psychology midterm 2 test
What is the mean of the following set of numbers: 10, 15, 20, 35, and 55?
27
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?
A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
The heart of the scientific method is based on
A. skepticism B. critical thinking C. curiosity
Which of the following statements is true of the Stanford Prison Experiment?
All participants were fully informed about the fact that they would be assigned the roles of a prisoner or a guard
Correlational studies
Are useful when the variables cannot be manipulated or controlled by the experimenter.
Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience
Astrology
which of the following is a physical science?
Astronomy
The ___________ variable in an experiment is an attribute that is manipulated by an experimenter under controlled conditions.
B.independent
Which of the following is considered impractical for large-scale studies?
Behavioral measures
from the following, identify an accurate statement about behavioral measures.
Behavioral measures involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting.
Which of the following is true about behavioral measures?
Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer.
Irene Bialik, a psychologist, wants to study how the habit of telling lies affects marital relationships. She contacts married couples from across the country to participate in her study. She lets them know that the only cost of participation would be that they would need to reveal if they have ever lied to their parents. Irene also informs them that they will be paid an amountof $1,000 each for participating in the study. In this scenario, which guideline of psychological research best describes the one followed by Irene?
Beneficence
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity.How can Sarah ensure that the results of her study are more accurate
By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicitiesB
Which of the following statements regarding correlational studies is true?
Correlational designs measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another
which of the following attitudes are central to the scientific approach to psychology?
Critical thinking, curiosity, skepticism, and objectivity
can be defined as studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to which experimental condition
Double blind studies
The _____________ can be defined as results that occur when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group
Experimenter expectancy effect
Debriefing is the process of:
Informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection
are a widely used technique for gaining information about peoples thoughts and behavior
Interviews
Both ____________ and ____________ involve specific questions, usually asked in precisely the same way to each respondent.
Interviews and surveys
In correlational designs, the basic question is
Is X related to Y?
which of the following is an advantage of a double-blind study?
It prevents experimenter expectancy effects
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's population?
Men and women in the United States
Which of the following is an indication of whether all of the research on a topic has or has not led to consistent findings and of the size of an experimental effect?
Meta-analysis
Which of the following is ethically permissible while conducting research on humans?
Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
In the __________ and ____________ stages of the scientific method, researchers express their expectations as a theory
Observation; prediction
Which of the following is the first basic process of the scientific method?
Observe
Three basic process of scientific method
Observing interpreting and testing
Which of the following is true of human observation?
Our senses can be fooled with relative ease because of which our observations can lead us astray
can be defined as measures of bodily responses, such as blood pressure or heart rate, used to determine changes in psychological state
Physiological measures
dr singh , a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario?
Physiological measures
In which of the following does each participant have an equal chance of being placed in each group?
Random assignments
Which of the following is true of the differences between science and pseudoscience?
Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not
Which of the following is an accurate statement about self-report questionnaires?
Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once
Which of the following types of scientific studies helps in avoiding the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way?
Single-blind studies
Dr. Ahmed calculated a +0.87 correlation coefficient between the number of days students attended their classes for the semester and their final exam scores. What can he interpret from this finding?
Students who attended classes regularly performed well in exams.
Which of the following terms can be defined as a statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population?
T-test
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity.What is Sarah's sample?
The chosen male and female college graduates
which of the following is true about the principles of research design?
The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What was the control group in Dr. Adriana's study
The players who wore red uniforms made from the old material
What happens as a correlation approaches +1.00 or -1.00?
The strength of the relationship increases
Which of the following is true about theories?
Theories organize and explain what we have observed
The mean score of a batch of students for the midterm exam was 78.2, and the standard deviation was 15.8. The batch's mean score on the final exam was 81.3, with a standard deviation of 4.5. Based on these statistics, which of the following can be interpreted?
There was more variability in the scores of the midterm exam than of the final exam
From the following, identify an accurate statement about case studies.
They are based on one-on-one relationships.
Which statement best describes the term descriptive designs?
They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does notcontrol or manipulate anything.
Identify an accurate statement about scientific theories.
They are not facts
How can the term measures be best defined in the context of psychological research?
They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior
When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?
When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
Inferential statistics
allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population.
Descriptive statistics
an be defined as measures that are used to describe and summarize research
A variable can be defined as
anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.
Ethics
are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and are also regarded as standards of right and wrong.
Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after performing a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as "Intelligence tests that can affect your college tuition charges." She then has a carefully trained team observe and record the participants' actions, noting visible signs of anxiety in particular. What type of measure best describes the one used by Rita?
behavioral
involve the systematic observation of people's actions either in their normal environment or in a laboratory setting
behavioral measures
Correlational designs
can be defined as studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another
A major drawback of behavioral measures is that they:
can be time-intensive
A(n) _____________ can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a long period of time
case study
The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be best termed as a(n
case study
The independent variable is the __________, and the dependent variable is the
cause; effect
The last process of the scientific method is to
communicate
In research analysis and reports, data are never directly aligned with an individual respondent, thereby protecting his or her identity. Thus, ____________ is maintained.
confidentiality
Replication of a study is important to
confirm the results of the study
An additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined is termed as a(n) _________.
confounding variable
Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However,as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a
confounding variable
One of Alfred Kinsey's contributions to the scientific study of sex was his method of
considering sexual orientation on a continuum
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the
control group
The participants in a(n) _____________ do not receive the independent variable or treatment.
control group
When interpreting correlations, it is important to remember that a
correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables.
Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method?
creating
Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies. This is why the process of scientific discovery is
cumulative
In a descriptive research design, a researcher will
define a problem and variable of interest
An) ____________ variable is the outcome, or response to an experimental manipulation
dependent
This is the basic question in a(n) _________ is, "What is variable X?
descriptive design
In , a researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any of the variable
descriptive designs
A graph of frequency scores is known as a
distribution
Practitioners of pseudoscience
do not challenge or question their own assumptions
Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that scientist
do not represent false data as true
A study was conducted in various cities around the world to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. The results of this study can be regarded as a ______.
doctrine
The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it:
does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa.
Science
entails collecting observations, or data from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not
A(n) ___________ is characterized by the experimental manipulation of a predicted cause.
experiment
A(n) ______ consists of participants who receive the treatment or whatever is thought to change behavior.
experimental group
An advantage of naturalistic observation is that it:
gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world
The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the group in which they are interested in
group
scientific thinking
helps draw a line between ones belief of the world and reality
A ____________ is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition.
hypothesis
A(n) ____________ variable is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome
independent
Correlation coefficients
indicate whether two variables relate to each other and the direction of the relationship.
When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as
intellectual honesty
In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction.
interpret
A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario, the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as
interpretation
In , the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher.
interviews
Effect size
is a measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables
frequency
is the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data.
Under the guidelines of ____________, researchers must design studies in which the participants will share equally the costs and benefits of participating in the study
justice
The _______________ is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the number of scores in the series.
mean
The ______mean______ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers.
mean
The _____________ is the middle score, which separates the lower half of scores from the upper half.
median
is best defined as a quantitative method for combining the results of all the published and even unpublished results on one question and drawing a conclusion based on the entire set of studies on the topic
meta analysis
To do a ______, the researcher converts the findings of each study into a standardized statistic known as effect size
meta-analysis
Institutions conducting research should evaluate every proposed study's beneficence, which is:
minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits
The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value.
mode
Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n)
naturalistic observation
. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times.What is the dependent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?
number of goals scored
In a naturalistic observation, a researcher:
observes and records behavior in the real world.
One of the pitfalls of collecting data via large-scale interviews and surveys is that:
one can get biased responses
According to Carl Sagan, ____________ is the second attitude of science.
open skepticism
Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the
participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits
In a study on sugar consumption and activity level, an artificial sweetener would be an appropriate
placebo
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be
placebos
The process of scientific discovery is cumulative. This means that
previous knowledge builds on older knowledge
five percent is the most frequent choice made by psychological researchers, regarding an acceptable level of chance, and is referred to as the
probability level
An area of psychology called ____________ examines in detail the lives of historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of case studies and studying individual lives over time.
psychobiography
A(n) ____________ design can be defined as a research method that makes use of naturally occurring groups rather than randomly assigning subjects to groups
quasi-experimental
The design chosen for a given study depends on the
question being asked
According to the author, the first attitude of science is
questioning authority
In a(n) ___________, responses are limited to the choices given
questionnaire
Pseudoscience
refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions.
t is vital to safeguard the dignity and autonomy of individuals and take extra precautions when dealing with study participants, such as children, who are less likely to understand their participation is voluntary. This guideline of psychological research is known as
respect for persons
A subset of a population is called a
sample
Research is almost always conducted on
samples
Physical
sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the earth,
are defined as people's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions.
self reports
a theory is defined as a
set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made
can be defined as those studies in which participants do not know the experimental condition (group) to which they have been assigned.
single blind studies
Ravi is a participant in a cognitive experiment, but he does not know if he is in the experimental group or the control group. The researchers, however, are aware of the condition to which he has been assigned. The study in which Ravi is participating is called a(n)
single-blind study
The most common way to represent variability in data is to calculate the
standard deviation
is a statistical measure of how much scores in a sample vary around the mean
standard deviation
social science
study humans both as individuals and as groups
A representative sample is a:
subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population
According to Bem & Horonton (1994) and Rosenthal (1986), there has been some scientifically sound evidence for ______, which is normally regarded as a pseudoscienc
telepathy
To ___________ a hypothesis, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the appropriate measurement techniques
test
Researchers design a study in which neither the participants nor the investigators interacting with them know whether the participants have been assigned to a control group or to an experimental group because:
the experimenters' expectancies might influence the participants' behavior.
Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of:
the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.
Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of dental visits per year are all ____________ that differ from individual to individual and may be of interest to psychologists
variables