Psychology Quiz A 02

Which of the following statements describes the behavioral perspective of psychology? A. It emphasizes that behavior is influenced by an individual's way of thinking about the world. B. It emphasizes that every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biological components. C. It emphasizes that observable, external behavior, which can be objectively measured, should be the focus of study. D. It emphasizes that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which an individual has little control.

C. It emphasizes that observable, external behavior, which can be objectively measured, should be the focus of study.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between PhD and the PsyD degrees? A.) Fewer people earn a PhD than a PsyD. B.) A PhD requires more years of study than a PsyD. C.) A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation. D.) A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatment of psychological disorders.

C.) A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation.

Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description? A.) Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that is concerned with the psychology of the workplace. B.) Industrial/organizational psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. C.) Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders. D.) Behavioral genetics is a subfield of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

C.) Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders.

One of the arguments presented in Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species is that A. people's environment has little effect on the traits they exhibit. B. natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable a species to adapt to its environment. C. it is possible to completely understand behavior by studying the environment in which individuals operate. D. psychological disorders rarely originate from biological factors.

B. natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable a species to adapt to its environment.

What does cognitive psychology focus on?

focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory, reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.

psychodynamic

in its broadest sense, is an approach to psychology that emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

What does social psychology focus on?

psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving, persuasion, and conformity.

cognitive

refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

Which of the following is an argument that proponents of the psychodynamic perspective are likely to present? A.) Behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which an individual has little awareness or control. B.) The focus of a psychological study should be on external behavior that can be observed and measured objectively. C.) Human thinking is similar to the workings of a computer, which takes in information and transforms, stores, and retrieves it. D.) Every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biological components.

A.) Behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which an individual has little awareness or control.

Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection? A.) Introspection was not truly scientific. B.) Introspection was time-consuming. C.) Introspection was a complicated process. D.) Introspection was too simplistic.

A.) Introspection was not truly scientific.

Assuming Dr. Hart is a clinical neuropsychologist, in which of the following is she likely to be involved? A.) Investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain B.) Investigating the relationship between family communication patterns and psychological disorders C.) Studying the effects of long-term stress on an individual's health and physiology D.) Studying violent dreams to understand the role of unconscious forces affecting an individual's behavior

A.) Investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain

________ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become. A.) Locke B.) Plato C.) Wundt D.) Descartes

A.) Locke

In the context of the proportion of psychologists in the United States, which of the following is a true statement? A.) Women outnumber men in the field of psychology in the United States. B.) The numbers of minority individuals entering the field of psychology have significantly reduced in the last decade. C.) The majority of psychologists in the United States are Hispanics and Asians. D.) Psychologists in the United States make up between 30 percent and 34 percent of the world's psychologists.

A.) Women outnumber men in the field of psychology in the United States.

The formal beginning of psychology is associated with A.) Wundt. B.) James. C.) Descartes. D.) Ebbinghaus.

A.) Wundt.

Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program reflects the ________ perspective in psychology. A.) behavioral B.) psychodynamic C.) cognitive D.) neuroscience

A.) behavioral

The neuroscience perspective A.) considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. B.) argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. C.) suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior. D.) focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.

A.) considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.

The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on A.) free will. B.) environmental determinism. C.) unconscious motives. D.) natural selection.

A.) free will.

Which of the following movements was led by the psychologist William James? A.) functionalism B.) social psychology C.) Gestalt psychology D.) structuralism

A.) functionalism

Callie works in the field of psychology. All else being equal, the chance of her highest degree being a Master's degree is A.) one-third. B.) one-fifth. C.) one-fourth. D.) one-sixth.

A.) one-third.

Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________ perspective in psychology. A.) psychodynamic B.) cognitive C.) neuroscience D.) humanistic

A.) psychodynamic

A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because A.) psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be. B.) psychology is a narrower, more specific field than a general definition might suggest. C.) the discipline of psychology really has no core or center. D.) it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically.

A.) psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be.

Rob is a 16-year-old American student; Yoon-Sook is a 16-year-old Asian student. Rob and Yoon-Sook, respectively, are likely to attribute academic success to ________ and ________. A.) unchanging causes; situational factors B.) natural ability; unchanging causes C.) effort; natural ability D.) effort; situational factors

A.) unchanging causes; situational factors

Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior. Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world. Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives? A.) Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective B.) Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspective C.) Dr. Greenway—cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech—behavioral perspective D.) Dr. Greenway—psychodynamic perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective

B.) Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspective

What might be the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position? A.) They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical characteristics. B.) Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces. C.) Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on thought and behavior. D.) They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our behavioral and mental processes.

B.) Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.

Which of the following is a contribution of the psychologist B. F. Skinner? A.) He was the first psychologist to study the different aspects of child development. B.) He was a pioneer in the field of behavioral perspective. C.) He was the founder of the American Journal of Psychoanalysis. D.) He was the first male president of the American Psychological Association.

