, organizes, and interprets sensory impressions into meaningful patterns, we speak of ____

perception

Ingrained patterns of organization and attention that affect a person's daily experience are known as _____.

perceptual habits

According to Gordon Allport, prejudice that arises when members of another ethnic group are perceived as a threat to one's own interests is classified as ________.

personal

Liam and Tina, who are colleagues, are standing at a distance of 3 feet from each other and discussing their weekend plan. They seem to be having a friendly conversation. In the context of spatial norms, which of the following is best illustrated in this scenario?

personal distance

Your uniqueness comprised of talents, habits, and values including your past, present, and future selves are known as which of these?

personality

Pete is suffering from illness anxiety disorder. He undergoes psychotherapy and begins to feel much better. If Pete's recovery is based solely on the placebo effect, which of the following best explains his recovery?

pete believed that the therapy would help

Fourteen-year-old Shana is only 4 feet tall. She is much smaller than other teenage girls her age. Her doctor has prescribed her growth hormone. Shana's condition can be attributed to very little growth hormone being released by her _____

pituitary gland

In the context of personality theories, behaviorist theories _____.

place importance on the external environment and on the effects of conditioning and learning

According to Freud, a component of personality that can be characterized by self-serving and impulsive behavior is known as the _______.

pleasure principle

Social reinforcement is based on _____

praise, attention, approval, and/or affection from others

Which of the following terms describes nonlearned reinforcers that usually satisfy physiological needs?

primary

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories is called _____.

priming

Which of the following occurs when prior learning inhibits recall of later learning?

proactive interference

Adrian recently received bad grades on his semester exams. To handle this stressful situation, he carefully analyzed the mistakes that he made in the exams and developed a plan so that he does not repeat such mistakes in the upcoming exams. In the context of coping styles, Adrian adopted _____.

problem-focused coping

Dan and Rosanne have been married for five years. Dan is contemplating divorce because he feels that he is doing all the relationship building to keep the marriage going, and Rosanne is taking advantage of his good nature. According to social exchange theory, Dan is not finding his relationship with Rosanne as ________.

profitable

Which of the following involves tightening all the muscles in an area of the body and then voluntarily loosening them?

progressive relaxation

Which of the following defense mechanisms lowers anxiety by exaggerating negative traits in others?

projection

In the context of dream theories, the activation-synthesis hypothesis _____

proposes that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep

In the context of dream theories, the activation-synthesis hypothesis _____.

proposes that dreams are how brains process the random electrical discharges of REM sleep

The systematic study of norms concerning the use of personal space is called _______.

proxemics

In general, muscular control of infants spreads in a pattern from the center of the body to the extremities, which is known as ______

proximodistal development

One common way to alter human consciousness is to administer a substance capable of altering attention, emotion, judgment, memory, time sense, self-control, or perception, otherwise known as a ________________

psychoactive drug

The study of the links among behavior, stress, disease, and the immune system is called _____

psychoneuroimmunology

Which term defines a withdrawal from reality marked by hallucinations and delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization?

psychosis

Jerome was stopped by the police on his way to work because he was wearing his hair in braids and driving an expensive vehicle in an area of a town that is known for drug trafficking. Jerome is likely a victim of ________.

racial profiling

During an experiment, two water balloons of the same size were thrown with the same speed at Mike and Jason. Mike and Jason were asked to dodge the balloons every time the balloons were thrown at them. In all the instances, unlike Jason, Mike was able to dodge the balloons. When asked about this, Jason said that the balloons were too fast for him. It can be said that Mike's _____ is most likely lower than Jason's.

reaction time

In the context of interpersonal attraction, which of the following is defined as a mutual exchange of feelings, thoughts, or things between people?

reciprocity

Chung's mother asks if he could stop at the local mall and pick up her handbag at the mall's security office. Chung was unsure what his mother's handbag looked like, but when he arrived at the security office, he quickly identified the handbag from several others. To correctly identify the missing handbag, Chaska used ________.

recognition

The process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories is called _____.

redintegration

In the context of classical conditioning, systematic desensitization involves

reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear.

