Psychology

When you are doing observational research you must know: (Select all that apply.)

-when and where you will observe -how you will make the observation -whom you are observing

You find that there is no correlation between time spent studying and time spent taking a shower. Which of the following values is probably closest to the one you obtained?

0.00

What is the difference between a theory and an opinion?

A theory is falsifiable, whereas an opinion is not.

What is a hypothesis?

An educated guess that is derived logically from a theory

Which of these are types of psychological research? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question.

-Descriptive -Experimental -Correlational

Which of the following are the three basic types of research used in psychology?

-Experimental -Descriptive -Correlational

Which of the following are steps in the scientific method? (Select all that apply.)

-Observing some phenomenon -Formulating hypotheses and predictions -Drawing conclusions

Which of the following are true of survey research? (Select all that apply.)

-People are asked to self-report. -A disadvantage is that people may not answer honestly.

What can researchers do after they have conducted a study and generated their conclusions? (Select all that apply.)

-Share their findings with others. -Collect more data, using the same methods. -Revise their theories. -Collect more data, using different methods.

Which of the following are reasons that researchers might use correlational research? (Select all that apply.)

-To use one variable to predict the value of another variable -To investigate real-world events -To conduct research in situations in which it would not be ethical to carry out an experiment in another way

what is a variable?

Anything that can change

Your roommate tells you that he spent four hours at Starbucks this week and his GPA is a 3.1. You spent six hours at Starbucks this week and your GPA is 3.5. What type of research have you started collecting?

Correlational research

Which type of research allows researchers to get a sense of a phenomena, even though the research cannot answer questions about how and why the phenomena exists?

Descriptive research

Which statement about the seven contemporary approaches is most accurate?

Each perspective provides some insight into human behavior and mental processes.

Which of these is a limitation of the case study method?

It can be difficult to generalize from one person to the larger population.

What setting would a researcher choose if they needed to remove the complex factors of the real world to conduct their research?

Laboratory

Which statement is the correct interpretation of the statement "Extroversion and attending parties are positively correlated."

People who go to parties tend to be extroverted.

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

Preparing meta-analyses

Which of these is an advantage of the case study method?

Researchers can gain a richer level of detail about an individual person.

Which of the following is an example of correlational research?

SAT scores are related to GPA.

What is random assignment?

The assignment of participants to research groups by chance

What does it mean that hours spent watching TV and total number of discipline problems in school are correlated +.45?

The more hours a child spends watching TV, the more likely that child will get into trouble at school.

A test of intelligence is given to a subject. The subject scores a 110 on the first administration. Six months later, the same subject is given the same test again and receives a score of 75. After another six months has passed, the subject is given the test one last time and receives a score of 138. What conclusions can be drawn from these scores?

The scores are not reliable.

A researcher finds that the more hours partied per week, the lower a student's GPA. She questions whether there may be other issues affecting GPA that were not taken into account, such as hours studied, whether the student is attending classes, or whether the student is working as well. What are these additional issues called?

The third variable problem

What does it mean if hours spent watching TV and total number of discipline problems in school are correlated 0.0?

Watching TV and disciplinary problems are not related.

David is running a memory study and is interested in memory performance for adults. All of his participants are adults, but everyone in his sample is female. David has a problem with _____.

a biased sample

An in-depth investigation of an individual person would be _____.

a case study

Alice is answering a telephone survey about marital satisfaction in the United States. When asked about her own marital satisfaction, she doesn't tell the researcher the truth because she worries that her marriage is worse than many other marriages. Instead she says what she thinks other recipients might say. This behavior is considered _____.

a drawback to the survey method

The term experimental ______ is used to describe a situation in which the expectations of the experimenter influence the outcomes of the research being conducted.

bias

The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address is called _____ validity.

external

True or false: If two variables are correlated, then one of them must cause the other.

false

True or false: Survey research is the preferred method for studying socially undesirable phenomena such as holding racist attitudes.

false

For a theory to be scientific, there must be some way to prove it wrong. In other words, the theory must be _____.

falsifiable, testable, or falsible

a(n) ____ is an idea arrived at logically from a theory. It can be thought of as an educated guess, and it can be tested

hypothesis

In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the experimenter?

independent

n an experiment, the _____ variable is manipulated by the experimenter.

independent

A(n) _____ is the manipulated experimental factor in an experiment.

independent variable

Random assignment reduces the odds that something other than the _____ is responsible for differences between the treatment and control groups.

independent variable

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic types of research used in psychology?

inferential

The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable(s) is called ______ validity.

internal

An experiment involves ______ one variable and observing the effect on another variable.

manipulating

An operational definition is an objective description of how a research variable is going to be ______ and observed.

measured

Operational definitions are important to research because they _____.

provide clarity in explanation and measurement of a phenomenon

The practice of _____ assignment in experimental research is used to make sure that experimental and control groups are equivalent.

random

A research finding is considered _____ if it is found to be a dependable result.

reliable

_____ means that a researcher has been able to reproduce a study and get similar results as a previous researcher.

replication

_____ of research refers to the ability to repeat a study and get results similar to those of the original research.

replication

In an experiment, participants' expectations about the study or its expected outcomes may affect their behavior. What is the term for this problem?

