Psychology Multiple Choice Questions Units 8 and 10

Which memory from Shannon's fourth grade experience would be an episodic memory? A. The low-level clouds that look like sheets floating in the air are called stratus clouds. B. For the last 2 months of school she shared her NFL mechanical pencil with Nick. C. Four inches of snow contains the same amount of water as .4 inches of rain. D. To mark his territory, a wild boar scrapes a tree as high as he can with his tusk.

B. For the last 2 months of school she shared her NFL mechanical pencil with Nick.

When you make a judgment based on probability, you use which type of heuristic?

Base rate

When you buy a car after a long and difficult search, an example of choice supportive bias is:

Believing the car you chose is clearly far superior to others you considered.

Given the current research on recovered memories, we should be skeptical if a person says that: A. The judge in his court case wouldn't consider his recovered memories as admissible evidence. B. She had psychogenic amnesia after an emotional shock and certain cues led the memory to return. C. He now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy. D. Her amnesia resulted from a blow to the head during a car accident.

C. He now has memories of his experiences as an infant, thanks to therapy.

Which of the following statements is not correct? A. Long-term memories can be declarative or explicit, which means you can consciously recall your memories; however, long-term memories can also be implicit, which means that we are unconsciously aware of it. B. Bottom-up processing is when you begin by examining small details and piece them together into a bigger picture, while top-down processing is when previous knowledge tells you what information to look for. C. Procedural memories are declarative, while semantic and episodic memories are implicit. D. Two main types of sensory memory are iconic and echoic. Iconic memory is also called visual memory, and it's when you can picture an image for a split second after it has disappeared from view; while echoic memory is when you hear sounds for a split second after the sounds stop.

C. Procedural memories are declarative, while semantic and episodic memories are implicit.

If you are trying to retrieve a memory, you will be better able to do so if: A. You find a psychoanalyst with experience in retrieving unconscious memories. B. You wait until your emotional arousal is neither low now high. C. Your current mood matches the mood you were in when you stored the memory. D. You used maintenance rehearsal in order to encode the information.

C. Your current mood matches the mood you were in when you stored the memory.

Formation and retention of procedural memories may involve the:

Cerebellum

Which of the following is not one of the 3 steps through which information is processed from short-term memory and stored into long-term memory?

Chunking

The process by which long-term memory becomes durable and stable is called:

Consolidation

Divergent thinking could also be called _______________.

Creative problem solving

According to the ____________ theory of forgetting, we may feel as if we are lost among the stacks in the mind's library.

Cue-dependent

Kurt was trying to remember the last name of the actor who starred in "All About Eve." When his friend asked "wasn't her first name Bette?," he remembered her last name was Davis. This reflects:

Cue-dependent forgetting

Which of the following is NOT a procedural memory? A. Using a pencil to jot a note to your roommate. B. Typing your term paper on the computer. C. Combing your hair after taking a test. D. Calling your brother-in-law to say, "Happy Birthday."

D. Calling your brother-in-law to say, "Happy Birthday."

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 basic memory processes? A. Retrieval B. Encoding C. Storage D. Conceptualization

D. Conceptualization

Which of the following would be among Patty's semantic memories? A. Knowing that her wedding gown had a train. B. Knowing that her 4 siblings were members of the wedding party. C. Knowing that Joe proposed to her just after midnight on an April evening. D. Knowing that it is appropriate to stand when the bride walks down the aisle.

D. Knowing that it is appropriate to stand when the bride walks down the aisle.

Maintenance rehearsal is defined as: A. Processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered. B. Analyzing new materials in order to make it memorable. C. Associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-term memory. D. The rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

D. The rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability in memory.

According to _______________ theory of forgetting, information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed.

Decay

______________ occurs when instead of encoding just the physical or sensory features of the information, the meaning of information is analyzed.

Deep processing

Possible causes of the Flynn effect include all of the following except: A. Better medical care B. An improved education system C. Improved nutrition D. More widespread education E. Human evolution

E. Human evolution

Who studied himself as the only subject and studied lists of nonsense syllables to learn about memory?

Ebbinghaus

Suppose you are studying the 3 box model of memory. Rather than simply memorize the definition of this model, you encode the main elements of each memory storage system and think about how each system has affect you. What strategy are you using to help you to remember it?