Any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison is called a _____.

reference group

Darcy is a contestant on a morning radio call in program. Darcy is given 10 seconds to answer the question-of-the-day. With no time for preparation, Darcy is asked by the program host to calculate how many one dozen egg cartons can be filled with 948 eggs. As the timer begins the 10-second countdown, Darcy performs a mental calculation while carefully concentrating on the numbers she is using and arrives at the correct answer of 79 cartons. To arrive at the correct answer for the radio call in program question-of-the-day, Darcy used ________

reflective processing, transformation rules

In the context of the psychological defense mechanisms, retreating to an earlier level of development or to earlier, less demanding habits or situations is called _____.

regression

The thyroid gland is a gland of the endocrine system that:

regulates the rate at which energy is produced and expended in the body.

Which of the following, whether positive or negative, increases the likelihood that a response will be repeated?

reinforcement

Which of the following attributes does a personality assessment possess if it yields stable scores over time; meaning it yields close to the same score each time that it is given to the same person?

reliability

Stephan takes a psychometric test several times on a particular day and gets almost the same result every time. It can be said that the psychometric test is _____

reliable

Maintenance rehearsal involves:

repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of bullying?

repetition

Thirty-year-old Zak has no recollection of the time when he was physically abused in elementary school. This is most likely because of a defense mechanism called _____.

repression

Simone, a client, describes her dream to her therapist. The therapist notices that Simone tries to avoid mentioning certain topics, thereby creating a break in the flow of her ideas. The therapist uses this avoidance as a clue and helps Simone deal with these important unconscious conflicts realistically. In the context of psychoanalysis, this scenario best illustrates the technique called _____.

resistance

When staying up all night to study for final exams, students will likely experience a portion of study time when they are feeling quite normal and studying effectively as if it were a regular study day. Which stage of general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are these students in?

resistance

The most basic source of depth perception is _____.

retinal disparity

An implicit memory is:

retrieved unconsciously.

The inability to remember an old email password sometime after creating a new password is an example of ________.

retroactive interference

Photoreceptors for dim light that produce only black and white sensations are known as _____

rods

A classroom of third-grade children who recite the multiplication tables aloud every morning demonstrateS which type of learning?

rote

Mathew, a 12-year-old boy, has a remarkable mixture of brilliance and intellectual disability. He flawlessly plays nine musical instruments. He, however, lacks in general intelligence. It can be said that Mathew most likely has _____.

savant syndrome

Which of the following is a process emphasized by Russian scholar Lev Vygotsky that involves adjusting instruction so that it is responsive to a beginner's behavior and supports the beginner's efforts to understand a problem or gain a mental skill?

scaffolding

Gerhardt is a loner and often goes to the park wearing camouflage and hides behind trees. He believes that he possesses an ability to influence the minds of animals and prefers spending time alone because he doesn't "fit in" with others. Gerhardt's behavior is an indicator of a(n) ________.

schizotypal personality disorder

Which type of attachment style is marked by caring, intimacy, supportiveness, and understanding in love relationships?

secure

Unlike existential therapy, client-centered therapy mostly _____.

seeks to uncover a "true self" hidden behind a screen of defenses

People at the postconventional moral reasoning level are guided by _____.

self-chosen ethical principles that tend to be general, comprehensive, or universal

In the context of assertive behavior, which of the following is a characteristic of the actor?

self-enhancement

In the context of social learning theory, which of the following refers to praising or rewarding oneself for having made a particular response?

self-reinforcement

The process of conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system is called _____.

sensation

Structuralism is a school of thought that studies:

sensations and personal experience analyzed as basic elements.

In the process of creating memories, what is the first stop for images experienced by a person?

sensory memory

Dana is asked to memorize a list of 10 fruits, reading the list only once. She is then asked to recall the items on the list. She has most trouble recalling items from the middle of the list. This is most likely because of the _____.

serial position effect

The proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating is called the _______.

set point

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

sex

In the context of operant principles, which of the following means reinforcing actions that are closer and closer approximations to a desired response?

shaping

Reinforcement of increasingly close approximations of a desired response is called _____.

shaping

Pia rides the subway to and from work during rush hour. She is typically anxious in crowds but the subway is her only source of transportation. How does Pia most likely handle this limited personal distance?

she avoids eye contact with others

For the past month, Eva has felt irritable and anxious. She has declined several social invitations and is not sleeping well at night. Eva decides she needs some help and schedules an appointment at her campus counseling center. Which of the following can we correctly assume about Eva?

she is able to read emotions

Frances is an artist who has had damage to the right hemisphere of her brain. How will this likely affect her portrait of her father?

