psychology

in what year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology

1879

which of the following is an example of situational attribution

Alexia attributes her friend's pitiable performance in the music concert to the poor sound system

obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder that is manifested in

both thought and behavior

the most prominent figure in humanistic therapy is Carl Rogers who developed

client-centers threapy

in ________ therapies, therapists apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning to treat psychological disorders

client-centrd

is the feeling of discomfort caused by information that is at odds with one's conception of oneself as a reasonable and sensible person

cognitive dissonance

in the context of the subdisciplines of psychology, which of the following is the study of how people perceive information, how they learn and remember, how they acquire and use language, and how they solve problems

cognitive psychology

claire suffers from dissociative identity disorder and exhibits traits of schizophrenia as well. the existence of two disorders at the same time shows that claire has

comorbidity

Aisha and Simone prettend to be participants, but actually work for the experimenter. In this case Aisha and Simone are considered to be

confederates

replication of study is important to

confirm the results of the study

Maria buys pink and green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same colors. Maria's behavior is an example of

conformity

any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure irrational thought patters is know as

congnitive

the ability to see things in three dimension and to discriminate what is near from what is far is termed as

depth perception

if a person exhibits behavior that is different from what most people do, that person's behavior is said to be

deviant

in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements

Feature detectors

the technique of free association was developed by

Sigmund Freud

who is considered the founder of American psychology

William James

in the context of the structure of neurons, which of the following is defined as a little knob at the end of an axon that contains tiny sacs of neurotransmitters

a terminal button

the lowest intensity levels of a stimulus a person can detect half of the time is known as

absolute threshold

stereotypes

allow for quick, but often inaccurate, impressions

by virtue of its prime location the_______ plays a key role in determining the emotional significance of stimuli, especially when they evoke fear

amygdala

Tim's behavior is extremely impulsive and reckless. he behaves in a deceptive manner and rarely cares for the views and feelings of others. additionally, he is suspected to be involved in criminal activities.

antisocial personality disordr

a variable can be defined as

anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals

the myelin sheath insulates the __________ so that an impulse travels more efficiently and strengthens the connection to adjacent neurons

axon

asserts that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives

behaviorism

refers to the difference in retinal images due to the fact that human eyes are separated by few inches and is an important cue is depth perception

binocular disparity

the cerebellum is responsible for:

body movement, balance, coordination, and fine motor skills

somatic symptom disorder

disorder that takes bodily or physical form and mimic physical diseases but have no known physical cause or medical basis

attributions ascribe other people's behavior to something within them, such as their personality, motives, or attitudes

dispositional

the major limitation of the correlation approach is that it

does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other

a control group differs from an experimental group in that the control group

does not receive the independent variable, or treatment

which neurotransmitter's reuptake into the presynaptic neuron is blocked by cocain, leading to an increase in the neurotransmitter's availability in the synaptic cleft and stimulating feeling of euphoria

dopamine

can be defined as studies in which neither the participants nor the researchers administering the treatment know who has been assigned to which experimental conditions

double-blind studies

therapy that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure

electroconvulsive therapy

effective for severe cases of depression in people who have not responded to other therapies

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

the human body has natural painkillers called

endorphins

are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group in general or in a specific situation and new also regarded as strandards of right and wrong

ethics

gamma-animobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) __________ neurotransmitter

excitatory

according to the nature-only view, we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the product of our

experiences

is a blend of psychology, law, and criminal justice

forensic psychology

Jim, an early researcher in psychology, was interested in how the mind works. he focused on his own experience of pain in an effort to understand how and why people feel pain. jim was most likely a

functionalist

are the central nervous system cells that provide structural support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and remove cellular debris

glial cells

in_________ therapies, several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another; the therapist acts as a facilitator

group

sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is dong, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making. this phenomenon is called

groupthink

personality disorder is a dramatic0emotional personality disorder characterized by the desire to be the center of attention by exhibiting dramatic, seductive, flamboyant, and exaggerated behaviors

histrionic

developmental psychology can be best described as the study of

how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span

in the context of drug therapies, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors work by

inhibiting the reuptake process of serotonin and allowing more serotonin to bind with the postsynaptic neuron

bystander effect

is a phenomenon in which the more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them will help

which of the following statements best describes a self-serving bias

it is the tendency to make situational attributions for one's failures but dispositional attributions for one's successes

while driving on a highway, george sees a sign on a building that says "MO_EL". george know that the building is a motel even though the sign is missing a letter because of the Gestalt

law of closure

the sense of failure that results from repeated inability to control or escape from overwhelmingly stressful situations

learned helplessness

extending directly from the spinal cord, the ________ regulates breathing, heat rate, and blood pressure

medulla

is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value

mode

is a kind of conformity that occurs when people yield to the social pressure of an authority figure

obedience

the all-or-none principle states that:

once that threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not

which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the american flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness

opponent process theroy

a treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons is known as

optogenetics

borderline personality disorder is characterized by

out-of-control emotions and fear of of being abandoned by others

in the context of psychological perspectives, which of the following is an assumption made by the humanistic-positive perspective

people strive toward meaning, growth, well-being, happiness, and psychological health

_______ is the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience

perception

stephan sees a plane flying at a distance. the plane appears to become smaller as it gets farther away from him. stephan understands that the plane is not shrinking in size in reality because of

perceptual constancy

the hypothalamus controls the ______ which is responsible for producting and controlling the hormones our bodies produce

pituitary glad

the three major categories of the symptoms of schizophrenia

positive, negative, and cognitive

the corpus callosum

provides a channel for extensive communication between the two hemispheres of the brain

in ________ therapy, dream interpretation and transference are used to uncover repressed defenses and unconscious wishes

psychodynamic

psychologist Stanley Milgram's experiments show that

reasonable people may do things that seem cruel and unusual in the presence of powerful social influence

the trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors humans experience result from a mixture of:

red, blue, and green

in the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as a process that returns excess neurotransmitter to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

reuptake

which of the following is true about schemas

schemas function like lenses through which one filters his or her perceptions

psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine the test human sensations and perception using

scientific methods

psychology is most accurately defines as

scientific study of thought and behavior

yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. psychologists call this experience

sensory adaption

occurs when the presence of others cause individuals to relax their standards

social loafing

side effects of traditional antipsychotics consists of repetitive, involuntary movements of the jaw, tongue, faced and mouth, and body tremors

tardive dyskinesia

the experience of the flavor of food results from

the combination of taste and smell

the tendency to explain other's behavior in dispositional rather that situational terms is called

the fundamental attribution error

which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night

the rods

which of the following psychological perspectives make the assumption that in order to understand people one needs to understand the place and context in which they grew up

the sociocultural perspective

what happens as a correlation approaches +1.00 or -1.00

the strength of the relationship increases

in systematic desensitization

the therapist generates a hierarchy of increasing contact with the fear object, ranging from mild to extreme

client-centers therapy holds that people have mental health problems because

there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be

is defined as the degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, such as intelligence, and not something else, and the degree to which is predicts real-world outcomes

validity

_____ therapies use digitally stimulated environments that create therapeutic situations that might be hard to create otherwise

virtual reality

personality psychology can be best defined as the study of

what makes people unique as well as the consistencies in people's behavior across time and situations