Psychology Test 1 Ch. 1, 2, 3, 4

Which of the following provides the best idea of the person's personality? A) Jacob is late to class on Thursday. B) Jorge was on time to class on Thursday. C) Lana was late to class on Tuesday. D) Akira is almost always late to class.

Akira is almost always late to class

Which of the following illustrates a problem specific to self-report measures? A) Alex believes that she is being videotaped and starts acting weird. B) Jake drops out of a study shortly after agreeing to do it. C) Mark is confused by what the researchers are asking him to do. D) Alisha tries to answer the questionnaire in a way that makes her look good.

Alisha tries to answer the questionnaire in a way that makes her look good

Who proposed the idea of mental tests? A) Cattell B) Jung C) Allport D) Galton

Cattell

Hippocrates and __________ both presaged modern trait theory when they discussed differences between people grounded in the so-called "humors." A) Galen B) Cattell C) Freud D) Plato

Galen

Nelson is using a Likert scale in constructing his personality questionnaire. What does this mean? A) He has made the questionnaire as free from cultural bias as possible. B) All of his question items are reverse-scored. C) He has put in a series of True or False question items. D) He has put in a range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item.

He has put in a range of numbers that correspond to how much someone agrees or disagrees with an item

Which person is most likely to be conducting personality research? A) Lucy, who observes how aggressive behavior varies among people playing a violent vs. non-violent video game B) Evelyn, who observes whether people are more likely to stop to help someone in a crowded vs. non-crowded street C) Josh, who examines changes in extraversion over students' first year in college D) Casey, who studies how boxers physiologically react to being punched

Josh, who examines changes in extraversion over students' first year in college

Why is it important to have sufficiently large samples in social science research? A) Studies with large samples are more likely to receive more funding. B) Larger samples help ensure that the study can reliably detect an effect. C) Large samples offset the need to have a diverse sample of participants. D) Large samples make all research findings infallible.

Larger samples help ensure that the study can reliably detect an effect

Why is it more accurate to think of the Big Five traits as on a continuum rather than as distinct categories? A) Most people like to think of themselves as moderate, not extreme. B) Most people measure at one extreme or another for a given trait. C) Most people measure somewhere in the middle for each trait, rather than entirely at one extreme or another. D) Most people who exhibit high on one trait tend to exhibit low on all the rest.

Most people measure somewhere in the middle for each trait, rather than entirely at one extreme or another.

Much of the time, people's scores fall into a normal distribution. What does this mean? A) Most people's scores are exactly the same because people share so many of the same qualities. B) Most people score in the middle and fewer score at the extremes. C) Most people score at the two extremes of a scale. D) Men score on the higher end of the scale and women score on the lower end.

Most people score in the middle and fewer score at the extremes.

What is a downside to agreeableness? A) People who are high in agreeableness are more cautious. B) People who are high in agreeableness are lonelier. C) People might take advantage of a person who is high in agreeableness. D) Other people do not like someone who is high in agreeableness.

People might take advantage of a person who is high in agreeableness

Which factor explains why some of your friends thrive at parties, whereas others shrink into the background? A) Personality is dominated by situations. B) People rarely control their situations. C) Birth order plays a big part in how people shape situations. D) People respond differently to the same situation.

People respond differently to the same situation

Why do personality assessments include some reverse-scored items? A) because researchers are required to reverse questions due to ethics B) because people tend to disagree with half of the questions they are asked C) because people tend to agree with everything D) because it is difficult to score the items if they are not reversed

because people tend to agree with everything

When researchers have participants report what they are doing at random times on the day using their cell phones, they are measuring __________. A) the quality of relationships B) behavior C) social desirability D) physiology

behavior

What is a common method researchers may use to assess mental health disorders? A) self-report questionnaire B) archival analysis C) clinical interviews D) experiments

clinical interviews

A study of nearly 70,000 Facebook users who filled out a personality questionnaire and then allowed researchers to access their pages found which of the following words were more likely associated with introverts on their Facebook pages? A) internet, party, amazing B) read, love, party C) computer, internet, read D) amazing, computer, love

computer, internet, read

Darla is known as one of the best workers in her office, and she also is very disciplined when it comes to exercising and diet. Darla is likely to measure high on which Big Five trait? A) openness to experience B) conscientiousness C) extraversion D) agreeableness

