Psychology Test 2 Review Questions

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called: reinforcement. learning. respondent behavior. acquisition.

learning

Conscious memories regarding facts and general knowledge fall into which memory category? semantic episodic effortful automatic

semantic

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model we record information in which order? short-term memory, sensory memory, encoded memory sensory memory, encoded memory, long-term memory sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory

sensory, short-term, long-term

Arshie is trying to train his dog to do a trick. First, he gives his dog a treat for paying attention. Next, he gives his dog a treat for beginning the trick. Each time the dog gets closer to performing the trick, Arshie gives him a treat. Rewarding successive approximations toward behavior is known as: the law of effect. shaping. reinforcement training. stimulus learning.

shaping

This activated memory holds a few items—for example, the seven digits of a phone number—briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. short-term memory sensory memory long-term memory implicit memory

short term

What is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response called? operant behavior generalization acquisition spontaneous recovery

spontaneous recovery

___________ memory refers to the retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas ___________ memory refers to memory for facts and experiences. Explicit; declarative Implicit; explicit Implicit; procedural Explicit; procedural

Implicit; explicit

Which is NOT true about Binet's beliefs about intelligence? a. Intelligence is difficult to define b. Intelligence is composed of multiple abilities c. Intelligence changes with age and education d. Intelligence is innate and permanent

Intelligence is innate and permanent

The law of effect laid the foundation for: Pavlov's studies of conditioned salivation in dogs. studies of respondent behavior. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement. the study of classical conditioning.

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement

The American revision of Binet's original intelligence test was called: the Stanford-Binet. the Harvard-Binet. the Oxford-Binet. the Wisconsin-Binet.

Stanford-Binet

What happened after Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat? a. Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. b. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response (UR). c. Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not to other furry animals or to fuzzy objects. d. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished when repeated after five days.

Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

Who first proposed the law of effect, that rewarded behavior is likely to recur? Ivan Pavlov Thomas Watson B. F. Skinner Edward Thorndike

Thorndike

Pablo searches for a screwdriver that is nowhere to be found. What he fails to recognize is that a coin in his pocket would easily turn the screw. This oversight best illustrates: a fixation or mental set. the availability heuristic. belief perseverance. the framing effect.

a fixation or mental set

A police officer asks a witness how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember __________ a more serious accident, than if the officer had used the word 'hit'. a less serious accident, than if the officer had used the word 'hit'. no details of the accident, because police officers are intimidating. The officer's wording should not affect the witness' memory.

a more serious accident, than if the officer had used the word 'hit'.

Which of the following best describes Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? a slow decline in retention over time a rapid decline in retention over time a rapid initial decline in retention, becoming stable thereafter a slow initial decline in retention, becoming rapid thereafter

a rapid initial decline in retention, becoming stable thereafter

The hospital where Josh works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _________________, for treating people having heart attacks. heuristics concepts algorithms prototypes

algorithms

In Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment, children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were ______________ Less likely to imitate, if they saw the model being punished More likely to imitate, if they saw the model being rewarded More likely to imitate, if they saw that there were no consequences for the model's behavior All of the above

all of the above

Memories of highly emotional events (sometimes called flashbulb memories) are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the: amygdala. hippocampus. cerebellum. basal ganglia.

amygdala

Adam suffered a brain injury in a motorcycle accident that makes it impossible for him to form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates: repression. retroactive interference. anterograde amnesia. source amnesia.

anterograde amnesia

Heavily advertised brands of food are bought more than the brands that have better taste but not advertised. This consumer behavior is due to Belief perseverance Mental set Availability heuristic Confirmation bias

available heuristic

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop: categories. prototypes. heuristics. algorithms.

categories

Implicit memory formation (e.g., classically conditioned response to coffee smell in the morning) is dependent on this brain structure. hippocampus amygdala frontal lobes cerebellum

cerebellum

Rats seem to develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called: mirror neurons. extrinsically motivated maps. intrinsically motivated maps. cognitive maps.

cognitive maps

_______________ study an individual's mental activities, examining the logical and illogical manner in which we create concepts, solve problems, and make decisions. Behavioral psychologists Cognitive psychologists Social psychologists Biological psychologists

cognitive psychologists

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n): prototype. heuristic. concept. mental set.

concept

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: a. respondent behavior b. operant behavior c. unconditioned response d. conditioned response

conditioned response

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet a dog, but he will pet cats. This reaction best illustrates: an unconditioned response (UR). operant conditioning. generalization. discrimination.

