Psychology test 2.5-3.5

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

Research on intelligence tests must be especially mindful of ethical principles related to confidentiality of data. A major reason for this is best described by which of the following? Responses

Intelligence test scores have been used to determine access to opportunities such as jobs and education.

To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using which of the following memory concepts? Responses

the method of loci

Which of the following scenarios best describes the monocular depth cue of relative size?

Yvonne judges the distance of an object based on how large the image is on the retina.

Dr. Adedeji is trying to measure the capacity of her students' short-term memories. She shows them a long series of numbers on a display for several seconds, and then has them write down as many numbers as they can remember in order. Dr. Adedeji has the students complete a survey in which she asks them "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being highly effective, how well did you remember the numbers?" She concludes that her students have exceptionally good memories, as most of her students rated themselves as "highly effective." Which of the following best explains Dr. Adedeji's inaccurate conclusion?

Dr. Adedeji's survey led to self-report bias.

Dr. Sanjay conducted a study to determine whether eating breakfast affects academic performance. At the beginning of the week, he gathered survey data from students in his third-grade class about whether they ate breakfast. The next day, Dr. Sanjay showed the students ten new vocabulary words. Three days later, he administered a test to the students to measure their word recall. After analyzing the data, he claimed that eating breakfast improves the ability to recall new words. Which of the following statements best explains why this is a false claim?

Dr. Sanjay cannot make cause-and-effect claims from correlational data.

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?

Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect?

Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.

After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? Responses

How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?

A computer company wants to hire a large group of employees to work in a newly opened branch of the company. The human resources department determines that the most effective way to screen applicants would be the use of intelligence testing. Which of the following is the main reason that the implementation of this screening policy would be inappropriate?

Intelligence tests can be subject to bias.

Asano is the expert for English literature on his school's trivia team. He knows the authors and main characters of many famous novels. Which of the following describes Asano's knowledge of these types of facts?

Semantic memory

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Which of the following is the operational definition of the dependent variable?

Test scores on the class material

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. Which of the following best describes the type of sample used in this study?

It was a study that involved convenience sampling.

Which of the following monocular depth cues is most represented in the image?

Linear perspective

In homes where parents do not use correct grammar, their children tend to make more grammatical errors. Which of the following concepts identifies a type of error children might make?

Overgeneralization

Professor DuVall teaches two classes of psychology. For Class Y, their first quiz consisted of multiple-choice questions. Class Z's first quiz covered the same material, but the questions required that students write a short answer for each question. Professor DuVall compared the scores for Class Y and Class Z and found that the mean score for Class Y was 76%, while the mean score for Class Z was 89%. In terms of memory retrieval processes, which of the following is consistent with this outcome?

Recall led to higher scores than recognition on this quiz.

A devoted young father reads a news report that claims many people believe men are not as intelligent in how to properly care for their children. The young father has plans to care for his child that day. Which of the following can be predicted about his performance as a caretaker based on the concept of stereotype threat?

The father will experience increased anxiety and make mistakes as a caretaker.

Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation?

The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

In an experiment evaluating encoding strategies, a researcher taught participants 15 new psychological concepts. One group took notes to help learn the concepts while the other group was asked to create a mnemonic device for each concept. In this experiment, what is the independent variable?

The method used to learn the concepts.

A group of 25 American college students who were taking introductory psychology during the spring semester participated in a study about cognition. Participants were first asked to read a story about a Russian battle from the 19th century. Later, participants were asked to write down as many details as they could remember from the story. Twenty-two out of 25 of the students changed some of the details of the story, such as referring to a "house" instead of using the Russian word "dacha" that was used in the story. If this study were to run as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

The participants must be randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

Researchers recruited student volunteers for a study about memory. Each student given a long story to read about someone experiencing a "health emergency" and then given a quiz on the details of the story a week later. In Group 1, the participants had to read the study each night for a week. In Group 2, the participants were told to read the story 5 times the night before the quiz. After the study was over, the student participants were told the real reason for the study before they left. The data collected are presented in the table. Which of the following best explains why Group 1 remembered more details of the story than Group 2?

distributed practice

Dr. Fredericks is interested in studying how quickly people forget what they learn in class. He teaches a class on biological psychology on a Monday. On Tuesday, he gives the class a quiz asking the students about details from the previous class. Which of the following procedures should Dr. Fredericks have followed to avoid the confounding variable of experimenter bias?

double-blind

In a research study on the multi-store method of memory, one group of randomly assigned high school students were given 5 minutes to rehearse details about a stimulus after being exposed to it for 15 seconds. A second group were not given time to rehearse the details of the stimulus. Which of the following research designs best represents this study?

experiment

A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using which of the following memory concepts?

maintenance rehearsal

Short-term memory is best described in which of the following ways?

memory that can hold only a small amount of information

A researcher evaluated over 300 studies where algorithms were used to predict the future of the stock market. This study determined that Algorithms accurately predicted the stock market within three percentage points on average. These findings were later provided to individuals who follow the market to inform them about when to sell or buy stocks. Which of the following research techniques best represents the research described?

