Psychology of Women Final Exam

belief in a just world

A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

Allyship

A lifelong process of building relationships based on trust, consistency, and accountability with marginalized individuals and/or groups of people

sponsor

A person or group who provides resources and support for the project, program, or portfolio and is accountable for enabling success.

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

disenfranchised grief

A situation in which certain people, although they are bereaved, are prevented from mourning publicly by cultural customs or social restrictions.

networking

A way of making and using contacts to get job information and advice

self-silencing

Act of keeping quiet, not expressing one's feelings or venting one's frustrations.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder

More severe form of PMS that includes at least one symptom of anger, irritability or internal tension during the second half of the menstrual cycle and into menses.

dialectical behavioral therapy

Promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior.

Addis and Mahalik (2003)

Research on men's help seeking yields strategies for enhancing men's use of mental and physical health resources. Analysis of the assumptions underlying existing theory and research also provides a context for evaluating the psychology of men and masculinity as an evolving area of social scientific inquiry. The authors identify several theoretical and methodological obstacles that limit understanding of the variable ways that men do or do not seek help from mental and physical health care professionals. A contextual framework is developed by exploring how the socialization and social construction of masculinities transact with social psychological processes common to a variety of potential help-seeking contexts. This approach begins to integrate the psychology of men and masculinity with theory and methodology from other disciplines and suggests innovative ways to facilitate adaptive help seeking

Swim and Hyers (1999)

Responses to Sexism: Public and Private Responses 108 women came to lab for "study of decision making" In group with 3 confederates. Select 12 individuals from list best suited for survival on desert island. Male confederate made 3 sexist or nonsexist remarks during discussion. "I think we need more women on the island to keep men satisfied / I think we need more entertainers to keep everyone happy" Independent variables Sexist or nonsexist confederate Solo woman (with 3 men) non solo woman (with 2 women, 1 man) Dependent measures: private or public response? Did participants say anything to the confederate? Participant completed ratings of others privately Watched video & wrote down thoughts and feelings Results 45% of women in sexist confederate made some public response Questioning the confederate (25%) Task-related response (20%) Direct comments (16%) Humor or sarcasm (16%) Surprised exclamations (16%) Grumbling (2%) The Effect of solo status on public response - Solo women responded more in general and to the first remark Private responses Of 55% who did not publicly response, Though about different possible ways they could have responded Thought the confederate was prejudiced Task-related thoughts In sexist condition Thoughts about task and off-focus were about even In nonsexist condition Thoughts were far more focused focused in the task Study 2: Actual vs imagined public responses If caught off-guard or don't feel like we have support in the moment, anticipated response will likely not match actual response BUT it doesn't end there! May keep thinking about it, time gives us space to look at what you could have said Don't always say something in the moment

Stanton et al

Strong Black Woman Ideal - withstand higher psychological & physical strength → they can handle harsher treatments/pain than others If involvement with race-related social media (Black-oriented blogs + hashtags) would contribute to well being & buffer effects of SBW Higher SBW ideals + more interaction with general social media use = adverse mental health effects (depression and anxiety) More interaction w/ race-related social media = adverse mental health effects → did not buffer of SBW endorsement social media is a site for identity construction - Can be a site for racial identity formation, self-presentation, and social activism

coercive power

The ability of a manager to punish others

pinkwashing

The practice of using the color pink and pink ribbons to indicate a company is helping to fight breast cancer, even when the company may be using chemicals linked to cancer.

postmenopause

The time after menopause

quid pro quo harassment

Type of sexual harassment that occurs when an employee is forced to choose between giving in to a superior's sexual demands and forfeiting an economic benefit such as a pay increase, a promotion, or continued employment.

Marianisimo

a concept that underlies the gender socialization of Latinx girls and women, encourages self-sacrifice and the repression of anger

hate crime

a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

major depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

family caregiving

a family process that occurs in response to an illness and encompasses multiple cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal processes

transformational leader

a leader who is able to instill in the members of a group a sense of mission or higher purpose, thereby changing the nature of the group itself

work-family enrichment

a model of work-family relations in which positive attitudes and behaviors are believed to carry over from one domain to the other

mentor

a wise and trusted guide and advisor

empty-nest syndrome

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

post-traumatic stress disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

glass ceiling

an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational ladder

rape

any form of sexual intercourse that takes place against a person's will

sexual assult

any sexual activity in which force or the threat of force is used

age concealment

beauty work undertaken to hide the signs of aging and to be able to "pass" as younger than one's chronological age

beauty work

body modifications done to conform to social norms of attractiveness

childhood sexual abuse

coercive sexual interaction between a child and an adult

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

borderline personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

intimate partner violence

domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship

psychological abuse

emotional harm caused by threatening, frightening, isolating, intimidating, humiliating, or insulting a person

leisure innovation

engaging in new leisure activities as part of retirement

hysteria

exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement, especially among a group of people.

