Psychology Midterm

In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view that you hold is most like the view of: a) Descartes. b) Watson. c) Aristotle. d) Skinner.

a) Descartes.

The most commonly used opiate is: a) OxyContin. b) heroin. c) caffeine. d) nicotine.

a) OxyContin.

Many of the leading psychologists in the early 1900s rejected the study of consciousness. Why? a) Self-reports of conscious experiences could not be directly observed, measured, and verified. b) Freud insisted that psychology should study only unconscious mental activity. c) The study of mental disorders was deemed much more important than the study of ordinary consciousness. d) William James demonstrated conclusively that consciousness was discontinuous, disjointed, and fragmented.

a) Self-reports of conscious experiences could not be directly observed, measured, and verified.

Which of the following BEST defines a formal concept? a) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it b) a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience c) the most typical instance of a particular concept d) a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present

a) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it

To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired? a) a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response b) an unconditioned stimulus and a voluntarily emitted behavioral response c) a stimulus and a response d) a behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence

a) a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response

The branch of psychology that is focused on understanding the internal physical events and processes that correspond with our experiences and behavior is called: a) biological psychology. b)forensic psychology. c) cognitive physiology. d) clinical psychology.

a) biological psychology.

Animal language research has shown that: a) chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to demonstrate a level of language comprehension that is roughly equivalent to that of a two-and-a-half-year-old human child. b) animals can communicate, but there is no evidence that they are capable of using language even in the most elementary way. c) only humans can communicate and use language. d) parrots like Alex can only "parrot" or mimic speech and have no understanding of what they are "saying."

a) chimpanzees like Kanzi appear to demonstrate a level of language comprehension that is roughly equivalent to that of a two-and-a-half-year-old human child.

After repeatedly pairing the sound of a bell with food being placed in a dog's mouth, the sound of the bell alone will make the dog salivate. At this point, the sound of the bell is a(n): a) conditioned stimulus (CS). b) conditioned response (CR). c) unconditioned stimulus (UCS). d) unconditioned response (UCR).

a) conditioned stimulus (CS).

Rods are used for vision in _____ light, and cones are used for vision in _____ light. a) dim; bright b) black; white c) bright; dim d) colorful; black and white

a) dim; bright

The word pseudo means: a) fake or false. b) applied or practical. c) unconventional or unusual. d) numerous or many.

a) fake or false.

Neurons are: a) highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another. b) found in primates and humans, but not in other animals. c) found only in the spinal cord and bone marrow. d) highly specialized cells that produce myelin.

a) highly specialized cells that receive and transmit information from one area of the body to another.

A theory: a) integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic. b) is another term that means the same thing as a hypothesis. c) is a statement of absolute fact that eventually becomes a scientific law. d) is based strictly on speculation rather than any kind of empirical evidence.

a) integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic.

How we use our cognitive abilities and accumulated knowledge to think, solve problems, and use language are all key dimensions of: a) intelligence. b) memory. c) perception. d) sensation.

a) intelligence.

Several studies have shown that frequent ecstasy users: a) suffer a broad range of cognitive problems such as impaired memory and decision-making ability. b) have an above average number of episodes of somnambulism. c) suffer from frequent attacks of cataplexy. d) develop stimulant-induced psychosis.

a) suffer a broad range of cognitive problems such as impaired memory and decision-making ability.

Research on the cognitive ability to manipulate mental images indicates that: a) the greater the distance between two points on the mental image, the more time it will take to scan b) the shorter the distance between two points on the mental image, the more time it will take to scan. c) There is no relationship between the size of a mental image and the amount of time it takes to mentally scan it. d) the greater the distance between two points on the mental image, the less time it will take to scan.

a) the greater the distance between two points on the mental image, the more time it will take to scan

In psychology, the term sensation formally refers to: a) the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure. b) the interpretation and organization of sensory stimuli. c) the transformation of physical energy into chemical energy. d) a vague feeling of excitement or pleasure.

a) the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure.

