Psychology: Intro to Psychology Chapters 9-12

The idea of inclusive fitness is designed to explain why evolution occurs at the level of the individual, not the gene

Altruism seems to contradict the principles of evolution

Which of the following brain regions is most critical for emotional processing?

Amygdala

Research has shown that stress experienced by a woman during pregnancy has

An effect on the child's physiological responsiveness to stress

When people attribute their failure show up on time to heavy traffic, they are making an

An external attribution

Jane did not want to take on babysitting for her parents' friends while in college, but she needed the money. What type of motivation is driving Jane to babysit?

Extrinsic motivation

A positive event, like a wedding, would cause an individual to experience _____ , whereas a negative event would cause an individual to experience _____

Eustress; Distress

According to Masters and Johnson, arousal initially increases quickly during the _____ phase but then slowly continues to increase during the _____ phase

Excitement; Plateau

Which of the following correctly summarizes research findings on exercise and older adults?

Exercise reduces cognitive decline

Gustoff has begun to succumb to his illness and is no longer able to cope constructively with its stressors. According to Selye, he is in the _____ stage.

Exhaustion

Jody has a great memory for things that she did during kindergarten and first grade, but cannot remember any details from earlier in her life. This difference is most likely due to

Infantile Amnesia

Sherif's work on the autokinetic effect stands as evidence for _____ influence, whereas Asch's visual acuity study examined _____ influence.

Informational; Normative

Decreased activity in the medial prefrontal cortex can help to explain inhumane acts, like genocide and the Holocaust. Which of the following reasons would explain why decreased activity in this brain region leads to such terrible occurrences?

It is associated with dehumanizing outgroup members

In what season does more crime occur?

Summer

Most adolescents do not use contraceptive during their first sexual intercourse experience

True

Negative affect refers to negative emotions, and positive affect refers to positive emotions.

True

One problem with released prisoners in changing their illegal behavior is that they often go back to the same environment that led to the criminal behavior in the first place

True

Research shows that facial expressions can be understood by all people, regardless of culture

True

Recently, Arianna and Raymond had their first child. They are experiencing difficulty dealing with the lack of sleep and demands of the new baby. The kind of stress Arianna and Raymond are experiencing is called

A major life stressor

What kind of emotion is jealousy?

A secondary emotion

Researchers who are part of the positive psychology movement would look to which of the following well-known, classical psychologists as a role model?

Abraham Maslow

What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?

Accommodation involves creating new schemas, but assimilation does not

What teratogen results in a syndrome that distorts the child's face (small head), along with a reduction in size of brain structures, defects in the limbs and heart, and increased risk of mental retardation?

Alcohol

The three stages or phases in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), described by Selye, are

Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion

Visual acuity reaches adult levels in a typical child by the time they are _____ of age. This development depends on the child's _____

Approximately 1 year; Integration of the visual cortex

According to Piaget, in which learning process do we place a new experience into an existing schema?

Assimilation

Tanisha has undergone a peak experience that has allowed her to clearly understand her place in the universe and the meaning of her existence. Maslow (refer to Hierarchy of Needs) would say she has

Attained self-actualization

Bert, Cal, and Joe all had the same knowledge when they took the final exam, but they differed in their level of arousal. Bert had a very low level of arousal, Cal had a moderate level of arousal, and Joe had a very high level of arousal. Which student probably got the highest score on the exam?

Cal

Pavati is a competitive gymnast and has made it to the final round of the Olympic trials. She is intensely motivated to perform at her absolute peak. Given your knowledge of the Yerkes-Dodson law and the effects of arousal on performance, you might advise her that she should _____ , because _____ .

Calm down; Very high arousal can hurt her performance

Your grandparents are increasingly focused on things that have emotional meaning for them and have begun spending more time with a smaller circle of friends. These developments are consistent with

Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory

Harold has been unemployed for many years and is constantly struggling to pay his bills. The stress Harold is experiencing is an example of

Chronic stress

Robert, a formerly homeless man, has recently begun enjoying the experience of paying utility bills and rent. These activities are meaningful to him because they remind him that he is no longer homeless. In finding meaning in these activities, Robert is engaging in the process of

Creating positive events

Larry comes to college convinced that it is wrong to drink any alcohol. After a while, he starts to drink moderately at parties. According to dissonance theory, Larry will

Decide moderate drinking is not really a problem

Lazarus divides the cognitive appraisal process into two parts: primary and secondary. Primary appraisals involve

Deciding whether an event is stressful or irrelevant to you

Why did Erikson emphasize that it's important to study the development that occurs in adulthood and old age?

