Psychology Test 2 Material (Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8)

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Discrimination

levels of awareness

Levels of this include higher-level consciousness , lower-level consciousness, altered states of consciousness, subconscious awareness, and no awareness

Which of the following statements is true of marijuana?

Marijuana can trigger increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors.

_____ in operant conditioning occurs when the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something undesirable.

Negative reinforcement

According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams

result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep

conciousness

an individuals awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal, including awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus

June had dinner at an Indian restaurant and had food poisoning as a result. This caused her to gag at the sight of any Indian food. June's reaction to Indian food best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

generalization

awareness

includes awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experiences

Cylia fails to figure out the solution to a puzzle given by her friend. However, on her drive home, she figures out the solution to the puzzle even though she wasn't thinking about the puzzle. In this scenario, Cylia is demonstrating the altered state of consciousness called

incubation

theory of mind

individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

In the context of operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

shaping

Which of the following statements is true of MDMA (Ecstasy)?

It has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties

Which of the following statements is true of narcolepsy?

It is triggered by extreme emotional reactions

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

It often takes less time than operant conditioning

Which of the following statements is true of REM sleep?

The longer the period of REM sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming

reticular activating system

a network of structures including the brain stem medulla, and thalamus that are involved in the experience of arousal and engagement with the environment

Bethany is experiencing headaches, lethargy, and difficulty concentrating at work. Which of the following drugs is she most likely to have stopped using?

caffeine

People who are easily hypnotized usually

can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity

somnambulism

formal terms for sleep walking, occurs in the deepest stages of sleep.

Josh has been experiencing excruciating pain ever since his bike accident. Though he had been successfully operated, he often complains of agonizing pain in his right shoulder. Karen, his girlfriend, tells him that he can harness the power of his mind to overcome pain by concentrating his thoughts on the pain—not by trying to avoid it. Karen is referring to

meditation

Rebecca lives in Boston. Her friend, Serena, just flew in from Denver. To help Serena adjust to the new time zone, Rebecca should

offer her a dose of melatonin

Jennifer accidentally plays a radio channel that she has never heard before. She loves the music it plays and as a result, she plays only that channel whenever she wants to listen to music. In this scenario, Jennifer's behavior has most likely been learned through _____ in operant conditioning.

positive reinforcement

In operant conditioning, a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur is known as a(n)

punishment

In classical conditioning, the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning is known as

spontaneous recovery

stream of consciousness

term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

controlled processes

the most alert states of human consciousness, during which

arousal

the physiological state of being engaged with the environment

metacognition

the process by which we think about thinking

Extinction in classical conditioning is

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.