affirmative consent

explicit, informed, and voluntary agreement to participate in a sexual act.

heterosexist harassment

expressing a negative view toward sexual minorities

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

hostile work environment

form of sexual harassment deriving from off-color jokes, lewd comments, and so forth

custodial role

full-time, and often permanent, care and guardianship of a grandchild

stranger harassment

harassment of women in public places by men who are strangers

compliant sex

having sexual intercourse when you don't want to, but your partner does, in circumstances that do not involve duress or coercion

role enhancement theory

idea that people experience an increase in energy and well-being when they are engaged in multiple roles

stereotype inoculation

identifying with role models can protect people from negative stereotypes

physical abuse

intentionally causing physical harm to another person

amplification

involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

work-family conflict

occurs when the demands or pressures from work and family domains are mutually incompatible

cycle of abuse

pattern of repeating abuse from one generation to the next

victim blaming

placing the responsibility or blame for a bad outcome on the individual who experiences the bad outcome due to his or her behavior

post-traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age

restorative justice

punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act

vertical occupational gender segregation

reflects the fact that men tend to hold positions with higher status, authority, and pay than women within any given field

complex PTSD

results from chronic/long lasting traumatic experiences such as child domestic or sexual abuse

token resistance

saying "no" to sex when one means "yes"

Moss-Racusin et al. (2012)

science faculty's subtle gender biases favor male students

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

elderspreak

simplified speech, high pitch, and an exaggerated tone similar to baby-talk

glass cliff

situation that women confront in which their leadership position is precarious

bereavement

state of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one

cultural spillover theory

suggests that violence in one sphere of life tends to engender violence in other spheres

tonic immobility

temporary state of motor inhibition believed to be a response to situations involving extreme fear.

resiliency

the ability to adapt effectively and recover from disappointment, difficulty, or crisis

multicultural competence

the ability to work and be effective with individuals who are of a different culture from yours

elder abuse

the abuse or neglect of older family members

glass escalator

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs

bystander intervention

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

learned hopefulness

the belief that an abuser can change, which can contribute to survivors remaining committed to abusive relationships

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

comparable worth

the concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility

gender dysphoria

the condition of feeling one's emotional and psychological identity as male or female to be opposite to one's biological sex.

rape myth

the false belief that, deep down, women enjoy forcible sex and find it sexually exciting

sandwich generation

the generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

role strain relief hypothesis

the idea that parents, especially mothers, have increased well-being after children leave home because of a decrease in daily demands, time constraints, and work-family conflicts

role loss hypothesis

the idea that parents, especially mothers, will experience a decrease in well-being when their role as caregiver is no longer needed

Stereotype Embodiment Theory

the idea that people learn age-related stereotypes at a young age, internalize them as self-stereotypes, and are subsequently influenced by them in thoughts and actions

"think manager-think male" bias

the idea that the traits many people associate with leadership are agentic ones that are also associated with masculinity

widowhood effect

the impact of the death is so strong that surviving spouses tend to die earlier than expected

historical trauma

the intergenerational transfer of the detrimental effects of colonialism from parents to children

launching phase

the period during which children are in the process of leaving the parental home

sex trafficking

the recruitment and control of persons for sexual exploitation

horizontal occupational gender segregation

the tendency of men and women to cluster into different professions

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

permenopause

the transition phase between regular menstrual periods and no periods at all

domestic violence

the use of force to control and maintain power over a spouse in the home

conversion therapy

therapy directed at changing a same-sex or bisexual orientation into a heterosexual orientation

gender based violence

various forms of violence associated with unequal power relationships between men and women

maternal wall

women get less desirable assignments, lower salaries, and more limited advancement opportunities once they become mothers

sticky floor

women have little or no job ladder, or path, to higher positions

motherhood wage penalty

women with children earn significantly less than childless women, even when they have comparable education, work experience, and job characteristics

bridge work

work, often part-time, obtained after retirement from one job that provides a transition between employment and full retirement