Psychology Test 4

Hatfield's two factors of love

1)passionate love- intimate love. intense feeling of closeness. absence causes despair. "stupid love" 2)compassionate love- friendship love. a feeling of belonging. just like old friends.

cognitive mechanics

The "hardware" of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain as developed through evolution. Cognitive mechanics involve the spend and accuracy of the processes involving sensory input, visual and motor memory, discrimination, comparison, and categorization.

hormonal stress theory

The theory that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease.

mitochondrial theory

The theory that aging is caused by the decay of mitochondria, tiny cellular bodies that supply energy for function, growth, and repair.

socioemotional selectivity theory

The theory that older adults become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction, older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.

social clock

The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career.

life span

The upper boundary of life, the maximum number of years an individual can live. The maximum life span of human beings is about 120 to 125 years of age.

generational inequity

The view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving inequitably large allocations of resources.

most centenarians

US, followed by Japan, China, England/Wales

possible selves

What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.

Tennov's limerance

an acute longing for someone. thinking about someone when they aren't there even to the point where it interferes with your day

contemporary life-events approach

an approach that emphasizes that how a life event influences the individual's development depends not only on the life event, but also on mediating factors, the individual's adaption to the life event, the life-stage context, and the sociohistorical context.

most common chronic disorder in late adulthood

arthritis

Jack Kevorkian

assisted a number of terminally ill patients in ending their lives

disenfranchised grief

describes an individual's grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly mourned or supported

reminiscence therapy

discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group

restoration-oriented stressors

involve the secondary stressors that emerge as indirect outcomes of bereavement skills

optimization

it is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continued practice and the use of new technologies

in early adulthood, trend for leaving home, getting married, and becoming a parent

later in life

advance directive

life-sustaining procedures shall not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent

poverty in late adulthood

linked to physical and mental health problems, lower levels of physical and cognitive fitness

social support

linked with a reduction in symptoms of disease, with the ability to meet one'e own health care needs, and mortality; also decreases the probability that an older adult will be institutionalized and is associated with a lower incidence of depression

life review

looking back on one's life experiences, evaluating them, interpreting them, and often reinterpreting them

Freud's theory on love

love is just sex. no such thing as love; its a physical desire

gender role expansion

masculinity and femininity becomes nearly equal

implicit memory

memory without conscious recollection; involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed

more self-focused stressors

men

who spends more time planning for retirement?

men

gender role cross over

men will end up slightly more feminine than women and women will end up slightly more masculine than men

fear of death and age trend

middle adults fear death the most; late adults the least

prospective memory

remembering to do something in the future

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

response-oriented stress theory, depends on how long the stressor lasts as to how many stages you go through. stages: alarm reaction- body becoming activated to the stress, shock, and counter shock; resistance- your body trying to push things back to normal; exhaustion- original symptoms reemerge much worse and begins to damage your body, decreased immune system

more important as relationships mature in middle adulthood

security, loyalty, and mutual emotional interests

respite care

services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly

grief

the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.

neurofibrillary tangles

twisted fibers that build up in neurons

free radicals

unstable oxygen molecules

sustained attention is also referred to as

vigilance

two aspects of undernutrition in older adults

vitamin and mineral deficiency; and the role of calorie restriction in improving health and extending life

parental imperative

we go from egalitarian roles to men going to more masculine roles and women going to more feminine roles

process-oriented theories

what the stressors are and how you react to them

compensation

when life tasks require a level of capacity beyond the current level of the older adult's performance potential

role conflict

when you hold 2 or more roles at one time that are incompatible in any way

in late adulthood living alone is most common for what ethnic group

whites

ethnicity with least grandparent contact

whites have less frequent than hispanic and blacks

amyloid plaques

dense deposits of protein that accumulate in the blood vessels

Parkinson disease

A chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis.

free-radical theory

A microbiological theory of aging that states that people age because when their cells metabolize energy, they generate waste that includes unstable oxygen molecules, known as free radicals, that damage DNA and other cellular structures.

dual-process model

A model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between two dimensions: loss oriented stressors and restoration oriented stressors.

brain death

A neurological definition of death. A person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EEG recording is one criterion of brain death.

reported higher levels of religious participation, religious coping, and spirituality

African American and Caribbean Black older adults than non-Latino White older adults

palliative care

Care emphasized in a hospice, which involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity

Big Five factors of personality

Costa and McCrae's Baltimore Study: the view that personality is made up of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (emotional stability) OCEAN

telomeres

DNA sequences that cap chromosomes

active euthanasia

Death induced deliberately, as by injecting a lethal dose of a drug.