B.) He was a pioneer in the field of behavioral perspective.

Identify a true statement about structuralism. A.) It was pioneered by German scientists Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer. B.) It focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components, states, and activities. C.) It brought about the union of functionalism and gestalt psychology. D.) It involved the use of a method known as information processing.

B.) It focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components, states, and activities.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology? A.) The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology. B.) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views. C.) The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones. D.) The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it still remains influential today.

B.) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.

Which of the following is true of evolutionary psychologists? A.) They argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors. B.) They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance. C.) They are proponents of the idea that introspection reveals the structure of the mind. D.) They reject the notions of natural selection and survival of the fittest.

B.) They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance.

Which of the following is an argument presented by psychologists adhering to the behavioral perspective of psychology? A.) They contend that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious behaviors. B.) They contend that the only legitimate source of information for psychologists is behavior that can be observed directly. C.) They contend that behavioral disorders are largely the result of faulty thinking processes. D.) They contend that human behavior is influenced by genetics.

B.) They contend that the only legitimate source of information for psychologists is behavior that can be observed directly.

Psychology majors are highly valued by employers in business, industry, and the government because psychology majors A.) develop good intuitive skills. B.) can synthesize and evaluate information well. C.) provide counseling to their coworkers as and when required. D.) are trained to be empathetic.

B.) can synthesize and evaluate information well.

As a psychologist, Feng is interested in studying the effects of anxiety on an individual's efforts to deal with a stressful situation. Which of the following perspectives does Feng advocate? A.) Gestalt psychology B.) functionalism C.) structuralism D.) behavioral genetics

B.) functionalism

As a psychologist, Feng is interested in studying the effects of anxiety on an individual's efforts to deal with a stressful situation. Which of the following perspectives does Feng advocate? A.) structuralism B.) functionalism C.) behavioral genetics D.) Gestalt psychology

B.) functionalism

Which of the following movements was led by the psychologist William James? A.) structuralism B.) functionalism C.) Gestalt psychology D.) social psychology

B.) functionalism

Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn. Local psychologists are holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity. Dr. Kurutz is outlining strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol. Dr. Kurutz is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A.) social B.) health C.) cross-cultural D.) experimental

B.) health

Psychiatrists A.) have a PsyD, or doctor of psychology, as their highest degree. B.) most often use treatments involving the prescription of drugs. C.) lack a medical degree. D.) must submit a dissertation based on an original investigation to obtain a degree.

B.) most often use treatments involving the prescription of drugs.

To many people who have never taken a psychology course, psychology begins and ends with the ________ perspective. A.) cognitive B.) psychodynamic C.) neuroscience D.) behavioral

B.) psychodynamic

The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the ________ perspective in early psychology and to represent a reaction to ________. A.) humanist; functionalism B.) structuralist; behaviorism C.) structuralist; humanism D.) humanist; behaviorism

B.) structuralist; behaviorism

A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held, sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely ________, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably ________. A.) humanists; functionalists B.) structuralists; functionalists C.) humanists; structuralists D.) functionalists; developmentalists

B.) structuralists; functionalists

Assuming Dr. Hart is a clinical neuropsychologist, in which of the following is she likely to be involved? A.) Investigating the relationship between family communication patterns and psychological disorders B.) Studying violent dreams to understand the role of unconscious forces affecting an individual's behavior C.) Investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain D.) Studying the effects of long-term stress on an individual's health and physiology

C.) Investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain

Which of the following is true of cognitive psychology? A.) It studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior. B.) It stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his book, On the Origin of Species. C.) It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology. D.) It includes subfields such as developmental and personality psychology.

C.) It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology.

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the psychodynamic perspective? A.) Leta Stetter B.) Karen Horney C.) Sigmund Freud D.) William James

C.) Sigmund Freud

The 150th anniversary of a historic event will be commemorated at the American Psychological Association in the year 2029. Which of the following events is being commemorated? A.) Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning, 1904 B.) G. S. Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association, 1892 C.) Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory, 1879 D.) Charles Darwin's publication of the On the Origin of Species, 1859

C.) Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory, 1879

Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying A.) internal medicine. B.) mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment. C.) behavior and mental processes. D.) the disorders of the central nervous system.

C.) behavior and mental processes.

Unlike clinical psychology, counseling psychology A.) builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of the brain. B.) unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology. C.) focuses specifically on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. D.) involves diagnosing and treating problems that range from the crises of everyday life to more extreme conditions.

C.) focuses specifically on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.

According to ________, the human perception, or understanding, of objects is greater and more meaningful than the individual elements that make up these perceptions. A.) structuralism B.) forensic psychology C.) gestalt psychology D.) functionalism

C.) gestalt psychology

In the context of the psychology of emotion, William James and John Dewey would be most interested in A.) the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense. B.) the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience. C.) how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment. D.) the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.