research participants bias

The _____ is the subset of the population chosen by the investigator for a study.

sample

The five steps of the _____ method are reflected differently in three types of research commonly used in psychology.

scientific

The _____ approach specifically examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior.

sociocultural

When researchers perform mathematical analyses to describe and interpret their data, the resulting numbers are collectively known as ______.

statistics

_____ refer to the mathematical analyses to describe and interpret data in research.

statistics

In psychological research, the population is _____.

the group about which the researcher would like to draw conclusions

Research participant bias is _____.

the influence of research participants' expectations on their behavior within an experiment

Isaac participated in a research study in which he wore magnetic bracelets to see if they would cure arthritis symptoms. The pain did go away, but this was all due to Isaac's expectations, as there were actually no magnets in the bracelets. This is an example of ______.

the placebo effect

Malia had a headache, so she took what she thought was a painkiller, but it was just a vitamin pill (with no painkilling ingredients). Malia tells her brother that the medicine was good because her headache went away only 5 minutes after taking it. Malia is probably experiencing _____.

the placebo effect

Some researchers have found increased risk of delinquency among children of single parents. However, this might be due to other issues, such as the fact that single parents may have fewer opportunities to supervise their children. This illustrates _____.

the third variable problem

a _____ is a broad idea that can be used to make predictions about future observations.

theory

When a relationship between two variables is due to an extraneous variable that has not been measured, this is known as the _____ variable problem.

third

An extraneous variable that has not been measured that accounts for the relationship between two other variables is known as a(n) _____.

third variable problem

True or false: The scientific method is a continuous process. True false question.

true

Correlational research involves gathering data on _____.

two sets of variables

_____ is a broad term for any characteristic that can change in some way.

variable

Correlational research involves studies that are concerned with identifying the relationships between two or more _____ in order to describe how they change together.

variables

what is a theory?

A broad idea, or set of closely related ideas, that attempts to explain certain observations

What is survey research?

A standard set of questions used to obtain people's self-reported attitudes or beliefs about a particular topic

Which of the following is an example of a case study?

A study of one person to determine how experience has affected their behavior today toward people of different ethnic groups

When researchers study the effects of a particular drug, the control group might receive ______.

a placebo

Scores in bowling go up as ability goes up. This is an example of _____.

a positive correlation

Scores on an exam go down as the time spent studying goes down. This is an example of _____.

a positive correlation

Experimenter and participant expectations are two types of experimental _____

bias

A(n) _____ study is an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group of people.

case

Mark wants to become a successful businessman. He studies how Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft, became wealthy. This is an example of a(n) ______.

case study

In an experiment, the group that receives no treatment is referred to as the _____ group

control

Researchers may choose to use _____ research when they want to use one variable to predict another or if they want to do research in a situation in which they cannot ethically conduct a true experiment.

correlational

The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed as a numerical value called a _____.

correlational coefficient

An experimenter provides hints as to the preferred responses. The result is that his study produces results consistent with the hypothesis. However, the results may reflect _____.

experimenter bias

____ refers to all of the information researchers collect in a study.

data

_____ refers to all of the information researchers collect in a study.

data

operational _____ are important to research because they provide clarity in the explanation and measurement of a phenomenon.

definitions

The term _____ characteristic is used to describe any aspects of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

demand

The term ___________ is used to describe any aspects of a study that communicates to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave.

demand characteristic

In an experiment, the _____ variable is expected to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.

dependent

_____ research is a category of research that allows researchers to get a sense of a phenomena, even though the research cannot answer questions about relationships or cause and effect determination.

descriptive

_____ research serves the purpose of determining the basic dimensions of a phenomenon and defining what it is or how often it occurs, but it cannot provide causal information.

descriptive

A _____-_____experiment is an experiment that is conducted so that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated.

double-blind

A ______ is an experiment that is conducted so that neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group until after the results are calculated.

double-blind experiment

In an experiment, the group that receives the treatment the researchers want to study is known as the ______ group.

emperimental

What is a psychological perspective that uses concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors?

evolutionary approach

A(n) ______ is a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more variables believed to influence the behavior being studied are manipulated while all other variables are held constant.

experiment

When a male experimenter interacts differently with female participants than he does with male participants, this is an example of ______ bias in the study.

experimenter

Nancy is doing a research project next week at a shopping center. She's worried about being systematic and whether she should bring someone along to make sure she is being accurate. She's concerned about technology and whether she should record her research in writing, by sound recording, or by video. What type of research is she conducting?

observational

When a researcher wants to correlate tension with depression, she develops tests that measure these two emotional states. The tests are her _________ of the variables she is interested in.

operational definitions

Random assignment is a procedure in which ____ are assigned to either the treatment or control group on the basis of chance.

participants

The control group in a study looking at the effects of a drug on behavior would probably be administered a _____ to make them think they were getting the drug.

placebo

A random sample is a sample that gives every member of the ______ an equal chance of being selected.

population

If two variables have a correlation of +.98, the two variables have a strong, _____ relationship. In other words, as the value of one variable increase, the value of the other also increases.

positive