integrity versus despair

Erikson's eighth stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. This involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life had not been well spent.

generativity

Erikson's final stage; adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.

highest life expectancy

Japan (82 years)

acceptance

Kubler-Ross' fifth stage of dying, in which the dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of her and his fate, and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone.

denial and isolation

Kubler-Ross' first stage of dying, in which the dying person denies that she or he is really going to die

depression

Kubler-Ross' fourth stage of dying, in which the dying person comes to accept the certainty of her or his death. A period of depression of preparatory grief may appear.

anger

Kubler-Ross' second stage of dying, in which the dying person's denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage, and envy.

bargaining

Kubler-Ross' third stage of dying, in which the dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed.

cellular clock theory

Leonard Hayflick's theory that the maximum number of times human cells can divide is about 75 to 80. As we age, our cells have less capability to divide.

ethnicity in US life expectancy

Non-Latino white women, African American women, Non-Latino white men, African American men

eldercare

Physical and emotional caretaking for older members of the family, whether by giving day-to-day physical assistance or by being responsible for overseeing such care.

osteoporosis

a chronic condition that involves an extensive loss of bone tissue and is the main reason many older adults walk with a marked stoop. Women are especially vulnerable to this.

empty nest syndrome

a decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave home, because parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children

macular degeneration

a disease that involvers deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field

social loneliness

a factor of integration in social networks that can provide a sense of connection with others

major depression

a mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, self-derogatory, and bored. The person does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated. It is so widespread that it has been called the "common cold" of mental disorders

shivah

a period of 7 days, which commences with the burial

functional age

a person's actual ability to function

semantic memory

a person's knowledge about the world-- including a person's fields of expertise, general academic knowledge of the sort learned in school, and "everday knowledge."

hospice

a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible. The goals of hospice contrast with those of a hospital, which are to cure disease and prolong life.

Alzheimer disease

a progressive, irreversible brain disorder characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical function.

cataracts

a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

a transitional state between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early Alzheimer disease and other dementias

possible selves trend in adulthood

acceptance of ideal and future selves decreases and acceptance of past selves increases

late-onset

after the age of 65

explicit memory

also called declarative memory.memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and state.

early-onset

before the age of 65

assimilative control strategies

changing a situation to meet one's goals

accommodating control strategies

changing one's goal to fit a given circumstances

divided attention

concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

stage of dying

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

perceptual speed trend in late adulthood

considerable decline

glaucoma

damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye

working memory trend in late adulthood

declines

factors most likely to contribute to the decline in fluid mechanics in late adulthood

declines in processing speed, working memory capacity, and suppressing irrelevant information

binge drinking trend in late adulthood

decreases

brain volume trend with age

decreases

immune system trend with age

decreases

lung capacity trend with age

decreases

sense of smell/taste trend with age

decreases

sexual activity trend with age

decreases

source memory trend in late adulthood

decreases

vision trend with age

decreases

touch and pain trend with age

decreases ability to feel touch and pain

hearing trend with age

decreases mostly in late adulthood

which declines more in older adults: semantic or episodic memory

episodic declines more; but they both slightly decline

wisdom

expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters

explicit and implicit memory trend in late adulthood

explicit is more likely to decline than implicit

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory

factors: passion, intimacy, commitment types: nonlove- no passion, no intimacy, no commitment; liking- no passion, no commitment, intimacy; infatuate- no intimacy, no commitment, passion; empty- no passion, no intimacy, commitment; companionate- no passion, intimacy, commitment; romantic- no commitment, intimacy, passion; fatuous- no intimacy, passion, commitment; consummate- intimacy, commitment, passion

job burnout

feeling of over involvement and excessive work demands that lead to stress in your life

cognitive aging patterns

fluid mechanics and crystallized pragmatics

loss-oriented stressors

focus on the deceased individual and can include grief work and both positive and negative reappraisals of the loss

sustained attention

focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

selective attention

focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant

3 types of grandparenting

formal, fun-seeking, and distant

mindfulness

generating new ideas, being open to new information, and being aware of multiple perspectives

martial status trend in adults

greater in older adults than middle-aged adults

prolonged grief

grief that involves enduring despair and is still unresolved over an extended period of time.