meta-analysis

Amirah attended a concert for her favorite band. As the band played her favorite song, Amirah sang along and repeated one of the lyrics incorrectly. Another person nearby heard the mistake and told her she had made a mistake, Amirah was confident she heard and sang the lyric correctly. What term best describes Amirah's belief? Responses

overconfidence

Breonna and Peyton have been dating for six months. Breonna invited Peyton to attend her family's annual picnic. Throughout the day, Breonna's many family members were talking loudly, laughing, and teasing each other. At the end of the day, Peyton asked Breonna why many of the family members seemed angry at each other. Breonna was surprised by Peyton's question and thought everyone enjoyed the day. Which of the following concepts best explains why Peyton and Breonna had very different observations at the picnic?

perceptual set

Josie was given a password by her teacher. To remember the password, she repeated it in her mind multiple times until she typed it into her login screen a few moments later. Which of the following concepts was at work?

phonological loop

Cognitive psychologist Dr. Leary designed a study to investigate perception. They asked the participants in Group 1 to read a story about a rabbit and a turtle. Participants in Group 2 did not read the story. Next, participants looked at a series of ambiguous drawings and identified what they saw. Their observations were recorded and categorized. The results are depicted in the graph. Which of the following concepts best applies to the results of Group 1?

priming

Researchers want to examine if there is a difference between the retention of implicit versus explicit memories. To conduct this research as an experiment, which of the following would be necessary?

random assignment

Ten students were expected to learn about the geography of the major rivers, mountains, and cities of the US state of Arizona. Half of the students were given an unlabeled map and expected to fill in the information they learned from memory. The other half was given the same unlabeled map but had a word bank of terms to choose from. The students' scores are represented in the table. What conclusion can you make based on the data?

recognition is easier than recall

One night, Noel went to a new restaurant. While waiting for her meal, she could not ignore the slurping sound the other diners made while eating. She was so focused on that sound that she could not even enjoy her meal. Which of the following concepts explains Noel's experience?

selective attention

David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? Responses

self-reference

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy?

semantic encoding

A group of researchers are investigating how different studying strategies impact how much participants remember on a test. They recruit 50 participants and have half of the participants study by just reading a passage over and over for 10 minutes. The other half of the participants spend five minutes reading the passage one time and then answering a series of multiple-choice questions on the material for another five minutes. Finally, the participants write down as many facts from the reading passage as they can in three minutes. Which of the following is the dependent variable of the study?

the number of facts the participants remember during the test phase

A researcher wants to determine which studying technique would be more effective: massed practice or distributed practice. The researcher randomly assigns 30 students to two groups and gives them a list of vocabulary words to remember. One of the groups uses a massed practice technique. The other uses a distributed practice technique. The researcher gives the students a quiz four days later to see how well they remembered their list of words. He compared the scores for both groups. What is the dependent variable in this study?

the vocabulary quiz scores

Robyn finds a computer repair service online. She silently repeats the phone number in her mind until she locates her phone to call the repair service. Which memory system is most useful for Robyn in this scenario?

working memory

Clive Wearing is an individual involved in a well-known case study examining anterograde amnesia. Clive experienced a high fever which led to damage to the hippocampus nearly 40 years ago. Since that time, Clive has not been able to encode new memories and, by some estimations, can only hold a thought for 7 to 9 seconds. Which of the following is an ethical consideration regarding the case of Clive Wearing?

We should not know Clive's identity, especially while he is still living.

Researchers repeatedly presented a picture of a goat along with other animals and asked participants to rank how closely the picture of the goat matched their prototype of a "mammal." Participants used a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "not at all like my prototype of a mammal" to 5 meaning "exactly like my prototype of a mammal." The graph depicts the rankings of each participant based on the number of exposures. What type of research has been conducted?

correlational study

Dr. Meerdink wants to know if creativity varies throughout the day. In a morning class, she asks her college students to list as many uses as possible for a stick. On the same day 12 hours later, she asks students in an evening class to list as many uses as possible for a stick. Which of the following factors is the dependent variable?

creativity

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Which of the following elements of Dr. Keith's research would most strengthen Dr. Keith's ability to infer a causal relationship between caffeine intake and improved focus and attention? Responses

Dr. Keith keeps conditions the same between the two groups except for the independent variable.

Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?

When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

The line graph has 10 data points. The values are approximate. The data for the line graph are as follows:Less than $20,000: Test score 120$20,000 to $40,000: Test score 128$40,000 to $60,000: Test score 139$60,000 to $80,000: Test score 146$80,000 to $100,000: Test score 152 $100,000 to $120,000: Test score 159$120,000 to $140,000: Test score 161$140,000 to $160,000: Test score 165$160,000 to $200,000: Test score 168More than $200,000: Test score 180 A researcher gave a group of college students a driving test and then collected data about their household income. Using the information in the graph, which of the following statements is most accurate?

There is a positive correlation between family income and driving test scores.

Students in Dr. Milne's Introduction to Psychology class met three times a week in a large, windowless lecture hall. Students had the option of taking their final comprehensive exam in the same lecture hall, or in smaller classroom on the other side of campus. The results from the final exam are depicted in the table. Which of the following memory processes could help explain the differences between these two groups?

