Psychology
Studying the elements of sensations, feelings, and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?
structuralism
Titchener was a member of the ___________ school of thought.
structuralist
Naturalistic observation is ____________________.
studying behavior in its natural context
The psychological school that asks, "What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" is which of the following?
functionalism
Which of the following does NOT fit with the other three
functionalism
What is another name for a bar graph?
histogram
Which of the following are the two main types of descriptive statistics?
measures of central tendency, measures of variability
Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________.
mental processes
In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable is the __________. a. amount of anxiety
person's performance
A "fake treatment" is one way to define a ______.
placebo
A large group of people whom you want to know about is called a __________.
population
Researchers employ ________ to examine and interpret their collected numerical data.
statistics
What branch of mathematics emphasizes studying, collecting, and analyzing data from samples?
statistics
Modern psychology is said to have begun when:
Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people.
A psychologist uses the correlational method to _________.
explain the effects of one variable on another
Humanistic psychologists believe that:
people are basically good and will generally strive to achieve positive social goals.
A correlation of .00 means:
the two variables are unrelated.
By general agreement, psychology was born in __________.
1879
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A psychologist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances
Wundt is to structuralism as _______ is to psychoanalysis.
Freud
Wertheimer was associated with __________ psychology.
Gestalt
Which school of psychology assumes that human activity cannot be broken down into separate units for analysis but must be evaluated as wholes?
Gestalt
The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________.
James
A correlation tells us:
whether two variables are related
Which of the following is a strength of experiments?
They allow us to draw definitive conclusions about behavior in the natural environment based on subjects' behavior in the laboratory.
Psychologists should only study observable behavior, according to __________.
Watson
The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by __________.
Watson
Which one of the following psychologists was responsible for originating the behavioral school of psychology?
Watson
Which of the following individuals is associated with Gestalt psychology?
Wertheimer
Dr. Welsh is doing experiments using newly available medications for cancer treatment. He is concerned that his subjects will respond to expectations for improvement. He may want to control for this by using which of the following?
a placebo
Anything that follows a response, making that response more likely to recur, is __________.
a reinforcement
Psychology:
a. has an applied side. b. is a science of behavior. c. has goals of describing, predicting, and explaining events. d. studies mental processes. e. all of the above
The psychologist John Watson is associated with the _______ school of psychology and argued that psychology must concern itself only with ________.
behavioral; behavior
B. F. Skinner is associated with __________.
behaviorism
John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as __________.
behaviorism
What early school of thought in psychology was noted for its emphasis on the unconscious determinants of behavior?
behaviorism
A psychologist bases his/her theories completely on measuring observable behaviors. This psychologist is probably a __________.
behaviorist
The normal curve is also called a ________ due to its unique shape
bell curve
A detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically an example of the __________ method of research.
case study
In an experiment concerning the effect of auditory feedback on accuracy in writing computer programs, one group hears a computer-simulated voice say each character or symbol that they type in as they are writing their programs. The second group does not receive the auditory feedback as they type their program lines. This second group is the ___________ group.
confederate
A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the ____________ group.
control
In a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent variable, and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental change, is the __________ group
control
A psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks a select group of trainees who are hopefully representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by this psychologist are collectively known to researchers as a(n) __________.
control group
In an experiment, the group of subjects to which the experimental group is compared is called the
control group
A researcher wished to study the relationship between high school grades and college grades. Of the following research methods, which would be the most appropriate
correlation
The degree of relationship between two or more variables is:
correlation.
The process of establishing causal relationships is associated most with:
correlation.
An experiment was run in which group A was given 3 minutes to study a word list, while group B was given 10 minutes to study the same list. Later, both groups were asked to recall words from the list. In this study, the number of words recalled is the _______.
dependent variable
In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the __________.
dependent variable
Professor McCarthy designed an experiment to test her hypothesis that exercise will increase spelling ability. She divided children into three groups and had one group do 10 minutes of exercises, one group do 30 minutes of exercises, and the third group do no exercise. She then tested all three groups of children to see how many words they could spell correctly on a spelling test. In this experiment, the scores on the spelling test serve as the
dependent variable.