Elaborative rehearsal

_______________________ involves associating new items of information with material that has already been stored.

Elaborative rehearsal/Deep processing

If you cannot remember where you parked your car in the parking lot, what type of long-term memory would help you to remember?

Episodic

When Todd recalled times when his mother was clinically depressed during his childhood, he was relying on his _____________ memory.

Episodic

When you remember what happened on your fist day of college, you are relying on your ___________________ memory.

Episodic

The memories of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred are called:

Episodic memories

Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called:

Explicit memory

Research on autobiographical memory indicates that most adults cannot recall any events until about:

3-4 years of age.

Information in the short-term memory is retained for about ____________ if it is not rehearsed.

30 seconds

As she studies her psychology textbook, Marylin wants to make sure that she remembers that sound intensity is measured in units, called decibels and that each decibel is one tenth of a bel, which is a unit named after Alexander Grahm Bel. Marylin creattes a visual omage of 10 little elf like Alexander Grahm Bels trying to turn up the volume of a huge sterio. Her stategy is called:

A mnemonic

High analytical intelligence is linked to a person's ability to ___________.

Answer questions with a single answer

Charles Spearman theorized that intelligence levels:

Are consistent across a variety of mental tasks

Research on retrieval cues shows that: A. Cues can help retrieval episodic memories of the early years, but procedural memories of the toddler years are rare. B. Cues in the environment that are present when you learn a new fact can be useful later as retrieval aides. C. Since preschoolers tend to focus on novelty, distinctive aspects provide retrieval cues to make the event more memorable. D. All of the above are correct.

B. Cues in the environment that are present when you learn a new fact can be useful later as retrieval aides.

When Marigold Linton tested her own memory for personal events over a period of several years, she found that:

Her retention was remarkably excellent over time

Unconscious retention of emory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions is called:

Implicit memory

The comparison of memory to a video camera is:

Inaccurate

Chunking has the effect of:

Increasing the potential for short-term memory

According to the ____________ theory of forgetting, information may get into memory, but it becomes confused with other information.

Interference

If you are shown a list of words to remember and are then asked immediately to recall them, recall will be best for:

Items at the beginning and the end of the list

Which of the following is the most common cause of forgetting?

Lack of retrieval cues

Alfred Binet's test was originally designed to help the French government identify:

Learning disabilities

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

Long-term memory

A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called:

Long-term potentiation

________________ is thought to be the biological mechanism underlying long-term memory.

Long-term potentiation

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the:

Magical number 7, plus or minus 2

Jane is trying to remember her grocery list as she goes from the store parking lot into the store. She repeats over and over, "milk, bread cereal, fruit." This illustrates _____________.

Maintenance rehersal

__________________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

Memory

Haley memorizes a numerical rhyme such as "one is a bun, two is a shoe..." She then uses the rhyme to help her remember what groceries she needs by associating a grocery item with the appropriately numbered word in the rhyme scheme. What is this called?

Mnemonic

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation, Susan has them learn the sentence "Every Good Boy Does Fine," in which the starting letter of each word represents the name of a note. This is an example of:

Mnemonics

Visual images remain in sensory memory for a maximum of:

One-half second

Vowels and consonants are examples of:

Phonemes

In a free recall task, the high recall of the first few items is called a(n) ______________, while the high recall of the last few items is called a(n) ______________.

Primacy effect;recency effect

__________________ is defined as forgetting that occurs when previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently stored, material.

Proactive interference

What type of long-term memory enables Paul to know how to ride his bicycle?

Procedural

When you remember how to push off with your feet in order to ride your bike and push the handle brakes to slow it down, you are relying on your _________________ memory.

Procedural

When you remember which keys to press when you're typing your paper, you are relying on your __________________ memory.

Procedural

Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called:

Procedural memories

_____________ could be called "knowing how to do something memories."

Procedural memories

A veteran chef may chop an onion by relying on her:

Procedural memory

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called:

Source Misattribution

Someone asks you to describe one of your early family vacations. You have some direct recollection of the trip, but you incorporate information from family events and photographs to integrate into the account. Later, you may not be able to separate your original experience from what you added after the fact. What is this phenomenon?

Source amnesia

After befriending a drunken millionaire, Charlie Chaplin is surprised when the man doesn't recognize him the next day. In the evening, as the millionaire begins drinking again, Charlie is greeted as a pal. This episode from City Lights was used in the text to illustrate:

State-dependent memory

If you are intoxicated when you witnessed an argument between friends, you may remember it better when you once again have had a few drinks than when you are sober. This illustrates:

State-dependent memory

The FLynn effect refers to the scores on intelligence tests:

Steadily increasing over the years

During short-term memory tasks, __________________ is especially active.