Context-dependent memory

Dr. Adeyemi obtains IRB approval for a study examining the effects of growth mindset versus fixed mindset on people's motivation for learning new information. They recruit 80 participants and receive informed consent from them. Participants then complete a questionnaire about learning strategies. Next, the participants are told that, based on their results, they are either able to readily learn new information or that they will struggle to learn new information. In reality, this questionnaire is meaningless, and participants are randomly told fake results. After hearing their results, the participants are then tested on their ability to learn complex new information. In terms of ethical procedures, after the data are collected, it will be important for Dr. Adeyemi to do which of the following?

Fully debrief the participants on the deception involved in the study.

Dr. Keith conducted a study to investigate whether caffeine improves focus and attention. He selected a random sample of students from his college class and then randomly assigned each of them to drink a cup of coffee or a cup of water before class. At the end of class, he administered a test on their knowledge of class material presented that day. Dr. Keith found that students who drink coffee demonstrate less focus and attention, as evidenced by lower test scores, and then claimed that he expected that result all along. Based on this description, which of the following is Dr. Keith displaying?

Hindsight bias

Ms. Ritter is a high school math teacher. She believes that some people are born good at math and others are not. At the beginning of the new school term, she was informed that her incoming class had poor performance on prior standardized tests. Which of the following is a likely outcome for Ms. Ritter and the upcoming school year?

Ms. Ritter will likely see her students' poor test results during the school year as confirmation of her beliefs that math abilities are fixed.

Throughout January and the beginning of February, the first two months of a calendar year, Allison writes the previous year as the date on all her assignments instead of the current year. Allison's tendency to write the wrong year on her assignments is most likely due to which of the following?

Proactive interference

Researchers tested infants whose first language was either English or Hindi. The researchers assessed the ability of these infants to distinguish between the /ta/ versus /Ta/ sounds in Hindi at various ages. The difference in these sounds is indistinguishable to adults who speak English only. The results of this study suggest that the ability to distinguish sounds in a language other than a person's first language decreases with age. Which of the following factors best represents an operational definition of the dependent variable?

The percentage of infants capable of distinguishing between the /ta/ and /Ta/ sounds

Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child's fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study?

The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.

A researcher is studying the accuracy of people's memories when they use mnemonic devices. After studying the first 10 people, the data showed that memories using mnemonic devices were more accurate than the average's person's memories. Which of the following explains why the researcher should not draw any conclusions about the accuracy of memories using mnemonic devices yet?

The researcher should expect that the more data she collects, the more likely the results will regress to the mean.

Based on the findings presented in the graph above, a researcher proposed a study in which 100 10-year-old students would be randomly assigned to two groups. One group would be exposed to a course with instruction for a second language every day during school, and the second group would not be allowed to take a second- language course. The principal of the school agreed to the study, but students were not aware of the purpose of the study. Which of the following is the most significant ethical concern in this study?

The students did not provide informed consent.

A high school instructor wanted to see if implementing encoding strategies would help students master concepts in AP Psychology. They conduct a double-blind study in which students are randomly assigned to either the encoding strategy group or the group that continued to study as they had before. The data for each group is presented in the table. Which of the following best represents the results of this investigation?

The variation of scores for the encoding strategies group was smaller.

At the end of each class period, Professor Dodgson asks each student to write on a notecard which concepts from the class period they understood, which ones they didn't understand, and a plan for how they will approach learning any confusing concepts. This is not a required activity, but Professor Dodgson collects the cards and records which students complete them. The figure depicts student scores on the most recent test, along with how many notecards (out of 20) each student completed. Which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the data depicted in the graph?

There is a positive relationship between the use of metacognitive practices and score on the test.

Researchers tested infants whose first language was either English or Hindi. The researchers assessed the ability of these infants to distinguish between the /ta/ versus /Ta/ sounds in Hindi at various ages. The difference in these sounds is indistinguishable to adults who speak English only. The results of this study suggest that the ability to distinguish sounds in a language other than a person's first language decreases with age. Which of the following concepts best describes the formal language acquisition stage of the six-to-eight-month-old infants in the study?

babbling

Cesar is participating in a memory competition. He must memorize a long, novel string of numbers in 60 seconds, then try to recall them immediately without missing or misplacing any numbers. Which strategy should Cesar use?

chunking

Audra is working on a puzzle book and comes across the following figure. Which of the following Gestalt laws would best explain Audra's perception of the image?

closure

Darnayia has been seeing a lot of social media ads about an exciting new sports simulation game. While several of her friends say that the game is their ideal example of a video game, others who have played the game complain that it was too expensive and not as fun as they expected. Darnayia buys the game. When her mother asks her why she chose that game, Darnayia only mentions the advice she heard about the game was the best one they've ever played. Which of the following cognitive processes explains why Darnayia can justify her purchase of the expensive game and ignore her concerns over the cost?

confirmation bias

Dr. Messina conducts experiments that explore the rate at which people forget information. To conduct her research, she uses students who are taking psychology courses at her university. Which of the following best describes the type of samples Dr. Messina uses in her research?

convenience sample