conscientiousness

Peter is always on time for work and makes sure he does each task to the best of his ability. Peter is likely high in which of the Big Five traits? A) neuroticism B) openness to experience C) agreeableness D) conscientiousness

conscientiousness

An extraversion scale is correlated with other extraversion scales. This is considered to be an example of __________. A) convergent validity B) discriminant validity C) face validity D) predictive validity

convergent validity

Tyson has found that his scale on conscientiousness correlates well with his friend Natasha's scale on conscientiousness. This is a sign of __________. A) convergent validity B) inter-rater reliability C) face validity D) internal reliability

convergent validity

Personality psychology aims to __________. A) change people's personality to more socially desirable traits. B) define and measure every aspect of the human experience. C) define and measure what it can while acknowledging that it will not be everything. D) capture all the unique differences among people and their life experiences.

define and measure what it can while acknowledging that it will not be everything

When researchers are measuring the effects of a drug, the effects are the __________. A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) confounding variable D) random assignment

dependent variable

If a Cat Person Scale correlates very highly with a measure of IQ, it would be said to be lacking __________. A) discriminant validity B) face validity C) convergent validity D) predictive validity

discriminant validity

Which scientific method is the only way to prove causation? A) projective test B) fMRI C) longitudinal study D) experiment

experiment

The Big Five factors consist of __________, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. A) extraversion B) introversion C) conservatism D) collectivism

extraversion

Which Big Five trait includes gregariousness and cheerfulness? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) neuroticism D) conscientiousness

extraversion

Which of the Big Five traits translate most effectively across cultures? A) neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness B) openness to experience, agreeableness, neuroticism C) openness to experience, extraversion, agreeableness D) extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness

What are the Big Five personality traits? A) extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience B) extraversion, introversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness C) openness to experience, domineering, conscientious, anal, introversion D) introversion, hostility, openness to experience, conscientiousness, neuroticism

extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience

The smaller specific components within each Big Five trait are called __________. A) super traits B) facets C) micro-traits D) subdivisions

facets

The nature-nurture debate is the view that __________. A) genetics versus preferences cause personality traits B) parents versus the environment cause personality traits C) genetics versus the environment cause personality traits D) the environment versus the situation causes personality traits

genetics versus the environment cause personality traits

A factor analysis is when words that correlate with each other form __________. A) sentences B) verbs C) descriptions D) groups

groups

Which of the following outcomes is more likely to be experienced by people who are considered extraverts? A) weak social relationships B) happiness C) depression D) anxiety

happiness

Amber is an extravert, so we would expect her to __________. A) have an uncomfortable chair in her office B) send fewer texts C) have many friends on facebook D) be less likely to have violated conduct rules

have many friends on facebook

Which of the following is an example of a self-report measure? A) having people fill out a questionnaire to describe themselves B) having researchers study documents that a person wrote C) having researchers observe and assess participants in a study D) having people react to strenuous situations

having people fill out a questionnaire to describe themselves

What are some common physiological measures related to personality that can be measured by physiological tests? A) self-reports B) behavioral observations C) TAT scores D) heart rate and sweating

heart rate and sweating

Influential factors in the shaping of personality __________. A) include genetics, parents, peers, and cultures B) are almost exclusively genetics C) are almost exclusively from the environment D) occur mainly in the first six months of life

include genetics, parents, peers, and cultures

When all the questions in a personality questionnaire measure the same thing, the questionnaire is considered to have __________. A) inter-rater reliability B) validity C) internal reliability D) statistical significance

internal reliability

With regard to other personality research, the Big Five __________. A) is hindering other lines of personality studies B) is not very useful because the traits do not translate well to other models C) is useful because it can incorporate traits used in other models D) is useful but only for conscientiousness and extraversion

is useful because it can incorporate traits used in other models

The __________ is the idea that important traits are embedded in our language. A) dawn hypothesis B) lexical hypothesis C) Cattell hypothesis D) Eysenck hypothesis

lexical hypothesis

A(n) __________ collects data on the same people at more than one time. A) experiment B) correlational study C) longitudinal study D) archival study

longitudinal study

Personality psychology is considered a hub topic because it incorporates __________. A) intuition, emotion, and intelligence B) many different fields of psychology C) nature and nature influences D) common sense and scientific methodology