The frontal lobe

________________________ plays a critical role in the formation of long-term declarative memories.

The hippocampus

______________ acts as a holding bin, retaining information in a highly accurate form until we can select items for attention.

The sensory register

Suppose the novice and master chess players view a picture of a chess game in progress for five seconds, and then try to reproduce all of the pieces on the black chessboard. The chess masters are almost perfect at this task, while the novices place no more then half the pieces correctly. The masters can produce more pieces because_________________.

Their chunks contained more information

An example of the misinformation effect is when a man tells a story about something that happened to him:

Though it actually happened to his wife

Combinability describes the ability of words:

To be combines to produce distinct meanings

Auditory images remain in sensory memory for about:

Two seconds

The serial-position effect is ________________.

U-shaped

Mood-congruent memory, state dependent memory, and context-dependent memory are all examples of:

Use of cues in retrieval

Charles Spearman's factor analysis compares:

Variability across multiple tasks

even though LIz's parents had taken her on a yearlong trip to Europe when she was two, she cannot recall any of it. this illustrates __________.

childhood amnesia

the working memory is another term for__________________.

declarative memory

what is one explanation of psychologenic amnesia, origially proposed by sigmud freud

denial repression fixation projection

Greg remembers vividly where he was and what he was doing the day that president John F. Kennedy was assassinated. His recollection of that day is known as a(n)__________________.

flashbulb memory

Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _________ is an easier task than _________.

recognition; recall

An example of a morpheme is:

the 'de-' in 'deconstruct'

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory? A. Procedural memory B. Semantic memory C. Episodic memory D. Declarative memory

A. Procedural memory

Which of the following has NOT been shown to affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony? A. The age and sex of the suspect. B. The ethnicity of the suspect and witness. C. The nature of questions asked by police and attorneys. D. Misleading information presented after the event.

A. The age and sex of the suspect.

which of the following is an example of procedural memory? A. how to swim B. how many quarters equal a dollar C. where we attended school D. what our favorite color is

A. how to swim

Fluid intelligence refers to a person's:

Ability to learn new ways of doing things

If you have a vivid recollection of what you were doing when you heard of the 186 "Challenger" explosion, you have a (n) ________________.

Flashbulb memory

In the memory game "Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" Information is given to you and you have to pick the answer from a set of alternatives. This game requires:

Recognition

Repeating your new ATM pin several times to remember it is an example of a(n):

Rehearsal

According to the ______________ theory of forgetting, one's original perception can be erased by new and misleading information.

Replacement

Researchers showed people slides of a traffic accident and used leading questions to get them to think that they had seen a stop sign when they had really seen a yield sign, or vice versa. People in a control group who were not misled in this way were able to identify the sign they had actually seen. The majority of those who had been misled continued to insist that they had seen the sign whose existence had been planted in their minds. This finding supports what theory of forgetting?

Replacement

Zoe is watching someone flip a coin several times. Someone asks her which sequence is more likely: Heads-Tails-Heads-Heads or Tails-Heads-Tails-Heads. She decides the first sequence looks more random and better matches the outcome she would expect. This is an example of which heuristic?

Representativeness

________________ is defined as forgetting the occurs when recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar materials stored previously.

Retroactive interference

Ellen reads "Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain and then read "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" by the same author. When Ellen was describing the story line of Huckleberry Finn in class, she forgot some of the specifics of the novel due to _________________.

Retroactive interferences

When you remembered that Freud discovered psychoanalysis for your midterm, you were relying on your _______________ memory.

Semantic

When you remembered the definition for "classical conditioning" for your final in this class, you will be relying on your ___________________ memory.

Semantic

memories of general knowledge, including facts, rules, concepts, and propositions, are called:

Semantic memories

Knowledge of all the capitals in the U.S. comes from our:

Semantic memory

As you walk by a bakery, you smell fresh bread. A very brief smell of the bread persists after you have walked by due to your _______________.

Sensory memory

In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for a very short period of time until it can be processed further?

Sensory memory

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

Short-term memory

Which component of memory has been referred to as a "leaky bucket"?

Short-term memory/Working memory