Psychology Modules - Chapter 8
True or false: Gender includes not only biological sex but also one's understanding of the meaning of gender in one's life.
True
Jake is 14 years old and feels very uncomfortable being seen with his parents in public. He is certain that everyone is looking at him. Jake is showing __________ egocentrism.
adolescent
Identity explorations, self-focus, and feeling "in between" are parts of development of emerging __________
adulthood
The transition period between adolescence and adulthood is considered to be the emerging __________
adulthood
__________ occurs when a single sperm cell from the male penetrates the female's ovum.
conception or fertilization
Marissa is an adolescent who is trying to "find herself." Her parents are shocked when she announces she wants a tattoo and shows up to the breakfast table with purple hair. According to Erikson, Marissa is in the stage of identity versus identity/role __________.
confusion
According to Piaget, __________ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.
conservation
__________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.
development
One aspect of adolescent cognition is __________, a state of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world only from his or her own point of view.
egocentrism
According to Piaget, the __________ __________ level of reasoning is reached when someone has the ability to use hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
formal operational
An expectation of how a male or female should think, act, and feel is referred to as a __________ __________
gender role
The term __________ __________ is used to describe a mental framework that organizes and guides an individual's thoughts in terms of what it means to be male or female.
gender schema
Six-year-old Melanie is an enthusiastic child looking forward to first grade. According to Erikson's socioemotional developmental theory, she is in the __________ versus __________ stage of development
industry versus inferiority
__________ development consists of changes with age in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide what people should do or what is ethically right.
moral
Fred and Diana want their children to "find their own path in life." As a result, they place very few demands on their children's behavior and provide lots of love but very few rules. According to Baumrind's theory of parenting, they are using a __________ parenting style
permissive
The technical term for behaving in a way that is intended to benefit others is __________ behavior
prosocial
__________ is the period of physical development during which sexual organs mature.
puberty
According to Piaget, a __________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
__________ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
temperment
__________ __________ theory indicates that by investing in our cultural worldview, we are shielded from the fear of personal death.
terror management
Arrange Erikson's first four childhood stages of socioemotional development in the correct order. Autonomy versus shame and guilt Industry versus inferiority Initiative versus guilt Trust versus mistrust
trust versus mistrust autonomy versus shame and guilt initiative versus guilt industry versus inferiority
According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur? (a) 2 to 7 years (b) 12 years through adulthood (c) birth to 2 years (d) 7 to 12 years
(a) 2 to 7 years
Tommy, aged 9, and Max, aged 8, are playing with trucks. Sally, aged 8, wants to play. "Trucks are for boys!" Max shouts. This illustrates that __________. (Select all that apply.) (a) peers of this age are quite strict in terms of what is gender appropriate (b) peers are involved in gender development (c) children are not fully socialized until Piaget's preoperational stage (d) Kohlberg was correct in his theory
(a) and (b)
Which statements about development in adulthood are true? (Select all that apply.) (a) throughout life, it is ideal if people are open to change (b) Piaget's concept of accommodation can help us understand how people make sense of changes in their lives (c) people who face difficulties in life are inherently more mature than those who don't (d) development in adulthood is a much more passive process than in childhood
(a) and (b)
Which of the following are examples of schemas? (Select all that apply.) (a) a framework used for organizing information (b) the changes in lateralization that may provide adaptation in later life (c) a concept that exists at a given moment in a person's mind
(a) and (c)
Which of the following characteristics apply to the developmental period of emerging adulthood? (Select all that apply.) (a) it is the transition period between adolescence and adulthood (b) it is a period in which physical skills begin to decline (c) it is characterized by experimentation and exploration
(a) and (c)
Which of the following developments are typical of Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt? (Select all that apply.) (a) children begin to take responsibility for their own actions (b) children must master academic skills such as learning to read (c) children's social worlds widen
(a) and (c)
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.) (a) a child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric (b) in this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences (c) an important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets (d) children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations
(a) and (d)
Which of the following statements apply to a person's role in his or her own development? (Select all that apply.) (a) it is an active role (b) it is a passive role (c) it is ruled largely by genetics (d) it is an interactive role
(a) and (d)
Two-year-old Iris has just seen a cow for the first time. Having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knows, and announced "doggy!" This is an example of __________. (a) assimilation (b) accommodation (c) egocentrism (d) conservation
(a) assimilation
Joe is 2 1/2 years old and is developing a strong sense of independence. According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, he is most likely in which stage of development? (a) autonomy versus shame and guilt (b) trust versus mistrust (c) generativity versus stagnation (d) industry versus inferiority
(a) autonomy versus shame and guilt
According to Erikson, at what age does the trust versus mistrust stage occur? (a) birth to 1.5 years (b) 1.5 years to 3 years (c) 6 to 12 years (d) 3 to 6 years
(a) birth to 1.5 years
What is the cause of the hot flashes associated with menopause? (a) decreased estrogen (b) increased testosterone (c) increased estrogen (d) decreased testosterone
(a) decreased estrogen
Steven, a toddler, is reading a book and sees a picture he is interested in. "Look, Mommy," he shouts, "a horse." He does not show the picture to his mother but assumes that she is able to see it as he sees it. This exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts? (a) egocentrism (b) intuitive thinking (c) habituation (d) conservation
(a) egocentrism
According to Erikson, each of the ___________ stages of socioemotional development represents a developmental task or crisis that a person must negotiate. (a) eight (b) 12 (c) six (d) five
(a) eight
What will be the sex of a child who inherits an X chromosome from the mother and an X chromosome from the father? (a) female (b) male
(a) female
Which of the following statements describes conception? (a) fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed (b) organs begin to mature (c) the organism's structures are fully formed (d) the rate of cell differentiation intensifies and support systems for the cells form
(a) fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed
Which of the following statements describes conception? (a) fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed (b) the rate of cell differentiation intensifies and support systems for the cell form (c) the organism's structures are fully formed, and weight is gained (d) organs begin to mature
(a) fertilization occurs and a zygote is formed
Madeleine is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeleine most likely in? (a) formal operational (b) preoperational (c) sensorimotor (d) concrete operational
(a) formal operational
Clancey is in his 50s. He is active and fit and is helping his son remodel a house. He regularly babysits his 10-year-old grandson. His wife enjoys helping their daughter-in-law decorate her home. Clancey and his wife are most likely in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? (a) generativity versus stagnation (b) integrity versus despair (c) intimacy versus isolation (d) identity versus identity confusion
(a) generativity versus stagnation
When one twin boy's penis was irreversibly damaged in a medical procedure, a sex researcher persuaded the boy's parents to raise the boy as a __________. (a) girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant (b) boy and seek treatment for the child's destroyed anatomy (c) raise the boy as a boy, indicating that biology determines gender identity (d) third gender
(a) girl, trusting socialization to establish a female identity for the infant
What term is used to describe the distinguishing character of an individual, what roles we play, and what we are capable of? (a) identity (b) puberty (c) socioemotional (d) cognition
(a) identity
Marcia proposed the concept of _____ to describe a person's position in the development of identity. (a) identity status (b) sense of self (c) identity of confusion (d) personality development
(a) identity status
In early adulthood, capacities for reasoning and verbal memory _________ (a) increase (b) decrease
(a) increase
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves more challenges and developing more purposeful behavior? (a) initiative versus guilt (b) intimacy versus isolation (c) identity versus role confusion (d) generativity versus stagnation
(a) initiative versus guilt
According to Erikson's theory of socioemotional development, in which stage do children start forming friendships and taking on greater responsibilities? (a) initiative versus guilt (b) industry versus inferiority (c) trust versus mistrust (d) autonomy versus shame and guilt
(a) initiative versus shame and guilt
Suppose a 25-year-old friend of yours comes to you and says she so happy because in past few years, she has met a lot of good friends and is dating somebody special. You tell her it sounds like she's working through the __________ stage of psychosocial development very well. (a) intimacy versus isolation (b) generativity versus stagnation (c) identity versus role confusion (d) initiative versus guilt
(a) intimacy versus isolation
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this (a) intuitive thought (b) hypothetical-deductive reasoning (c) conservation (d) object permanence
(a) intuitive thought
Which statement about physical changes in adulthood is accurate? (a) most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s (b) most people's physical peak is in their mid-30s (c) physical strength peaks in people's 20s, but their hearing peaks in their 30s (d) hearing typically declines sharply when people are in their late 20s
(a) most people's physical peak occurs in their 20s
Henry, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin rope. This is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts in which of Piaget's stages? (a) operations in Piaget's preoperational stage (b) operations in Piaget's concrete operational stage (c) conservation in Piaget's concrete operational stage (d) object permanence in Piaget's sensorimotor stage
(a) operations in Piaget's preoperational stage
Which of Baumrind's parenting styles best describes a child-rearing situation in which parents let their children do pretty much what they want? (a) permissive (b) authoritative (c) authoritarian (d) negelectful
(a) permissive
What are the three domains of development? (a) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional (b) physical, psychological, and emotional (c) cognitive, psychological, and socioemotional (d) physical, cognitive, and gender
(a) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional
According to Baumrind, authoritarian parents are which of the following? (a) rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience (b) firm and set clear limits and reason with their children to explain things to them (c) relaxed and inconsistent in giving direction but warm (d) unlikely to keep track of their children and may not have strong need to care about them
(a) rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage? (a) sensorimotor (b) preoperational (c) formal operational (d) concrete operational
(a) sensorimotor
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver? (a) trust versus mistrust (b) intimacy versus isolation (c) autonomy versus shame and guilt (d) industry versus inferiority
(a) trust versus mistrust
Dr. Abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abramowitz's research can best be described as __________ (a) using the preferential looking technique (b) longitudinal (c) cross sectional (d) a technique developed by Piaget to test object performance
(a) using the preferential looking technique
Which of the following are examples of cognition? (Select all that apply.) (a) imagining a future occupation (b) being able to speak and understand words (c) hormonal changes during puberty (d) solving problems
(a), (b) and (d)
Which of the following changes are typical of puberty? (Select all that apply.) (a) hormonal changes (b) rapid skeletal growth (c) changes in the brain (d) a reduction in telomere length
(a), (b), and (c)
The physical changes that occur during early adulthood include which of the following?. (Select all that apply.) (a) strength trends downward. (b) hearing loss is very common with age, (c) speed increases with age, (d) physical skills begin to decline,
(a), (b), and (d)
Which of the following statements are true regarding Piaget's theory of schemas? (Select all that apply.) (a) a schema assists us in making sense of experience (b) schemas are expressed as various behaviors and skills (c) a schema means that we are unable to distinguish between our own perspective and someone else's perspective (d) a schema organizes information
(a), (b), and (d)
Which of these are major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? (Select all that apply.) (a) moral reasoning does not necessarily mean moral behavior (b) he ignores the role of individual differences in shaping moral behavior (c) he doesn't adequately acknowledge how some people's moral views are shaped by concern for others, not for individual rights (d) he did not adequately account for the role of culture in shaping morality
(a), (c) and (d)
At around what age is the human body at its physical peak? (a) 40 (b) 20 (c) 12 (d) 30
(b) 20
Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories? (a) Gilligan's care perspective (b) Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment (c) Kohlberg's moral development theory (d) Bowlby's theory of attachment
(b) Marcia's theory of exploration and commitment
According to Piaget, conservation is which of the following? (a) part of the preoperational stage (b) a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes (c) the ability to problem solving using hypothetical deductive reasoning (d) the ability to use logical reasoning and classification skills
(b) a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes
What do psychologists mean when they talk about "resilience"? (a) changes in the brain that occur during adolescence (b) a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty (c) the degree to which a given behavioral trait is inherited (d) the interaction of nature and nurture in shaping development
(b) a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty
Which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research? (a) a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years (b) a study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds (c) a study that follows a group of 5 year olds and a group of 15 year olds over the course of 10 years
(b) a study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5 year olds, 15 year olds, and 25 year olds
Bonanno's theory of grieving identifies four different patterns. Which of the following is NOT one of those patterns? (a) delayed grief or trauma (b) acceptance (c) resilience (d) chronic dysfunction (e) recovery
