Psychology HW 5

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

-getting an allowance after completing chores -getting spanked for running in the street -getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin

A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n)

CR.

Alika is allergic to grass. Whenever he would sit on the grass, his skin would break out in hives that made him feel very itchy. Now, if you just say the word "grass" to him, he starts to feel itchy. In this example, grass is a(n)

CS.

Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following?

Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models.

What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences.

What is a neutral stimulus?

a stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS

By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the

fear response.

The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made.

fixed ratio

As you can see from the examples above, the clown factory's bosses use _________ to increase behaviors they like and ________ to decrease behaviors they do not like.

reinforcement; punishment

The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement.

variable ratio

Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

intermittent

Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement?

Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot.

Which theorist proposed the concept of latent learning?

Edward Tolman

Edwin Employer pays his workers at 5:00 p.m. every Friday. Edwin is using which schedule of reinforcement to reward his employees?

Fixed interval

Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is false?

Mirror neurons are located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.

_______________ is the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others.

Modeling

What is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement seeks to increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior.

Which of the following best describes how operant conditioning works?

Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.

Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior?

Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister.

How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS?

The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred.

A cold wind blowing in my face makes me shiver. In this example, shivering is a(n)

UCR

Professor McMann loves to give pop quizzes in his psychology class. Students are always studying for this class because they never know when Professor McMann will give the next quiz. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every other class session. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every third session, and sometimes he even gives a pop quiz every class session. Professor McMann is using which schedule of reinforcement to keep his students studying?

Variable interval

In Pavlov's classic experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as

a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting extensively in

birds.

How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate?

by stimulating a reflexive response

Which of the following are all external rewards for behavior?

candy, money, praise

Behavior modification techniques have been particularly effective in

getting people to quit smoking.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

getting spanked for running in the street

The clown factory's bosses do not like laziness. If a worker completes fewer than 20 toys during the morning hours, they do not get to take a lunch break. This behavioral tactic is an example of ___________.

negative punishment

John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a

negative punishment.

To increase productivity, the clown factory decides to have a contest. The person who completes the most clowns on Monday does not have to come to work on Tuesday. The factory is using __________ as a motivator.

negative reinforcement

Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a

negative reinforcement.

The clown factory's bosses also do not like mistakes. If a worker forgets to put a nose on a clown, the bosses publicly scold the worker. This behavioral tactic is an example of __________.

positive punishment

Julie works at a factory that produces toy clowns. As the toy clowns come down the assembly line it is Julie's job to add a red nose to each clown as the last step in completing each toy. For every 100 clowns Kelly completes, she receives $10.00, which is a(n)

positive reinforcement.

Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as

positive reinforcement.

Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to "wave goodbye." He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey?

shaping

There are several possible means by which ______ facilitates learning, but one of the main mechanisms involved is the spontaneous replay and consolidation of daily events.

sleep

"Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch." This statement is most closely linked to the theory of

social learning.

Positive reinforcement ____________ and negative reinforcement ________________.

strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus

The phrase "use it or lose it" is particularly relevant to neural processes in that

synaptic connections will lose strength if they are not used regularly, and we may forget information.

Thorndike's law of effect states that

the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior's being repeated.

Imprinting is

the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth.