Psychology Test 4
Hatfield's two factors of love
1)passionate love- intimate love. intense feeling of closeness. absence causes despair. "stupid love" 2)compassionate love- friendship love. a feeling of belonging. just like old friends.
cognitive mechanics
The "hardware" of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain as developed through evolution. Cognitive mechanics involve the spend and accuracy of the processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization.
hormonal stress theory
The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.
mitochondrial theory
The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.
socioemotional selectivity theory
The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
social clock
The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.
life span
The upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. The maximum life span of human beings is about 120 to 125 years of age.
generational inequity
The view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.
most centenarians
US, followed by Japan, China, England/Wales
possible selves
What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.
Tennov's limerance
an acute longing for someone. thinking about someone when they aren't there even to the point where it interferes with your day
contemporary life-events approach
an approach that emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaption to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.
most common chronic disorder in late adulthood
arthritis
Jack Kevorkian
assisted a number of terminally ill patients in ending their lives
disenfranchised grief
describes an individual's grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly mourned or supported
reminiscence therapy
discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group
restoration-oriented stressors
involve the secondary stressors that emerge as indirect outcomes of bereavement skills
optimization
it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies
in early adulthood, trend for leaving home, getting married, and becoming a parent
later in life
advance directive
life-sustaining procedures shall not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent
poverty in late adulthood
linked to physical and mental health problems, lower levels of physical and cognitive fitness
social support
linked with a reduction in symptoms of disease, with the ability to meet one'e own health care needs, and mortality; also decreases the probability that an older adult will be institutionalized and is associated with a lower incidence of depression
life review
looking back on one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them
Freud's theory on love
love is just sex. no such thing as love; its a physical desire
gender role expansion
masculinity and femininity becomes nearly equal
implicit memory
memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed
more self-focused stressors
men
who spends more time planning for retirement?
men
gender role cross over
men will end up slightly more feminine than women and women will end up slightly more masculine than men
fear of death and age trend
middle adults fear death the most; late adults the least
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
response-oriented stress theory, depends on how long the stressor lasts as to how many stages you go through. stages: alarm reaction- body becoming activated to the stress, shock, and counter shock; resistance- your body trying to push things back to normal; exhaustion- original symptoms reemerge much worse and begins to damage your body, decreased immune system
more important as relationships mature in middle adulthood
security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interests
respite care
services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly
grief
the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted fibers that build up in neurons
free radicals
unstable oxygen molecules
sustained attention is also referred to as
vigilance
two aspects of undernutrition in older adults
vitamin and mineral deficiency; and the role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life
parental imperative
we go from egalitarian roles to men going to more masculine roles and women going to more feminine roles
process-oriented theories
what the stressors are and how you react to them
compensation
when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential
role conflict
when you hold 2 or more roles at one time that are incompatible in any way
in late adulthood living alone is most common for what ethnic group
whites
ethnicity with least grandparent contact
whites have less frequent than hispanic and blacks
amyloid plaques
dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels
Parkinson disease
A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis.
free-radical theory
A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules, known as free radicals, that damage DNA and other cellular structures.
dual-process model
A model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: loss oriented stressors and restoration oriented stressors.
brain death
A neurological definition of death. A person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EEG recording is one criterion of brain death.
reported higher levels of religious participation, religious coping, and spirituality
African American and Caribbean Black older adults than non-Latino White older adults
palliative care
Care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity
Big Five factors of personality
Costa and McCrae's Baltimore Study: the view that personality is made up of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional stability) OCEAN
telomeres
DNA sequences that cap chromosomes
active euthanasia
Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug.
integrity versus despair
Erikson's eighth stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. This involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life had not been well spent.
generativity
Erikson's final stage; adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
highest life expectancy
Japan (82 years)
acceptance
Kubler-Ross' fifth stage of dying, in which the dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of her and his fate, and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone.
denial and isolation
Kubler-Ross' first stage of dying, in which the dying person denies that she or he is really going to die
depression
Kubler-Ross' fourth stage of dying, in which the dying person comes to accept the certainty of her or his death. A period of depression of preparatory grief may appear.
anger
Kubler-Ross' second stage of dying, in which the dying person's denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage, and envy.
bargaining
Kubler-Ross' third stage of dying, in which the dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed.
cellular clock theory
Leonard Hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capability to divide.
ethnicity in US life expectancy
Non-Latino white women, African American women, Non-Latino white men, African American men
eldercare
Physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care.
osteoporosis
a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable to this.
empty nest syndrome
a decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children
macular degeneration
a disease that involvers deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
social loneliness
a factor of integration in social networks that can provide a sense of connection with others
major depression
a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored. The person does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated. It is so widespread that it has been called the "common cold" of mental disorders
shivah
a period of 7 days, which commences with the burial
functional age
a person's actual ability to function
semantic memory
a person's knowledge about the world-- including a person's fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school, and "everday knowledge."
hospice
a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. The goals of hospice contrast with those of a hospital, which are to cure disease and prolong life.
Alzheimer disease
a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.
cataracts
a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias
possible selves trend in adulthood
acceptance of ideal and future selves decreases and acceptance of past selves increases
late-onset
after the age of 65
explicit memory
also called declarative memory.memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and state.
early-onset
before the age of 65
assimilative control strategies
changing a situation to meet one's goals
accommodating control strategies
changing one's goal to fit a given circumstances
divided attention
concentrating on more than one activity at the same time
stage of dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
perceptual speed trend in late adulthood
considerable decline
glaucoma
damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
working memory trend in late adulthood
declines
factors most likely to contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood
declines in processing speed, working memory capacity, and suppressing irrelevant information
binge drinking trend in late adulthood
decreases
brain volume trend with age
decreases
immune system trend with age
decreases
lung capacity trend with age
decreases
sense of smell/taste trend with age
decreases
sexual activity trend with age
decreases
source memory trend in late adulthood
decreases
vision trend with age
decreases
touch and pain trend with age
decreases ability to feel touch and pain
hearing trend with age
decreases mostly in late adulthood
which declines more in older adults: semantic or episodic memory
episodic declines more; but they both slightly decline
wisdom
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters
explicit and implicit memory trend in late adulthood
explicit is more likely to decline than implicit
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory
factors: passion, intimacy, commitment types: nonlove- no passion, no intimacy, no commitment; liking- no passion, no commitment, intimacy; infatuate- no intimacy, no commitment, passion; empty- no passion, no intimacy, commitment; companionate- no passion, intimacy, commitment; romantic- no commitment, intimacy, passion; fatuous- no intimacy, passion, commitment; consummate- intimacy, commitment, passion
job burnout
feeling of over involvement and excessive work demands that lead to stress in your life
cognitive aging patterns
fluid mechanics and crystallized pragmatics
loss-oriented stressors
focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work and both positive and negative reappraisals of the loss
sustained attention
focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment
selective attention
focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant
3 types of grandparenting
formal, fun-seeking, and distant
mindfulness
generating new ideas, being open to new information, and being aware of multiple perspectives
martial status trend in adults
greater in older adults than middle-aged adults
prolonged grief
grief that involves enduring despair and is still unresolved over an extended period of time.
noncognitive factors of an older adult's performance on memory tasks
health, education, and socioeconomic status
factors important in living the "good life" as an older adult
health, security, and kinship/support
chronic conditions with the greatest limitations
heart conditions, diabetes, asthma, arthritis
stress trend with age
highest at young adulthood then decreases
job performance/ trend with age
how good of a job you do at work; stays the same with age
job satisfaction/ trend with age
how much you like your job; gets better with age
marital satisfaction after children leave
increase typically
self esteem trend
increased in the twenties, leveled off in the thirties and forties, rose considerable in fifties and sixties, and then dropped significantly in the seventies and eighties
depression trend in late adulthood
increases
self-control trend in late adulthood
increases
substance abuse trend in late adulthood
increases
generativity trend
increases with age
centenarians trend
increasing about 7% a year
centenarians
individuals 100 years and older
tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) phenomenon
individuals can't quite retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it
arthritis
inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; especially common in older adults
institutional abuse
mistreatment of older adults living in facilities such as nursing homes, hospitals, or long-term care
convoy model of social relations
model in which individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive support
avelut
mourning proper
institutional move
moving into a health facility
amenity move
moving towards warmth and recreation (usually away from family)
type of dementia you can heal from
multi-infarct dementia
Wortman and Silver's pattern of grief
normal grieving- high levels of distress when you first learn of death and then decreases with time chronic grieving- high levels of distress when you first learn of death that don't decrease delayed grieving- takes a little while to hit you, then high like normal, then goes down absent grieving- really no time of high levels of distress
role strain
occupying a role for which you do not have the skills for
selection
older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains
role stream
paths through life that are opened up through adopting a new role
components of a death system
people, places or contexts, times, objects, symbols
self-efficacy
perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes
factors affecting career selection
personality, gender, family influence, genetics
ageism
prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults
Bjorklund and Bee overall model of adult development
proposition 1: things that happen to all of us that essentially do happen in a sequence that are linked to age Proposition2: we all start in different places which affects how our life goes Proposition 3: periods of stable life structure and times of different choices of paths influenced by where you start and by what you choose along the way Proposition 4: you make choice every once in a while and those choices can either be good, bad, or neutral
dark adaptation
recovering vision when going from a well-lighted room to semidarkness
Bowlby's stages of grieving
shock- numb and out of it, yearning- concerned about the separation, disorganization and despair- when you get lethargic and depressed, reorganization- getting yourself back together
older adults social networks
smaller than younger adults
types of loneliness
social and emotional
multi-infarct dementia
sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
stimulus-oriented stress theory; focus on the stress is; each significant thing has a point scale and the more points the more stressed
cognitive neuroscience
studies links between brain and cognitive functioning
infarct
temporary obstruction of blood vessels
sheloshim
the 30-day period following the burial, including shivah
perceptual speed
the ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks such as deciding whether pairs of two-digit or two-letter strings are the same or different or determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops
source memory
the ability to remember where one learned something
euthanasia
the act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities; sometimes called "mercy killing."
emotional loneliness
the affective state of feeling isolated
cognitive pragmatics
the culture-based "software programs" of the mind. It includes reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and also the type of knowledge about the self and life skills that help us to master or cope with life
neurogenesis
the generation of new neurons
dementia
the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning
fear of death and neuroticism trend
the more neurotic the more afraid of death
life expectancy
the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year. about 78 years in the US
late-onset alcoholism
the onset of alcoholism after the age of 65
aniut
the period between death and burial
cochlea
the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear
episodic memory
the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
selective optimization with compensation theory
the theory that successful aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation
activity theory
the theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives
passive euthanasia
the withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, allowing the person to die
evolutionary theory of aging
this theory states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults; thus the benefits conferred by evolutionary theory decline with age because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
fear of death and self-worth trend
those who are more disappointed in their life are more fearful of death
fear of death and religion trend
those who are not religious or highly religious fear death less than those who are moderately religious
mitochondria
tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair
kinship move
towards family and familiar
cumulative personality model
with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality
more interpersonal stressors
women
physical changes in late adulthood
wrinkles and age spots are more noticeable, get shorter, weight drops after about 60, decline in muscle and bone, move more slowly.
job alienation
you think your work is boring and meaningless; you check out