(b) acceptance
According to Erikson, which of these is true about the trust versus mistrust stage of development? (Select all that apply.) (a) the child (hopefully) develops a positive sense of independence (b) trust develops if basic needs such as food, comfort, and warmth are met (c) trust in infancy creates a life expectation that people are good
(b) and (c)
Which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? (Select all that apply.) (a) a young boy sees a soup bowl, and after it is identified as such by a caregiver, he incorporates it into his "bowl schema" (b) a young girl calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them (c) a young boy calls all liquids "milk", but over time, he learns that there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them
(b) and (c)
Which of the following has been supported by recent research on cognition in early adulthood? (Select all that apply.) (a) cognitive skills tend to decline sharply beginning in early adulthood (b) thinking becomes more pragmatic and realistic (c) one major task is to develop a worldview and to recognize that it is subjective (d) people develop the ability to conserve
(b) and (c)
Which of the following provides evidence in favor of terror management theory? (Select all that apply.) (a) when reminded of their own death, people reject beliefs in heaven or life after death (b) when reminded of their own death, people endorse cultural beliefs more strongly (c) when reminded of their own death, people reject individuals who violate their cultural beliefs
(b) and (c)
Which of the following traits define the authoritative parent, according to Baumrind? (Select all that apply.) (a) does not get involved in children's lives and choices (b) encourages independence (c) places limits (d) controls with little verbal exchange
(b) and (c)
What are typical outcomes that result from parenting styles? (Choose all that apply.) (a) children of authoritarian parents tend to exhibit high levels of self-initiative (b) children of neglectful parents are more likely to have problems with self-control (c) children of permissive parents tend to become confident and creative (d) children of authoritative parents tend to be self-reliant and to follow social rules
(b) and (d)
What type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? (a) socioemotional development (b) cognitive development (c) physical development (d) behavioral development
(b) cognitive development
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as which of the following? (a) preferential (b) cross-sectional (c) preoperational (d) longitudinal
(b) cross-sectional
According to Baumrind, authoritative parents are which of the following? (a) unlikely to keep track of their children and may not have strong need to care about them (b) firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them (c) relaxed and inconsistent in giving direction but warm (d) rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience
(b) firm, set clear limits, and reason with their children to explain things to them
During what stage of cognitive development is the mastery of logical and abstract thinking of paramount concern? (a) preoperational (b) formal operational (c) concrete operational (d) sensorimotor
(b) formal operational
A female who has stopped menstruating and is no longer fertile has gone through what process? (a) puberty (b) menopause (c) egocentrism (d) menstruation
(b) menopause
Alan is exploring many alternative paths but has not yet made a commitment. According to Marcia's concept, Alan is in an identity __________ (a) diffusion (b) moratorium (c) foreclosure (d) achievement
(b) moratorium
You show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, he or she only looks in plain sight, not behind the chair. According to Piaget, the child could be said to lack a mastery of __________. (a) egocentrism (b) object permanence (c) conservation (d) the zone of proximal development
(b) object permanence
Erica is asked if it's ever appropriate for people to protest violently against the government. She replies, "Yes, there are cases where it might be ethical, such as if the government is acting abusively toward its citizens." By focusing on the larger ethical principle, Erica shows that she is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral development. (a) conventional (b) postconventional (c) preconventional (d) unconventional
(b) postconventional
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols? (a) concrete operational (b) sensorimotor (c) preoperational (d) formal operational
(b) sensorimotor
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating __________ experiences with __________ actions (a) cognitive; behavioral (b) sensory; physical
(b) sensory ; physical
John Money, a well-known sex researcher, believed that __________ was the main determinant of gender. (a) genetic inheritance (b) socialization (c) physical male and female anatomy (d) biology
(b) socialization
Which of the following refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding? (a) parenting style (b) temperament (c) socioemotional style (d) attachment
(b) temperament
In which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory? (a) through hypothetico-deductive reasoning (b) through the principle of reversibility (c) through an evaluation of object permanence
(b) through the principle of reversibility