According to the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology feature, when psychological research is reported in the mass media, which of the following is a good indicator of credibility? a) the professional journal in which the research was originally published b) the number of subjects who participated in the study c) whether the research was supported by a government grant d) the specific location where the research was conducted

a) the professional journal in which the research was originally published

If you touch something hot, you will reflexively withdraw your hand. Using Pavlov's terminology, reflexively withdrawing your hand would be termed a(n): a) unconditioned response (UCR). b) conditioned response (CR). c) conditioned stimulus (CS). d) unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

a) unconditioned response (UCR).

How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your short-term memory? a) use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information b) move the information into sensory memory and then back into short-term memory c) by using a process called clustering d) use echoic and iconic memory to hold the memory longer

a) use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information

Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory. a) working b) source c) episodic d) sensory

a) working

The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was: a) Margaret Floy Washburn. b) Francis C. Sumner. c) Abraham Maslow. d) G. Stanley Hall.

b) Francis C. Sumner.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about intuition? a) Intuition cannot be operationally defined or measured. b) Intuition's first stage is largely unconscious. c) Intuition involves the deliberate use of algorithms and heuristics. d) Intuition is the first step in solving any problem.

b) Intuition's first stage is largely unconscious.

What happened after "Little Albert" was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat? a) The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. b) Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. c) The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished. d) Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not to other furry animals or to fuzzy objects.

b) Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or rehearsed? a) The information is transferred to working memory until it is ready to be processed further. b) The information fades or decays. c) The information moves back into sensory memory. d) The information is sent to long-term memory until it is ready to be further processed.

b) The information fades or decays.

Meta-analysis is: a) the final step in the scientific method. b) a statistical technique that combines and analyzes the findings from many different studies on a particular topic in order to determine overall trends. c) a type of computer program used to collect and analyze the results of case study research. d) a pseudoscience.

b) a statistical technique that combines and analyzes the findings from many different studies on a particular topic in order to determine overall trends.

In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the: a) active mental process of understanding the meaning of a difficult new concept. b) active mental process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data. c) way in which different areas of the brain interact. d) the process of detecting a physical stimulus such as light, sound, heat, or pressure.

b) active mental process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data.

A decision-making strategy that involves systematically evaluating the important features of each alternative and rating each one using an arbitrary scale is called the: a) availability model. b) additive model. c) single-feature model. d) elimination by aspects model.

b) additive model.

Neurotransmitters: a) are constantly changing their basic molecular shape as the human brain adapts to new experiences. b) are present in extremely small quantities in the brain. c) are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream primarily by endocrine glands. d) compete with sodium and potassium ions for the receptor sites on the surrounding neurons.

b) are present in extremely small quantities in the brain.

Sigmund Freud: a) promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909. b) believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality. c) stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning. d) founded humanistic psychology.

b) believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.

In survey research, the term sample refers to a(n): a) entire group of people the researchers want to study. b) carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied. c) preliminary questionnaire that is used to develop the final survey. d) small pilot study that is later repeated using a larger group of participants.

b) carefully selected segment of the larger group that is to be studied.

In general, you can quickly identify an item as being an example of a natural concept if the item: a) is very different from the prototype of the concept. b) closely matches the prototype of the concept. c) has functional fixedness. d) is identified using the additive model.

b) closely matches the prototype of the concept.

The term circadian rhythm refers to the: a) type of beat that is characteristic of most Latin music. b) consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes. c) fluctuations in biological and psychological processes that occur over the different seasons of the year. d) influence of the 28-day lunar cycle on human and animal behavior.

b) consistent, daily fluctuations in many biological and psychological processes.

A correlational study: a) is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines. b) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another. c) has little utility, since it is merely descriptive. d) can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

b) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another.