noncognitive factors of an older adult's performance on memory tasks

health, education, and socioeconomic status

factors important in living the "good life" as an older adult

health, security, and kinship/support

chronic conditions with the greatest limitations

heart conditions, diabetes, asthma, arthritis

stress trend with age

highest at young adulthood then decreases

job performance/ trend with age

how good of a job you do at work; stays the same with age

job satisfaction/ trend with age

how much you like your job; gets better with age

marital satisfaction after children leave

increase typically

self esteem trend

increased in the twenties, leveled off in the thirties and forties, rose considerable in fifties and sixties, and then dropped significantly in the seventies and eighties

depression trend in late adulthood

increases

self-control trend in late adulthood

increases

substance abuse trend in late adulthood

increases

generativity trend

increases with age

centenarians trend

increasing about 7% a year

centenarians

individuals 100 years and older

tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) phenomenon

individuals can't quite retrieve familiar information but have the feeling that they should be able to retrieve it

arthritis

inflammation of the joints that is accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems; especially common in older adults

institutional abuse

mistreatment of older adults living in facilities such as nursing homes, hospitals, or long-term care

convoy model of social relations

model in which individuals go through life embedded in a personal network of individuals to whom they give and from whom they receive support

avelut

mourning proper

institutional move

moving into a health facility

amenity move

moving towards warmth and recreation (usually away from family)

type of dementia you can heal from

multi-infarct dementia

Wortman and Silver's pattern of grief

normal grieving- high levels of distress when you first learn of death and then decreases with time chronic grieving- high levels of distress when you first learn of death that don't decrease delayed grieving- takes a little while to hit you, then high like normal, then goes down absent grieving- really no time of high levels of distress

role strain

occupying a role for which you do not have the skills for

selection

older adults have a reduced capacity and loss of functioning, which require a reduction in performance in most life domains

role stream

paths through life that are opened up through adopting a new role

components of a death system

people, places or contexts, times, objects, symbols

self-efficacy

perceived control over the environment and the ability to produce positive outcomes

factors affecting career selection

personality, gender, family influence, genetics

ageism

prejudice against others because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults

Bjorklund and Bee overall model of adult development

proposition 1: things that happen to all of us that essentially do happen in a sequence that are linked to age Proposition2: we all start in different places which affects how our life goes Proposition 3: periods of stable life structure and times of different choices of paths influenced by where you start and by what you choose along the way Proposition 4: you make choice every once in a while and those choices can either be good, bad, or neutral

dark adaptation

recovering vision when going from a well-lighted room to semidarkness

Bowlby's stages of grieving

shock- numb and out of it, yearning- concerned about the separation, disorganization and despair- when you get lethargic and depressed, reorganization- getting yourself back together

older adults social networks

smaller than younger adults

types of loneliness

social and emotional

multi-infarct dementia

sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

stimulus-oriented stress theory; focus on the stress is; each significant thing has a point scale and the more points the more stressed

cognitive neuroscience

studies links between brain and cognitive functioning

infarct

temporary obstruction of blood vessels

sheloshim

the 30-day period following the burial, including shivah

perceptual speed

the ability to perform simple perceptual-motor tasks such as deciding whether pairs of two-digit or two-letter strings are the same or different or determining the time required to step on the brakes when the car directly ahead stops

source memory

the ability to remember where one learned something

euthanasia

the act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities; sometimes called "mercy killing."

emotional loneliness

the affective state of feeling isolated

cognitive pragmatics

the culture-based "software programs" of the mind. It includes reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and also the type of knowledge about the self and life skills that help us to master or cope with life

neurogenesis

the generation of new neurons

dementia

the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning

fear of death and neuroticism trend

the more neurotic the more afraid of death

life expectancy

the number of years that will probably be lived by the average person born in a particular year. about 78 years in the US

late-onset alcoholism

the onset of alcoholism after the age of 65

aniut

the period between death and burial

cochlea

the primary neural receptor for hearing in the inner ear

episodic memory

the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings

selective optimization with compensation theory

the theory that successful aging is related to three main factors: selection, optimization, and compensation

activity theory

the theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives

passive euthanasia

the withholding of available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, allowing the person to die

evolutionary theory of aging

this theory states that natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults; thus the benefits conferred by evolutionary theory decline with age because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness

fear of death and self-worth trend

those who are more disappointed in their life are more fearful of death

fear of death and religion trend

those who are not religious or highly religious fear death less than those who are moderately religious

mitochondria

tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair

kinship move

towards family and familiar

cumulative personality model

with time and age people become more adept at interacting with their environment in ways that promote increased stability in personality

more interpersonal stressors

women

physical changes in late adulthood

wrinkles and age spots are more noticeable, get shorter, weight drops after about 60, decline in muscle and bone, move more slowly.

job alienation

you think your work is boring and meaningless; you check out