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in infancy and involves feeling a sense of assurance toward one's caregiver? (a) industry versus inferiority (b) trust versus mistrust (c) intimacy versus mistrust (d) autonomy versus shame and guilt
(b) trust versus mistrust
Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.) (a) hypothetical-deductive reasoning is a crucial part of the formal operations stage (b) it emphasizes collaborative learning (c) learning occurs through interaction with skilled others (d) the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture
(b), (c) and (d)
Which of the following best represent the influence of gender roles? (Select all that apply.) (a) a woman has difficult upbringing, but she is able to enjoy life and accomplish many things as an adult (b) a young boy goes to school wearing a pink shirt, and his classmates ask him why (c) prior to world war II, men in the United States were considered the breadwinners (d) in a particular culture, women are expected to take care of the house and children
(b), (c) and (d)
Which of the following is typical of Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority? (Select all that apply.) (a) it involves answering the question "Who am I?" (b) it involves mastering knowledge (c) it involves mastering intellectual skills (d) it occurs from about the age 6 to puberty
(b), (c) and (d)
Which of the following apply to the concept of gender? (Select all that apply.) (a) the term gender is synonymous with the term sex (b) it is complex (c) it refers to social aspects of being male or female (d) it refers to psychological aspects of being male or female
(b), (c), and (d)
According to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information? (a) assimilation (b) abbreviation (c) accommodation (d) acclimation
(c) accommodation
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.) (a) nutrition in early childhood (b) peer pressure (c) eye color (d) family history of hair loss
(c) and (d)
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? (Select all that apply.) (a) understanding of conversation is not yet apparent (b) it is generally egocentric (c) it involves logical reasoning (d) abstract thinking is not yet developed
(c) and (d)
Which of the following statements are correct regarding Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage? (Select all that apply.) (a) infants need to develop more purposeful behavior (b) infants assert their sense of autonomy (c) the outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs (d) it occurs during the first year and a half of life
(c) and (d)
Which of Erikson's stages occurs in childhood and involves asserting independence for the first time? (a) intimacy versus isolation (b) identity versus role confusion (c) autonomy versus shame and guilt (d) industry versus inferiority
(c) autonomy versus shame and guilt
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence? (a) schooling (b) neighborhood quality (c) biological inheritance (d) family dynamics
(c) biological inheritance
What is the primary focus of Vygotsky's theory of development? (a) memory (b) physical changes (c) culture (d) cognition
(c) culture
Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stages of development? (a) postconventional level (b) preoperational (c) formal operational (d) concrete operational
(c) formal operational
What are the five key characteristics of emerging adulthood? (a) identity exploration, weight gain, self-focus, a feeling of being "in between", risk taking, and access to life's possibilities (b) identity exploration, self-focus, a feeling of being "in between", risk-taking, and attachment (c) identity exploration, self-focus, a feeling of being "in between", instability, and access to life's possibilities
(c) identity exploration, self-focus, a feeling of being "in between", instability, and access to life's possibilities
Melanie has decided to go to law school because she comes from a long line of lawyers and her family expects her to go to law school. According to Marcia's identity status theory, which of the following identity statuses best describes Melanie? (a) identity moratorium (b) identity diffusion (c) identity foreclosure (d) identity achievement
(c) identity foreclosure
Ramon is a freshman in college. He doesn't know what his major will be, and he has few ideas of what he wants to do in life. According to Erikson, he is in which of the following stages of development? (a) integrity versus despair (b) generativity versus stagnation (c) identity versus identity confusion (d) industry versus inferiority
(c) identity versus identity confusion
Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as __________. (a) hypothetical-deductive reasoning (b) conservation (c) intuitive thought (d) a schema
(c) intuitive thought
Four-year-old Sam is asked if it's acceptable to take another child's toy. Sam replies, "No, because Mom will get mad." By focusing only on the threat of punishment and not on the other child's rights or general rules about playing with others, Sam shows that he is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral development. (a) unconventional (b) conventional (c) preconventional (d) postconventional
(c) preconventional
Dr. Salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. Dr. Salzano is using the __________ technique (a) conservation (b) object permanence (c) preferential looking (d) habituation
(c) preferential looking
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs __________. (a) genetically (b) only through growth (c) throughout life (d) during childhood