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur? a) stimulus generalization b) extinction c) spontaneous recovery d) stimulus discrimination

b) extinction

The mere exposure effect: a) holds true for exposure to subliminal stimuli but not for exposure to nonsubliminal stimuli. b) holds true for exposure to subliminal stimuli as well as exposure to nonsubliminal stimuli. c) is another example of pseudoscience, much like subliminal perception. d) works when the particular stimulus presented is very familiar to the observer.

b) holds true for exposure to subliminal stimuli as well as exposure to nonsubliminal stimuli.

A case study is a(n): a) survey involving only people who are likely to confirm the experimenter's hypothesis. b) in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources. c) method of determining whether an experiment reflects natural conditions. d) study involving multiple subjects who all suffer from the same psychological problems and are given the same experimental treatment.

b) in-depth investigation of a single individual or a small group of individuals, often involving information from a wide variety of sources.

In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: a) a prior exposure to a stimulus. b) learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. c) adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. d) enhanced performance due to extensive practice and training in a particular skill or sport.

b) learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

In females, the gonads are the _____, which secrete _____. a) testes; testosterone b) ovaries; estrogen and progesterone c) ovaries; testosterone d) testes; estrogen and progesterone

b) ovaries; estrogen and progesterone

REM sleep is also called: a) NREM sleep. b) paradoxical sleep. c) quiet sleep. d) hypnagogic sleep.

b) paradoxical sleep.

Based on studies with rats, it is clear the exposure to environmental enrichment: a) enhances right-hemisphere abilities but not left-hemisphere abilities. b) produces significant brain changes regardless of the age of the rats. c) can have an impact on brain development during early life but not in later life. d) has no detectable effect on the brain.

b) produces significant brain changes regardless of the age of the rats.

Working memory: a) has a relatively short duration, seldom exceeding 3 or 4 seconds. b) refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information needed for complex cognitive tasks. c) has a limited capacity of about 12 to 14 items but this limit can be extended indefinitely with chunking or maintenance rehearsal. d) provides permanent storage for information that is currently being used in some conscious mental activity.

b) refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information needed for complex cognitive tasks.

The _____ is a decision-making strategy that simplifies the choice among many alternatives, and although useful for minor decisions, can increase the riskiness of complex decisions. a) additive model b) single-feature model c) availability model d) elimination by aspects model

b) single-feature model

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection? a) functionalism b) structuralism c) behaviorism d) evolutionary psychology

b) structuralism

In males, the gonads are the _____, which secrete _____. a) ovaries; estrogen and progesterone b) testes; androgens, including testosterone c) testes; estrogen and progesterone d) ovaries; androgens, including testosterone

b) testes; androgens, including testosterone

When psychologists refer to the visible spectrum, they mean: a) ultraviolet rays, gamma rays, and radio waves. b) the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye. c) red, orange, and yellow light waves. d) the visual field, including peripheral vision.

b) the narrow range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human eye.

What is the optic disk? a) a tiny spot in the center of the fovea where there is a high concentration of rods and cones b) the point at which the optic nerve fibers leave the back of the eye c) the portion of the lens that focuses incoming light d) a transparent membrane that lies just behind the pupil of the eye and that helps funnel light waves to the lens and retina

b) the point at which the optic nerve fibers leave the back of the eye

Sleep paralysis: a) usually precedes an episode of sleepwalking. b) usually lasts for a few minutes. c) is the most common cause of insomnia. d) is experienced only when people are falling asleep.

b) usually lasts for a few minutes.

An intuitive hunch is most likely to be accurate when: a) the hunch is based upon conscious, logical analysis of the problem. b) you already have a broad base of knowledge and experience in the given area. c) the hunch is strong and emotionally compelling. d) you have no prior knowledge or experience regarding the problem or issue.

b) you already have a broad base of knowledge and experience in the given area.