Development is continuous and linear across all domains during this time

Which of the following provides the best support for the idea that Westernized lifestyles can have negative long-term health consequences?

Eating junk food and engaging in less physical activity dramatically increased diabetes in India

What cognitive limitation is the tendency of individuals to view the world through their own experiences?

Egocentrism

During this period of human prenatal development, the unrecognizable mass takes a more familiar form including arms, legs, fingers, toes, and a beating heartbeat.

Embryonic

When dealing with stress, _____ coping is more effective as a _____ coping strategy.

Emotion-focused; Short-term

The difference between empathy and sympathy is that

Empathy involves experiencing the same feelings as someone else but sympathy does not

Although obese people have more fat cells (adipose cells) than normal weight people, this difference does not impact hunger

False

An example of extrinsic motivation is curiosity

False

Lie detectors are extremely accurate because all lies have a strong emotional response.

False

One way to reduce stress is to have others take control of personal decisions

False

Parents should pay their children for getting good grades in school because paying their kids will strengthen their intrinsic motivation

False

Trying not to think about a problem is a good way to control emotion

False

Harlow's research with infant monkeys demonstrated that

Fear produces a preference for contact comfort over food

While _____ tend to have more friends, _____ have stronger friendships.

Female adolescents, Male adolescents

From approximately 2 months after conception until birth, a developing human is called a(n)

Fetus

Which of the following should lead to the authentic happiness of a musician?

Finding meaning in how their songs help them further their understanding of life

Billy believes boys are stronger, noisier, better at math, and make better doctors, engineers, and police officers than girls. These beliefs about males and females represent

Gender Roles

According to Erikson, the crisis that reflects whether a person has contributed enough to future generations in terms of raising children and contributions to the community is:

Generativity versus Stagnation

The biopsychosocial model of health psychology examines biological characteristics, like _____ , as well as social conditions, like _____

Genetic predisposition; Social support

A person's set point probably is determined by

Genetics

When someone uses a stereotype, he or she is judging a person in terms of his or her

Group membership

Your nephew Khalil has recently started to reach for objects in the mobile above his crib. These objects entertain him now, but according to the dynamic systems theory he is likely to lose interest in them if

He becomes more interested in some other object in the environment

Shari just got her first tattoo at 17 years of age. Her mother is furious with her and cannot understand why she got this tattoo. Biologically, Shari's behavior likely arises from

Her limbic systems developing more quickly than her frontal brain regions

The brain region that experiences the most growth in response to aerobic exercise is the

Hippocampus

The implication of Harlow's research on infant rhesus monkeys for parenting behavior is that when your infant is frightened, you should

Hold her/him/them

Which of the following personal qualities has been identified by researchers to be among the most positive for a potential romantic partner to possess?

Honesty

Dr. Sickle is assessing a patient's risk for heart disease. She knows that the patient has genetic relatives who have heart disease, and that the patient doesn't smoke and exercises regularly. What else should Dr. Sickle ask the patient about?

If the patient has a Type A personality

If Aimee wants to increase her life span by a few years, which of the following pieces of advice is recommended in this chapter?

Increase the size of your social support networks

Which of the following is not an approach to motivation as discussed in the lecture?

Libido

According to research, what is the best strategy for delaying gratification?

Make the desired thing undesirable in your mind

School breakfast programs make sure children aren't hungry so that they will be interested and able to focus on learning and academic achievement. The view of motivation that is most similar to this is

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Someone with a Type A personality would be _____ likely to develop heart disease than a person with Type B personality:

More

Sarah and Johnny were caught hitting each other during recess. The two are in kindergarten in Oklahoma. With Sarah's last smack, Johnny starts crying and calls the teacher over. How is the teacher, Mrs. Butler, likely to respond to both Sarah and Johnny's behavior?

Mrs. Butler is likely to disapprove of Sarah's fighting and Johnny's crying and punish both of them

What makes it difficult to interpret the research on the link between marriage and happiness?