C.) how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.

As a program manager, Jazmin is required to sit at her computer for long hours working constantly on similar projects. As a result, she has lost all motivation to perform better. In addition, she has developed a negative attitude toward her coworkers and has stopped contributing to team efforts. To help her become a better employee, Jazmin's manager is likely to refer her to a(n) A.) experimental psychologist. B.) cognitive psychologist. C.) industrial psychologist. D.) health psychologist.

C.) industrial psychologist.

When Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory devoted to psychological phenomena in 1879, his goal was to A.) unite the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology. B.) study how people consider individual elements together as units or wholes. C.) study the structures of the mind and their relationship to conscious experience. D.) examine the function of the emotion of fear in preparing people to deal with emergency situations.

C.) study the structures of the mind and their relationship to conscious experience.

Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description? A.) Behavioral genetics is a subfield of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders. B.) Industrial/organizational psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. C.) Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that is concerned with the psychology of the workplace. D.) Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders.

D.) Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders.

The field of phrenology is associated with A.) Descartes. B.) Wundt. C.) Ebbinghaus. D.) Gall.

D.) Gall.

Which of the following is true of clinical neuropsychology? A.) It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. B.) It stems from the notion of survival of the fittest. C.) It focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems. D.) It builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of the brain.

D.) It builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of the brain.

Which of the following is true of evolutionary psychology? A.) It is one of the subspecialties of experimental psychology. B.) It has already led to promising new treatments for psychological disorders. C.) It suggests that significant behaviors cannot be unfolded automatically as they are wired into the human species. D.) It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

D.) It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.

Identify a true statement about functionalism. A.) It was derived from the notion of survival of the fittest. B.) It involved the use of introspection to understand the structure of the mind. C.) It was first suggested by William Wundt in 1879. D.) It focused on the role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

D.) It focused on the role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their environments.

Which of the following is true of the cognitive perspective of psychology? A.) It was championed by B. F. Skinner. B.) It provides a means to understand everyday phenomena such as prejudice and aggression. C.) It suggests that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which an individual has little control. D.) It has evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism.

D.) It has evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism.

Which of the following is true of cognitive psychology? A.) It includes subfields such as developmental and personality psychology. B.) It studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior. C.) It stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his book, On the Origin of Species. D.) It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology.

D.) It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology.

Which of the following is true of evolutionary psychologists? A.) They are proponents of the idea that introspection reveals the structure of the mind. B.) They reject the notions of natural selection and survival of the fittest. C.) They argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors. D.) They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance.

D.) They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance.

Hugo is a college student. He is unable to cope with the workload. He does not get along with his classmates. He goes to his teacher for advice. Hugo's teacher is likely to refer him to a A.) clinical psychologist. B.) personality psychologist. C.) health psychologist. D.) counseling psychologist.

D.) counseling psychologist.

Which of the following ideas stands in contrast to the notion that behavior is caused primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual? A.) naturism B.) functionalism C.) structuralism D.) determinism

D.) determinism

Dr. Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Chen is a(n) ________; Dr. Doherty is a(n) ________. A.) experimental psychologist; cognitive psychologist B.) health psychologist; clinical psychologist C.) clinical psychologist; counseling psychologist D.) developmental psychologist; personality psychologist

D.) developmental psychologist; personality psychologist

Individual differences are to universal principles as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective. A.) neuroscience; humanistic B.) cognitive; behavioral C.) behavioral; cognitive D.) humanistic; neuroscience

D.) humanistic; neuroscience

Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet...cold, wet, tingly...slightly bitter," she reports. Lassandra is A.) defining umami. B.) taking an intelligence test. C.) demonstrating functionalism. D.) introspecting.

D.) introspecting.

Dr. Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students. He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced. This statement is most directly related to the ________ issue; Dr. Quinones' position is toward the ________ end of the continuum. A.) observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; observable behavior B.) nature vs. nurture; nature C.) observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; internal mental processes D.) nature vs. nurture; nurture

D.) nature vs. nurture; nurture

To many people who have never taken a psychology course, psychology begins and ends with the ________ perspective. A.) neuroscience B.) cognitive C.) behavioral D.) psychodynamic

D.) psychodynamic

In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists A.) use their intuition. B.) use speculation. C.) rely on the study of internal medicine. D.) rely on the scientific method.

D.) rely on the scientific method.

Pablo is taking part in a psychology experiment. He watches two political campaign ads—one highlighting the candidate's positive attributes and another emphasizing the opponent's negative features. During each ad, Pablo's brain is scanned. This experiment is most likely conducted by a ________ neuroscientist. A.) counseling B.) behavioral C.) clinical D.) social

D.) social