Which area of psychology is most interested in examining individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique? a) cross-cultural psychology b)personality psychology c) educational psychology d) social psychology

b)personality psychology

Psychology is formally defined as: a)the scientific study of the cause and treatment of mental illness. b)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. c)the scientific investigation of unconscious mental processes. d)the scientific study of mental processes in human and non-human animals.

b)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

According to the Enhancing Well-Being with Psychology section, there are a number of strategies that can help prevent sleep problems. Which of the following is NOT one of those strategies? a) Avoid stimulating mental or physical activity for at least an hour before bedtime. b) Monitor caffeine intake and avoid caffeine products for at least four hours before going to bed. c) Drink herbal teas and use supplements containing ginseng, ephedrine, and similar compounds just before going to bed. d) Try to go to bed at the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning so that your circadian rhythms stay in sync.

c) Drink herbal teas and use supplements containing ginseng, ephedrine, and similar compounds just before going to bed.

_____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time. a) Retrieval b) Feedback c) Storage d) Encoding

c) Storage

The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery provides support for the idea that: a) a conditioned stimulus can return to being a neutral stimulus after extinction. b) stimulus generalization is a stronger, more easily produced response than stimulus discrimination. c) a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated. d) it is easier to produce learned associations between natural stimuli than artificial stimuli.

c) a conditioned response that is extinguished is not unlearned or completely eliminated.

A correlation coefficient is: a) a numerical indicator of the statistical significance of the findings in a particular research study. b) an index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings. c) a numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors. d) an independent variable that is used in a correlational study.

c) a numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors.

Trial and error is defined as: a) a problem-solving strategy that involves following a specific rule, procedure, or method, which inevitably produces the correct solution. b) the sudden realization of how a problem can be solved. c) a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work. d) a problem-solving strategy that involves following a general rule of thumb to reduce the number of possible solutions.

c) a problem-solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions and eliminating those that do not work.

It is believed that nightmares: a) are the most common type of parasomnia. b) that occur during NREM slow-wave sleep are closely associated with the development of psychological disorders and sleep disorders. c) are not indicative of psychological or sleep disorders unless they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress. d) are the most common type of dyssomnia.

c) are not indicative of psychological or sleep disorders unless they occur frequently, cause difficulties returning to sleep, or cause daytime distress.

Pheromones are: a) a myth; there are no such things as pheromones. b) detected only by the female members of a species. c) chemical signals used by animals to communicate information and affect the behavior of other members of the same species. d) the primary trigger for sexual arousal in humans.

c) chemical signals used by animals to communicate information and affect the behavior of other members of the same species.

Our memories of individual instances of a particular concept are called: a) stereotypes. b) attributes. c) exemplars. d) categories

c) exemplars.

Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental processes involved in memory? a) encoding b) retrieval c) feedback d) storage

c) feedback

Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____. a) short-term memory; long-term memory b) echoic memory; iconic memory c) iconic memory; echoic memory d) long-term memory; short-term memory

c) iconic memory; echoic memory

Depressant drugs: a) are sometimes used to enhance mental alertness. b) do not have the potential to produce physical dependence. c) inhibit the activity of the central nervous system. d) tend to increase a person's inhibitions.

c) inhibit the activity of the central nervous system.

Keeping circadian rhythms synchronized and operating on a 24-hour schedule: a) involves the release of the neurotransmitter hypocretin by the hypothalamus. b) is normally impossible because of sleep spindles. c) involves the detection of sunlight by special photoreceptors in the eye and the communication of this information to the brain. d) occurs naturally when people are deprived of all time cues.

c) involves the detection of sunlight by special photoreceptors in the eye and the communication of this information to the brain.

Auditory sensory memory: a) processes episodic information. b) is often referred to as iconic memory. c) lasts longer than visual sensory memory. d) can last for up to thirty seconds.

c) lasts longer than visual sensory memory.

The Focus on Neuroscience box, "Seeing Faces and Places in the Mind's Eye," reported on an fMRI study of mental imagery. In the study, the researchers compared brain scans of volunteers who were: a) listening to music versus looking at paintings. b) imagining a sound versus imagining a smell. c) looking at an actual scene versus imagining the same scene. d) watching a scary video versus imagining something scary happening to them.

c) looking at an actual scene versus imagining the same scene.