discrimination

Memory researchers confirmed Ebbinghaus' early findings that ___________ is superior to ______________ in facilitating information retention over longer periods of time. massed practice; distributed practice distributed practice; massed practice

distributed practice; massed practice

____________ is our brief sensory memory of auditory stimuli. This type of memory only lasts for about 3 to 4 seconds before fading away. Iconic memory Echoic memory Implicit memory Semantic memory

echoic memory

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. Which of the following theories of forgetting provides the best explanation for this memory failure? memory decay interference encoding failure. Source amnesia

encoding failure

Rebecca's mom asked her whether she'd seen her car keys anywhere. Rebecca replies: "I saw you put them in your inside coat pocket when we were unloading groceries last night. And you were wearing your purple coat." Rebecca is clearly demonstrating superior ______________ memory. Semantic Episodic Implicit Procedural

episodic

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous Little Albert study? the loud clanging sound the sight of the white rat fear in response to the loud clanging sound fear in response to the sight of the rat

fear in response to the sight of the rat

A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly (e.g., solving novel logic problems) decreases slowly up to about age 75, then more rapidly, especially after age 85. This type of ability is also known as: spatial intelligence. emotional intelligence. crystallized intelligence. fluid intelligence.

fluid intelligence

According to Spearman, ______________ underlies even specific mental abilities, such that it is measured by many tasks on an intelligence test. emotional intelligence crystallized intelligence general intelligence (g) fluid intelligence

general intelligence

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, the exams are said to: be reliable. have content validity. be standardized. have predictive validity.

have content validity

_______________ refers to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes. Behavior genetics Intelligence variation Heritability Evolutionary influence

heritability

The _____________ is the brain organ involved in formation of explicit episodic memories for long-term storage. amygdala cerebellum basal ganglia hippocampus

hippocampus

Over time, animals tend to revert from newly learned habits to their biologically predisposed behaviors. This is an example of: latent learning. instinctive drift. taste aversion. psychological influences on learning.

instinctive drift

You are conducting a multisite trial for a large pharmaceutical company, one requirement of which is to select a scale that will consistently provide objective data on a weekly basis for depression. You need the scale to be consistent and change gradually only in response to the positive effects of the drug being tested. You need a scale with the following attributes: it can work longitudinally. it is standardized, reliable, and valid. it is standardized only. it is standardized and reliable.

it is standardized, reliable, and valid

The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of: mirror neurons. modeling. latent learning. observational learning.

latent learning

People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain. observational learning latent learning mirror neuron cognitive mapping

mirror neuron

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of: hierarchies. the peg-word system. a mnemonic device. the spacing effect.

mnemonic device

With this condition people cannot recall events from their past. anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia retrieval failure priming failure

retrograde amnesia

Identical twins raised together have intelligence test scores that are: nearly as similar as those of a single person taking the same test twice. as different from each other as fraternal twins raised together. as different as any siblings raised together. nearly as similar as those of fraternal twins raised together.

nearly as similar as those of a single person taking the same test twice.

Matt regularly buckles his seatbelt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer. This best illustrates the value of: positive punishment. negative reinforcement. negative punishment. positive reinforcement.

negative reinforcement

For conditioning to occur, a(n) ____________ must repeatedly come before a(n) unconditioned stimulus. a. unconditioned stimulus (US) b. conditioned response (CR) c. unconditioned response (CR) d. neutral stimulus (NS)

neutral stimulus

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: observable behavior. cognitive processes. genetic predispositions. emotional outcomes.

observable behavior

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates: acquisition. associative learning. respondent behavior. observational learning.

observational learning

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called operant conditioning. observational learning. reinforcement. latent learning.

observational learning

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find that attention enjoyable. In this example, attention would be: negative reinforcement. negative punishment. positive reinforcement. positive punishment.

positive reinforcement

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children with autism spectrum disorder, a therapist might squirt water at them whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: positive punishment. negative reinforcer. conditioned reinforcer. negative punishment.

positive reinforcement

We more quickly recognize a blue jay than a penguin as a bird because the blue jay more closely resembles our ___________ of a bird. heuristic prototype algorithm concept

prototype

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions since he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using: recall of the information. recognition of the information. retention of the information. relearning the information.

recognition of the information

When retested on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), a second score generally matches the first score quite closely. This indicates that the test has a high degree of: reliability. content validity. standardization. predictive validity.

reliability

Research has shown that more forgetting occurs when a person stays awake after learning and is then exposed to other new material. This demonstrates which of the following? retroactive interference proactive interference the misinformation effect source amnesia

retroactive interference

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that: rewards are more effective than punishment in changing behavior. the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS) for conditioning to occur. learning occurs only for sights and sounds. learning occurs only if a response is followed by reinforcement.

the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS) for conditioning to occur.

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed into your eye is a(n): unconditioned response (UR). unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS).

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response is called a(n): conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US). unconditioned response (UR). neutral stimulus (NS).

unconditioned stimulus

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): a. unconditioned response (UR). b. conditioned stimulus (CS). c. conditioned response (CR). d. unconditioned stimulus (US).

unconditioned stimulus

___________ is the extent to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure. Representativeness Reliability Standardization Validity

validity

Pop quizzes at college and random checks of quality in a factory are examples of the ____________ schedule of reinforcement. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

variable-interval

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even because the next hand will surely be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule. fixed-interval variable-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

variable-ratio

_________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds the central executive component, governing the storage units by allocating attention resources to multiple tasks that an organism has to engage into as it solves a problem or works toward a goal. Working memory Iconic memory Automatic processing Shallow processing

working memory