many different fields of psychology

The standard deviation measures the spread around the __________. A) mode B) mean C) percentile score D) median

mean

Descriptive statistics allow you to compare your scores on personality tests with others by focusing on the __________. A) mode, measure, and validity B) mean, median, and mode C) low mean, high mean, and average mean D) median, distribution, and reliability

mean, median, and mode

What term do researchers use to describe the most frequent score in a set of raw data? A) mode B) median C) standard deviation D) mean

mode

Someone high in conscientiousness is, on average, __________. A) more likely to be on time B) more considerate of other people's feelings C) more aware of their surroundings D) more outgoing and social

more likely to be on time

Where can personality be observed, according to research studies? A) mainly through how one dresses B) only in labs C) most places and contexts D) only in places where people feel truly comfortable

most places and contexts

When the temperature is high, people wear less clothing. This is an example of a(n)__________. A) negative correlation B) positive correlation C) insignificant correlation D) null correlation

negative correlation

Ashley tends to get anxious when she goes through periods of change in her life. Ashley likely measures high on which Big Five trait? A) openness to experience B) neuroticism C) agreeableness D) extraversion

neuroticism

Which Big Five trait includes anger and immoderation? A) conscientiousness B) extraversion C) neuroticism D) openness to experience

neuroticism

The __________ is the distribution of scores in which most people score in the middle with fewer scores at the extremes. A) convergent validity B) divergent validity C) normal distribution D) abnormal distribution

normal distribution

Dan and Michelle are making their research materials and data on neuroticism in middle-aged men public. They are engaging in __________. A) unethical research practices B) open practices C) meta-analysis D) many labs approach

open practices

Which Big Five trait contains facets such as intellect, imagination, and adventurousness? A) neuroticism B) extraversion C) openness to experience D) conscientiousness

openness to experience

Which Big Five trait is least likely to appear in other cultures and languages? A) openness to experience B) neuroticism C) conscientiousness D) extraversion

openness to experience

Your friend Meghan decided to backpack across Europe so she could meet new people, try different foods, and experience a range of cultures and languages. Meghan likely scores high in which of the following Big Five traits? A) conscientiousness B) openness to experience C) agreeableness D) neuroticism

openness to experience

Students often mistakenly think that conscientiousness means consideration for others, but instead it refers to someone who is __________. A) emotional B) organized C) self-conscious D) assertive

organized

Rather than competing to see which has the biggest role in shaping behavior, the person and situation actually work together in many different ways, called __________. A) people-experience interaction B) personality-behavior interaction C) person-situation interaction D) people-family interaction

person-situation interaction

Research exploring if personality can predict whether people use a Mac or a PC has found that __________. A) personality does not predict preferences for features associated with brands. B) personality does predict preferences for features associated with brands. C) it is not possible to predict preferences D) personality predicts brand preferences

personality does predict preferences for features associated with brands

When Marlita's motivation decreases, her test scores tend to decrease. This is an example of what kind of relationship? A) positive correlation B) null correlation C) standard deviation D) negative correlation

positive correlation

Duane is using a numbers table to assign participants to each of the three conditions in his study. He is using __________. A) controls B) correlations C) random assignment D) archives

random assignment

What are the two main criteria researchers use to evaluate personality scales? A) reliability and validity B) fragility and validity C) reliability and variability D) validity and measurability

reliability and validity

A broken watch always shows the same time. It is __________. A) both reliable and valid B) neither reliable nor valid C) reliable but not valid D) valid but not reliable

reliable but not valid

Melissa has just completed her research analysis and the findings of her study are very similar to a different study measuring the same thing. This is an example of _____________. A) replication B) test-retest reliability C) a many labs approach D) meta-analysis

replication

What is a downside to extraversion? A) risk taking B) cautiousness C) loneliness D) decrease in sexual activity

risk taking

People with a hostile attribution bias tend to __________. A) have long lives B) see the worst in people C) think poorly of themselves D) be highly successful in business

see the worst in people

What is the most commonly used research method in personality psychology? A) physiological measure B) projective test C) self-report measure D) experiment

self-report measure

Erik is interviewing participants for his research study. He has a set of questions that he asks every participant, but sometimes asks follow-up questions as needed. What type of interview is he conducting? A) longitudinal study B) projective test C) self-report questionnaire D) semi-structured interview