According to the stage model of memory: a) memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and clustering. b) memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories. c) memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. d) the capacity to remember changes with each age and stage of the lifespan.

c) memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

White matter is to gray matter as _____ is(are) to _____. a) midbrain; hindbrain b) cell bodies and glial cells; myelinated axons c) myelinated axons; cell bodies and glial cells d) dendrites; glial cells and axons

c) myelinated axons; cell bodies and glial cells

Melatonin is manufactured by the: a) use of stimulant drugs, such as caffeine and nicotine. b) suprachiasmatic nucleus. c) pineal gland. d) optic nerves in both eyes.

c) pineal gland.

REM is an acronym that stands for: a) rapid ear movements. b) restless eye movements. c) rapid eye movements. d) random eye motion.

c) rapid eye movements.

Gustation is to olfaction as _____ is to _____. a) seeing; hearing b) smell; taste c) taste; smell d) hearing; smell

c) taste; smell

The famous "Little Albert" study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated: a) that it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer was presented immediately following the target behavior. b) that all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes. c) that it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. d) that even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell.

c) that it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus.

In learning theory, the cognitive perspective emphasizes: a) the study of the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental events, rather than mental processes. b) the study of human behavior rather than animal behavior. c) the role played by mental processes in learning. d) the study of an animal's natural behavior pattern and environment as influences in learning.

c) the role played by mental processes in learning.

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about such psychological topics as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning? a) James b) Descartes c) Calkins d) Aristotle

d) Aristotle

The founder of psychoanalysis was: a) German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. b) American psychologist B. F. Skinner. c) American psychologist Carl Rogers. d) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

d) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

Which of the following is NOT true about concepts? a) Concepts economize the cognitive effort required for thinking. b) Concepts make it easier to communicate with people. c) Thinking can be more efficient because concepts can be organized into orderly hierarchies. d) Formal concepts are much easier to acquire than natural concepts because they are formed automatically through everyday experiences.

d) Formal concepts are much easier to acquire than natural concepts because they are formed automatically through everyday experiences.

_____ refers to a measurement of intelligence in which an individual's mental level is expressed in terms of a given age. a) Mental set b) Intelligence quotient (IQ) c) Chronological age d) Mental age

d) Mental age

A placebo is: a) the dependent variable in an experiment testing drug effects. b) a drug that is supplied to the experimental groups. c) a statistical technique used to eliminate errors in measurement. d) a fake substance, treatment or procedure with no known direct effects.

d) a fake substance, treatment or procedure with no known direct effects.

A natural concept is: a) a mental representation of an object or event that is not physically present. b) the most typical instance of a particular concept. c) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. d) a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience.

d) a mental category that is formed as the result of everyday experience.

Psychologists formally define learning as: a) a relatively permanent change in behavior that is the result of developmental factors or maturation. b) a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to natural or instinctive processes. c) replacing old habits with new habits. d) a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

d) a process that produces a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

In general, the sympathetic nervous system _____, while the parasympathetic nervous system _____. a) transmits sensory information; transmits motor information b) maintains and conserves; arouses and mobilizes c)transmits motor information; transmits sensory information d) arouses and mobilizes; maintains and conserves

d) arouses and mobilizes; maintains and conserves

The sense of hearing is also known as: a) kinesthesia. b) gustation. c) olfaction. d) audition.

d) audition.

Pseudomemories: a) are the same as information someone is pretending is true when they know it is not. b) are impossible to create with adults using hypnosis. c) are real memories recovered through hypnosis. d) can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.

d) can inadvertently be created when hypnosis is used to aid recall.

The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is: a) perception. b) sensation. c) mental imagery. d) cognition.

d) cognition.