(c) throughout life
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant? (a) 2 to 7 years (b) from birth to 2 years (c) 7 to 12 years (d) 12 years through adulthood
(d) 12 years through adulthood
Ian is a 19-year-old who is asking questions such as "who am I?" and "What do I want to do with my life?" Ian is most likely in __________. (a) Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority (b) Piaget's stage of concrete options (c) Piaget's preoperational stage (d) Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
(d) Erikson's stage of identity versus identity confusion
Which of the following examples describes "egocentric thought" in Piaget's preoperational stage? (a) a toddler who is described as a "slow-to-warm-up" child has a low activity level and is not very adaptive (b) three-year-old John is very self-centered and arrogant (c) Three-year-old Hank loudly points out a man's bad breath because he does not realize his statement will cause embarrassment to the man (d) Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures
(d) Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures
A person is born with some serious physical problems but perseveres throughout development and chooses environmental reinforcers that allow them to construct a unique developmental path. Which of the following best describes this process? (a) according to Piaget, this person has achieved the concrete operational stage (b) according to Kohlberg, this person has achieved a postconventional level (c) according to Kohlberg, this person has achieved preconventional reasoning (d) This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment
(d) This person demonstrates the active and interactive role of genetic inheritance and the environment
Three-year-old Megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. Once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." According to Piaget's theory, this is called __________. (a) habituation (b) object permanence (c) accommodation (d) assimilation
(d) assimilation
Which parenting style is generally associated with the most positive outcomes for children? (a) neglectful (b) authoritarian (c) permissive (d) authoritative
(d) authoritative
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism? (a) non-operationa (b) formal operational (c) preoperational (d) concrete operational
(d) concrete operational
Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7 to 12 years and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism? (a) preoperational (b) formal operational (c) non-operational (d) concrete operational
(d) concrete operational
According to Piaget, when someone begins thinking about thinking, they have reached which stage of development? (a) concrete operational (b) conventional level (c) industry versus inferiority (d) formal operational
(d) formal operational
When you're talking to your uncle, who is 45, he mentions that you should focus on making a contribution to the world because he feels like most of his life has been trivial. Your uncle is working through the ___________ stage of psychosocial development. (a) autonomy versus shame and doubt (b) intimacy versus isolation (c) initiative versus guilt (d) generativity versus stagnation
(d) generativity versus stagnation
Mary, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following? (a) moved into the concrete operational stage (b) grasped the concept of conservation (c) developed the capacity for abstract thought (d) grasped the idea of object permanence
(d) grasped the idea of object permanence
According to Baumrind, parents interact with their children in one of four basic ways. Parents who are not involved with their children are described as __________ parents (a) authoritarian (b) permissive (c) authoritative (d) neglectful
(d) neglectful
Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is __________. (a) formal operations (b) concrete operations (c) egocentrism (d) object permanence
(d) object permanence
When behavior is intended to benefit others, psychologists refer to this as __________ behavior. (a) social (b) appropriate (c) moral (d) prosocial
(d) prosocial
A person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as __________. (a) phenotype (b) nurture (c) temperament (d) resilience
(d) resilience
Kübler-Ross focused on terminally ill individuals and identified five progressive stages of coping with death. Select all five stages. (a) depression (b) sadness (c) acceptance (d) anxiety (e) bargaining (f) denial (g) confrontation (h) anger (i) frustration
(f), (h), (e), (a), (c)
Jaden's parents have very strict rules for him and do not give reasons for those rules other than "We're your parents, so you need to do what we say." His parents are using a(n) __________ parenting style
Authoritarian
True or false: According to Baumrind's parenting theory, parents who are neglectful deliberately rear their children by putting few restraints on them.
False
True or false: Developmental psychologists view development as occurring mainly during infancy and childhood.
False
True or false: Erikson's stage of adult development, described by Erikson as finding oneself and losing oneself in another, is the generativity versus stagnation stage.
False
True or false: Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized on the grounds that his research involved women.
False
True or false: People are at their peak of physical development in their teens.
False