semi-structured interview

People can get a sense of your personality by __________. A) only reviewing your standardized test scores B) your office but not your bedroom C) only reviewing your personality test scores D) the clothes you wear

the clothes you wear

What is an International Review Board? A) the entity that will decide if the research fits ethical guidelines B) the entity that will decide what the research should focus on C) the entity that the researchers need to join in order to be permitted to collect data D) the entity that will analyze the data that has been collected during a study

the entity that will decide if the research fits ethical guidelines

Which of the following measures is typically of most interest to personality researchers? A) the most frequent score B) the score that falls in the middle of all the scores C) the distribution of scores D) the score calculated by adding all participants' scores and dividing by the number of scores

the score calculated by adding all participants' scores and dividing by the number of scores

What does correlation measure? A) the acquiescence response set B) the statistical relationship between two variables C) the average score D) internal validity

the statistical relationship between two variables

What is the "Barnum effect"? A) the tendency for people to react strongly to negative statements about themselves B) the tendency for people to behave oddly when complimented C) the tendency for people to believe vague, negative statements about themselves D) the tendency for people to believe vague, positive statements about themselves

the tendency for people to believe vague, positive statements about themselves

What is the independent variable in an experiment? A) the variable that the researcher manipulates B) the outcome variable C) the variable that is often interchangeable with the confounding variable D) the variable that is set apart from the other manipulated variables

the variable that the researcher manipulates

Psychologists explain behaviors using the concept of __________, which is based on the idea that some people reliably behave differently than other people. A) terms referring to temporary states B) traits C) descriptive terms D) clusters

traits

The relatively stable tendencies of individuals are called __________. A) foundations B) factors C) traits D) pillars

traits

Kai is using multiple assessment methods to learn about one aspect of personality. Kai is employing what method? A) reinforcement B) multiple-choice C) inter-rater reliability D) triangulation

triangulation

Which of the following terms is critical to defining the term personality? A) usual pattern B) inconsistent thinking C) conscientious D) situational behavior

usual pattern

What are confounding variables? A) variables that determine when related items have a positive correlation B) variables that make it look like the two original variables are causing each other C) variables that most researchers forget to consider D) variables that determine when related items have a negative correlation

variables that make it look like the two original variables are causing each other

Which of the following scenarios provides the most accurate representation of someone's personality? A) talking to someone moments after a breakup B) looking at people eat spaghetti the day before running a marathon C) watching people brush their teeth before going out on a date D) walking into someone's dorm room on a typical weekday afternoon

walking into someone's dorm room on a typical weekday afternoon

When is the use of informant reports particularly helpful? A) when a personality study is seeking to understand undesirable traits B) when a personality study is looking to collect biological data C) when a personality study doesn't have the funding to conduct a self-report questionnaire D) when a personality study is seeking to find out about illegal behavior

when a personality study is seeking to understand undesirable traits

If you are a personality researcher, which of the following is the best way of measuring behavior to best predict personality? A) when situational influences are strong B) when behavior is measured through genetic tests C) when behavior is measured once D) when behavior is averaged across several days

when behavior is averaged across several days

What is a many labs approach? A) when different groups of researchers attempt to replicate the results of the same study B) when large labs provide resources to smaller labs to maximize time and resources C) when researchers alternate the labs they work in D) when many labs compete for funding

when different groups of researchers attempt to replicate the results of the same study

What is at the core of the person-situation debate? A) whether a person's behavior is influenced more by personality or a particular situation B) whether situations make people do bad things C) whether personality is due to genetics or environment D) whether people shape the situation they are in

whether a person's behavior is influenced more by personality or a particular situation

What is the difference between the person-situation debate and the nature-nurture debate? A) The person-situation debate asks whether personality exists at all and the nature-nurture debate asks about what causes personality. B) The person-situation debate asks whether personality is important and the nature-nurture debate asks why personality exists. C) The person-situation debate asks what causes personality and the nature-nurture debate asks why personality exists. D) The person-situation debate asks what causes personality and the nature-nurture debate asks about the environment's influence on personality.

The person-situation debate asks whether personality exists at all and the nature-nurture debate asks about what causes personality

What makes a research finding statistically significant? A) The researcher can determine the significance of the correlation. B) Multiple studies replicate the same finding. C) The sample size is larger than 10 participants. D) The probability is less than 5% that the results are due to random chance.