As you are taking this test right now, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and different aspects of the surrounding environment. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as: a) delta brain wave activity. b) dissociation. c) hypnagogic perception. d) consciousness.

d) consciousness.

Formal concept is to _____ as natural concept is to _____. a) mental image; physical object b) prototype; heuristic c) physical object; mental image d) defining rules and features; everyday experience

d) defining rules and features; everyday experience

Alcohol is classified as a: a) narcotic drug. b) natural opiate. c) stimulant drug. d) depressant.

d) depressant.

Humanistic psychology emphasized: a) unconscious determinants of personality and behavior. b) the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors. c) the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions. d) free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

d) free will, self-determination, psychological growth, and human potential.

The blind spot: a) is caused by nearsightedness. b) increases in size with age. c) can be cured with laser surgery. d) is a small gap in our field of vision.

d) is a small gap in our field of vision.

A mental representation of objects or events that are not physically present is called a(n): a) heuristic. b) stereotype. c) algorithm. d) mental image.

d) mental image.

Interactive dualism is the idea that: a)people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other. b)all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive. c)most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind. d) mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.

d) mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.

Prolonged use of cocaine can: a) produce "flashbacks" and weight gain. b) depress the respiratory centers in the brain. c) intensify and trigger strong allergic reactions to common airborne allergens. d) produce schizophrenia like symptoms, including bizarre paranoid ideas and auditory hallucinations.

d) produce schizophrenia like symptoms, including bizarre paranoid ideas and auditory hallucinations.

The cell body of a neuron: a) is the long, fluid-filled tube that carries a neuron's message to other body areas. b) receives information directly from other neurons or from sensory receptor cells. c) manufactures myelin. d) provides the energy needed for the neuron to function.

d) provides the energy needed for the neuron to function.

Most dreams: a) occur during stage 1 NREM. b) are accompanied by delta brain waves. c) are vague, bland, repetitive, and highly organized and logical. d) reflect the daily concerns of the dreamer.

d) reflect the daily concerns of the dreamer.

Current research concludes that dreams: a) represent the fulfillment of repressed wishes and urges. b) have no meaning whatsoever and simply reflect random neural firings in the brainstem. c) contain images that disguise the dream's true psychological meaning. d) reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active process of trying to make sense of stimuli produced by the brain during sleep.

d) reflect the waking concerns and preoccupations of the dreamer and the active process of trying to make sense of stimuli produced by the brain during sleep.

A parasomnia that involves abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during NREM stage 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep, such as masturbation, sleep-sex talking, groping or fondling their bed partner's genitals, or sexual intercourse, is called: a) somnambulism. b) RBD. c) narcolepsy. d) sleepsex.

d) sleepsex.

A mental set is defined as the: a) tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way. b) process of coming to a conclusion or making a judgment without conscious awareness of the thought processes involved. c) sudden realization of how a problem can be solved. d) tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.

d) tendency to persist in solving problems with solutions that have worked in the past.

Memory is formally defined as: a) the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. b) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it. c) a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience. d) the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

d) the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.

Problem solving is defined as: a) the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge. b) the tendency to view objects as functioning only in their usual or customary way. c) the mental activities that involve learning rules and features. d) thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.

d) thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal that is not readily available.

The occipital lobe is to _____ as the temporal lobe is to _____ a) audition; vision b) somatosensory processing; audition c) vision; somatosensory processing d) vision; audition

d) vision; audition

Introspection: a) is a technique used to measure the strength of individual circadian rhythms. b) is a hypnotic technique used to enhance memory for details that were only briefly seen or heard. c) is an autogenic technique used to treat sleep disorders. d) was a verbal self-report method used by the first psychologists to study the "structure" of conscious experiences.

d) was a verbal self-report method used by the first psychologists to study the "structure" of conscious experiences.

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn: a) studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. b) were students of G. Stanley Hall. c) were students of Francis C. Sumner. d) were elected president of the American Psychological Association.

d) were elected president of the American Psychological Association.