Which of the following is the correct order in which psychologists use in studying a particular behavior?
describe, explain, predict, control
What type of statistics is used to organize and summarize numbers in a comprehensible and understandable format?
descriptive statistics
Mr. Marshall hired June to collect data from a group of subjects. Neither June nor the subjects were aware of the independent variable that Mr. Marshall had manipulated. This is an example of _______.
double-blind control
In psychological studies, randomization is used to ensure that:
each person has an equal chance of being assigned to each group
Statistical analysis allows researchers to account for ________.
errors
In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable is called the __________ group.
experimental
To determine if sugar-rich diets affect hyperactivity in kids, a researcher prepared two daily menus that children would receive for a 30-day period. A high-sugar diet was given to the boys, while the girls had a menu that seemed identical but was not a high sugar diet. At the end of 30 days, the boys and girls were evaluated to determine their levels of hyperactivity. In the study, the high-sugar diet is the _______.
experimental group
A group of students was asked to write an essay in support of a new congressional bill. They were paid $.50. Another group of students received $2.00 for the same task. It was subsequently found that those students who received only $.50 developed a more positive attitude towards the bill. The experiment in this study was using (the) __________. a. correlational method
experimental method
In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The manipulated variable is called the:
experimental variable.
Using both independent and dependent variables is associated with which of the following types of research used in psychology?
experimentation
Each day in class, Dr. Helms explains to his students that they are wonderful whether they are academic successes or failures. He also points out that each individual consciously chooses to attend class and study and that these choices dramatically affect whether one is academically successful. Dr. Helms is most likely a _______ psychologist.
humanistic
Scientific psychology is formally recognized to have begun:
in Germany, with the work of Wundt
In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The manipulated variable is called the __________.
independent variable
In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the __________.
independent variable
A researcher tests the hypothesis that students who study in the room where they take their tests will perform better on the tests than students who study in other rooms. She requires one group to study in the classroom where the exam is given and another group to study in the library. All students take the test in the classroom, and their test performance is compared. In this example, where students study is the:
independent variable.
A researcher, based on her review of relevant scientific studies, believes that there is a relationship between the frequency of a baby's crying and whether it was nursed at set intervals or on a demand schedule. If this belief were tested by experimentally manipulating feeding schedules, the feeding schedule would be called the:
independent variable.
The purpose of an experiment is to discover whether there is a relationship between the ___________ and the ___________.
independent variable; dependent variable
The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was:
introspection
The greatest disadvantage of correlation is:
it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusions.
Collecting objective data without interference in the subject's normal environment is associated with: a. survey research.
laboratory research.
In an experiment on the effects of level of motivation on the performance of typists, the researcher randomly assigned one third of her subjects to each of three levels of motivation (and then induced different levels of motivation in the three groups). She measured the average words typed per minute by each group, and found that performance was highest under medium motivation, average under low motivation, and worst under high motivation. What was the independent variable in this experiment?
motivation
If an explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behavior is a psychologist's goal, then the __________ method of research should be used.
naturalistic observation
When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of __________.
naturalistic observation
Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing laboratory controls is known as the __________.
naturalistic observation method
If a distribution displays two high points instead of one, it is called a ________ distribution.
negative
As children grow older, their discretionary income usually increases. The best conclusion to draw about the variables age and income are that they are:
negatively correlated
Cognitive psychologists are a subgroup of experimental psychologists who are concerned primarily with:
neurobiological events, which underlie behavior.
Watson felt that psychologists should study __________.
observable behavior
A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. What was the dependent variable in this study?
preference for being alone or in a group
Freud was the founder of __________.
psychoanalysis
Steve, a college sophomore, is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people. His counselor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents, and his childhood experiences with them. Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which perspective of psychology?
psychodynamic
The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to:
represent the general, nonlaboratory population.
A group of people selected from a large population is called a(n) ________.
sample
A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a(n) __________.
sample
Behaviorist J. B. Watson objected to early theories of psychology because of their focus on:
science.
As part of an assignment, Bill's class was asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire on their opinion of a variety of cheating behaviors. Which research method was Bill's professor using?
survey
Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research.
survey
Research in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined questions in interviews or through questionnaires is known as __________.
survey research
A frequency distribution is usually displayed in a ________ or graph format.
table
Positive correlation shows:
that as one variable changes, another changes in the same direction.
A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told them that, as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. What was the independent variable in this study?
the anxious group
Structuralism emphasizes
the application of biological principles to the mind
Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________.
the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes
The method of psychological research, which utilizes a control group, a dependent variable, and an independent variable, is
the experiment
Cause-and-effect conclusions can be drawn from the results of an experiment because:
the independent variable is manipulated while other possible causes of change in the dependent variable are held constant.
Psychologists use research techniques based on __________.
the scientific method
In an experiment, four groups of college students used different memorizing strategies to learn the material in one chapter of a textbook. Then each group was given the same multiple-choice test on the material. What was the dependent variable in this study?
the students' performance on the test
For Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by __________.
unconscious desires
John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that the science of psychology must concern itself only with a. experiences as whole units.
unconscious mental processes