she will not paint his left eye

In the context of types of motives, which of the following is a biological motive?

sleep

Which of the following is an example of a circadian rhythm?

sleep

What disorder occurs if breathing stops for a period of 20 seconds to 2 minutes during sleep?

sleep apnea

According to the Centers for Disease Control, which of the following behavioral risks is the largest preventable cause of death?

smoking

Which of the following factors is a major behavioral risk that increases the chances of disease, injury, or early death?

smoking

Basketball fans who feel that basketball is a superior sport in comparison to baseball are demonstrating _____

social competition

Check My Work The concept of a comparison level plays a key role in which of the following?

social exchange

Kunal loves to bake and usually invites his friends home for coffee and homemade cookies. When his friends come over, the cookies turn out perfect. However, whenever he bakes for himself, the cookies either become too hard or too soft. In the context of social influence, which of the following is best illustrated in this scenario?

social facilitation

Which term refers to changes in a person's behavior induced by the presence or actions of others?

social influence

Dr. Woodside is trying to help Brian adapt to his new country. Which of the following theories would Dr. Woodside likely employ to achieve this goal?

social learning theories

Catherine, a 20-year-old, was a victim of violence during her childhood. As a young adult, she is highly likely to exhibit aggressive behavior and become violent. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

social learning theory

People tend to exert less effort when they are part of a group than they do when they are solely responsible for their work. This best describes _____.

social loafing

Crystallized intelligence involves _____

solving problems using already acquired knowledge

According to cognitive psychologist David Perkins, experiential intelligence refers to _____.

specialized knowledge and skills acquired over time

Localization of function is a research strategy that states that:

specific structures in the brain are associated with specific psychological or behavioral activities.

A learned response that is exhibited following an extended period of absence has undergone ___

spontaneous recovery

Which of the following is a term that is defined as the improvement of symptoms due to the mere passage of time?

spontaneous remission

Femi is starting her algebra final, and her math teacher tells her, yet not anyone else in the classroom, to be careful because the exam is difficult. Femi feels that the teacher is making a comment that women are less capable at math than men. Femi was confident about the algebra final when she started, but now she feels like she is being judged by a stereotype. Femi becomes upset, loses confidence in her strong math skills, and fails the exam. The low performance by Femi on the math final can be attributed to _________.

stereotype threat

Kimia, a 20-year-old woman, enrolls herself for driving classes. She believes that it is difficult for women to learn to drive. Therefore, she continuously fails her driving tests week after week and finally decides to discontinue the classes. This scenario best illustrates _____.

stereotype threat

The perspective that mental illness develops through a combination of environmental factors and inherited susceptibility reflects which concept?

stress-vulnerability

Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that:

studies thinking, learning, and perception in whole units rather than by analyzing them into parts.

General life satisfaction combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions is known as ____________.

subjective well-being

People with narcolepsy have:

sudden, irresistible daytime sleep attacks that may last anywhere from a few minutes to a half-hour.

Perceptual expectancies are frequently created by ________

suggestion

A hardy personality type is associated with:

superior stress resistance

Which of the following terms was used by B. F. Skinner to describe a behavior that is repeated because it appears to produce reinforcement, even though it is unnecessary?

superstitious behavior

A mnemonic device _____.

supports rote learning

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Experiencing one sense in terms normally associated with another sense is called ____

synesthesia

Experiencing one sense in terms normally associated with another sense is called _____.

synesthesia

A therapist who helps patients overcome a fear of heights by gradually exposing them to locations of increasing height is employing ________.

systematic desensitization

Which of the following refers to the general pattern of attention, arousal, and mood that is evident from birth, such as biological predispositions to be sensitive, irritable, and distractible and to display a typical mood?

temperament

In the context of the big five personality traits, extroverts _____.

tend to earn more during their careers than introverts do

After a brief separation, infants with an insecure-avoidant attachment _____.

tend to turn away from the mother (or caregiver) when she returns

Which of the following components of attitude refers to your behaviors toward various people, objects, or institutions?

the action component

According to Jean Piaget, the term "conservation" refers to

the awareness that physical quantities stay constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

Which of the following is the snail-shaped organ in the inner ear that contains sensory receptors for hearing?

the cochlea

At the preconventional moral reasoning level, moral behavior is guided by:

the consequences of actions.