The probability is less than 5% that the results are due to random chance

Which researcher's work launched the person-situation debate? A) Walter Mischel B) Sigmund Freud C) George Mead D) Stanley Milgram

Walter Mischel

The person-situation debate tried to settle which question? A) What situations lead to more aggressive behavior? B) Do people have consistent behavioral tendencies across situations? C) How does the situation influence the behavior of the person? D) Is personality determined by genetics or environment?

Do people have consistent behavioral tendencies across situations?

What is the difference between extroversion and introversion? A) Extraversion is how assertive someone is and introversion is how talkative someone is. B) Extraversion is how shy someone is and introversion is how reserved someone is. C) Extraversion is how outgoing and talkative someone is and introversion is how shy and reserved someone is. D) Extraversion is how organized someone is and introversion is how shy someone is.

Extraversion is how outgoing and talkative someone is and introversion is how shy and reserved someone is

__________ is the procedure in which potential research participants are told about the purpose of the study ahead of time. A) TAT B) Debriefing C) Informed consent D) IRB

Informed consent

How was the person-situation debate resolved? A) It was resolved by finding that the person has more of an influence than the situation. B) It was resolved by finding that the situation has more of an influence than the person. C) The debate has not been resolved. D) It was resolved by concluding that both the person and the situation have about equal influence, and that the person and situation also interact to predict behavior.

It was resolved by concluding that both the person and the situation have about equal influence, and that the person and situation also interact to predict behavior

What do we know about how personality appears online? A) Only introverted people tend to be more extraverted online. B) The Internet has made typically conscientious people unconscientious. C) Social media typically distorts people's true personalities. D) People's personalities tend to match up with their online activities and profiles.

People's personalities tend to match up with their online activities and profiles

Jamar is debating a friend about the definition of personality. Which of the following claims should he use in his argument? A) Personality is most accurately displayed in a heated moment. B) Personality is best understood across time and situations. C) Personality is less about the person and more about situations. D) Personality is best understood when people feel uncomfortable in their environment.

Personality is best understood across time and situations

Which of the following statements about personality is true? A) Personality does not really exist. B) Personality is shaped by many factors. C) Personality is shaped more by birth order than by peers. D) Personality is shaped almost exclusively by genetics.

Personality is shaped by many factors

Why are experiments not often used in personality psychology? A) Experiments do not go far enough in proving causation. B) Projective tests have proven to be much more reliable. C) Random assignment is very difficult. D) The funding is frequently not available.

Random assignment is very difficult

__________ is a measure of how far a score is from the average in a normal distribution. A) Mode B) Mean C) Standard deviation D) Median

Standard deviation

Which of the following statements regarding the Big Five is true? A) The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to reproduce but tells us little about our ability to survive. B) The Big Five is interesting in many ways but tells us little about our ability to survive and reproduce. C) The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive but tells us little about our ability to reproduce. D) The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive and reproduce.

The Big Five includes important information about people's ability to survive and reproduce.

What is the main reason social desirability scales are useful in research? A) These scales help researchers measure the reliability of other scales. B) These scales help researchers measure extraversion vs. introversion. C) These scales measure how many friends someone has. D) These scales are used to screen out people who may not be telling the truth.

These scales are used to screen out people who may not be telling the truth.

Why are open practices important? A) They are much less expensive than traditional research methods. B) They protect the researchers from others who want to perform the same research. C) They allow for a more diverse participation pool. D) They allow for greater transparency among researchers.

They allow for greater transparency among researchers

One night, a young couple gets into a loud fight, disturbing their neighbors. Which of these explanations falls on the person side of the person-situation debate? A) They must have been drinking. B) They were both aggressive types. C) It was the end of the semester, so they were stressed and tired. D) She just told him she was unexpectedly pregnant.

They were both aggressive types

Personality is defined as __________. A) the influence of genetics on our behavior B) how different life situations shape behavior C) a person's usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts D) how we interact with our friends

a person's usual pattern of behavior, feelings, and thoughts

According to the text, researchers recorded all of the __________ in an English-language dictionary that could be used to describe people. A) adjectives B) verbs C) nouns D) clusters

adjectives

Studying the speeches of U.S. presidents to assess personality is done using __________. A) archival research B) projective tests C) meta-analysis D) experiments

archival research