Much of the research is correlational and also involves indirect links between marriage and happiness

Imagine that you are asked to set up your best friend, Tina, on a blind date. Assuming you are using evolutionary theories of attraction, which potential partner would you pick for her?

Nick, who is wealthy

Which hormone is released during sexual arousal and orgasm in both men and women?

Oxytocin

The nature of an infant's attachment to its caregivers is primarily a function of

Parental treatment

Research suggests that one of the best ways to reduce prejudice and discrimination is through

Perspective taking

Negative feelings and opinions about someone due to the group he or she belongs to are referred to as

Prejudice

If a political candidate wants to create a positive image that will convince people to contribute throughout a long campaign, the candidate should use campaign materials that

Present well-argued descriptions of the candidate's positions

Studies have demonstrated that variance in well-being is

Quite heritable

What is the important aspect of the classic "Sally-Ann" assessment of the theory of mind?

Sally does not see Ann move the marble

Sasha finds her job difficult and has had a hard time learning how to do some of the tasks that are required of her. She decides to put in some extra hours to learn how to complete the tasks, and she is confident that in doing so she will be able to perform the tasks well. According to research discussed in your textbook, what is a likely outcome?

Sasha will feel less stressed and happier

Lucia was recently divorced. She goes to lunch with her two closest friends and tells them that although she is sad, she is also optimistic that she will find another, better, relationship. Lucia most likely had a(n)_____ attachment style with her primary caregiver as a child.

Secure

This term reflects the anticipation that your efforts will lead to success

Self-efficacy

Chelsea has been sick often in the past year, and when she finally starts to recover she gets sick again. She also has a very stressful work and family life. What is most likely the cause of Chelsea's constant illness?

She has decreased lymphocyte production due to chronic stress

Our knowledge and expectations of a situation (like what will happen in a restaurant) is reflected by _____.

Social schemas

In persuasive messages, the _____ refers to who delivers the message, whereas the _____ refers to what the message is saying

Source; Content

Weiner's theory argues that in addition to being either personal or situational, attributions for behavior can vary on which dimensions?

Stable/Unstable

Immigration reform has become a controversial topic. If you wanted to measure a person's beliefs about immigration reform without the influence of social desirability, you would ask them to take

The Implicit Association Test

Synaptic pruning is

The brain's way of doing away with synaptic connections that are not being used

Psychologists use the term stress primarily to refer to our responses when

The demands placed on us exceed our abilities to respond to them

In a number of recent elections, the candidates have been criticized for creating advertisements that show their opponents in a negative light, instead of creating ads that present the candidate's views on key issues. Each of these two different campaign styles illustrate different aspects of

The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

Babies show a wide range of emotional expressions, and emotional facial expressions are identified across cultures. These data support the idea that

The expression of emotion has a biological or genetic component

Firecrackers exploded behind Kim. To explain Kim's fear, the Cannon-Bard theory would suggest

The firecrackers made Kim feel afraid and made her heart beat rapidly

The two-factor theory of emotion goes beyond other theories of emotion in that:

The interpretation component of the theory shows that cognitive factors are important for determining an emotion

Attachment is all of the following EXCEPT

Transient

Sharrita just started a new job. She is smart, attractive, funny, and reliable, yet her coworkers do NOT like her. Research on the pratfall effect suggests that her relationships might improve if she

Trips on the way to the copy machine

In the Stages of Change model, the contemplation stage is where an individual acknowledges a problem

True

In which of the following cultures is identity development especially linked to social development?

United States

When are you likely to see the LEAST amount of prosocial helping?

When there are 10 bystanders

The major difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping involves

Whether one attempts to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor or solve the problem directly

Dr. Silver is treating a patient for depression. She knows that the patient has genetic relatives with depression and that the patient also makes unhealthy lifestyle choices. If Dr. Silver follows the biopsychosocial model of health, what else should she ask about?

Whether there are problems with family relationships or social support

Which of the following saying is most supported by research on liking and loving?

Which of the following saying is most supported by research on liking and loving?

Which of the following is true about how the menstrual cycle relates to female sexual behavior?

Women process social information differently depending on their menstrual phase

Researchers have discovered that one way for individuals to engage in positive self-reflection and experience meaning in life is to

Write down what they are thankful for in a diary

One aspect of memory that differs between your memories from before age 3 from those you formed after age 5 is that

You have more and greater detailed memories from after age 5