In the context of the anatomy of the eye, the cornea refers to:

the curved, transparent, protective layer through which light enters the eye.

The tendency to generalize a favorable or unfavorable particular impression to unrelated details of personality is called _____.

the halo effect

Which of the following is a mnemonic device that can aid you in vocabulary retention?

the keyword method

Anorexia nervosa is characterized by _____.

the maintenance of unusually low body weight

The term "representativeness" heuristic refers to:

the mental shortcut of judging if something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members.

Other than the communicator and the audience, what else must be considered in order to understand the success or failure of persuasion?

the message

In the context of psychodrama, which of the following is defined as observing another person reenact one's own behavior?

the mirror technique

In the context of Gestalt organizing principles, contiguity is often responsible for:

the perception that one thing has caused another.

In the context of bystander intervention, which is the first decision point that a person passes through before giving help?

the person must notice that something is happening

Giftedness is defined as _____

the possession of either a high intelligence quotient or special talents or aptitudes

According to researcher Herbert Benson, an innate physiological pattern that opposes our body's fight-or-flight mechanisms is the core of meditation. This pattern is referred to as _____.

the relaxation response

According to Carl Rogers, which of the following refers to a total subjective perception of one's body and personality?

the self image

In the context of the psychosexual stages explained by Freud, the phallic stage is marked by _____.

the shift of psychosexual attention to the genitals

Morphemes are:

the smallest meaningful units in a language.

Why is autism classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

the symptoms are present in childhood

In the context of creativity, fluency refers to:

the total number of solutions produced by a person in tests of creativity.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when _____.

the transfer of sounds from the eardrum to the inner ear weakens

Which of the following is a key factor that distinguishes trauma- and stressor-related disorders from anxiety disorders?

the trigger experience occurred in the past

In the context of the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and race, most psychologists have concluded that ____

there is no scientific evidence that group differences in average IQ are based on genetics

In the context of the relationship between intelligence quotient (IQ) and race, most psychologists have concluded that _____.

there is no scientific evidence that group differences in average IQ are based on genetics

Which one of the following is a characteristic of emotionally intelligent people?

they are tuned into their own feelings

In the context of assertive behavior, which of the following is a characteristic of the receivers?

they maintain their self-worth

Roy is an Olympic decathlete and finds it insulting when people call athletes "stupid jocks" and "overprivileged" because he started out living in poverty, went to college on a full physics scholarship, and graduated with summa cum laude honors. It is likely that Roy finds athlete stereotypes insulting because _____

they rob him of his individuality

In the context of obedience, which of the following is a criticism of Stanley Milgram's experiments?

they were deeply unethical

According to Noam Chomsky, our ability to construct a wide variety of sentences without learning everyone is based on patterns that support ________.

transformation rules

In the context of Erik Erikson's psychosocial dilemmas, during the first year of life, infants face the dilemma of _____.

trust vs. mistrust

When he was in high school, Elias believed that all people from Russia were aggressive. After he started college, Elias met a Russian exchange student who turned out to be the nicest person he ever met, so Elias changed his beliefs regarding Russians. Elias's reliance on a stereotype to understand Russians when he was in high school is an example of ________.

using a faulty concept

If a test measures a trait that it was designed to, then the test is said to be _____.

valid

In terms of leadership, which of the following is important in promoting commitment, because people will always work harder on projects that appeal to their fundamental beliefs?

values

Dr. Roberts is a research chemist and while sitting at home relaxing suddenly has an idea that she thinks will work to create a new adhesive. Dr. Roberts begins working on her idea the next day at her lab and is rewarded with a positive outcome when she tests her new combination of chemicals. Which of the following stages of creative thought is best characterized by Dr. Roberts's chemical test in her lab?

verification

Learning to respond emotionally to a stimulus by observing another person's emotional reactions is called _____.

vicarious classical conditioning

In operant conditioning, the learner's response can be described as _______

voluntary and spontaneous

Pain carried by large nerve fibers is sharp, bright, and fast and seems to come from specific body areas. This is the body's _____.

warning system

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

water

The Yerkes-Dodson law states that ________

when a task is more complex, your best performance will occur at lower levels of arousal

The Flynn effect would most likely apply to which question?

which answer choice completes the pattern

Which of the following is a general pattern related to suicides in the United States?

women make more suicide attempts then men

A similarity between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition is that both the tests _____

yield a single overall intelligence (g-factor) score