PTA 230 Q5
Define carrying angle and explain its significance in upper extremity function
Carrying angle is the natural outward angulation of the forearm within the frontal plane. It is called the carrying angle because of its function of keeping a carried object away from the body. The normal carrying angles for male=5 to 10 degrees; females=10 to 15 degrees
What is anconeus?
The action of the anconeus is elbow extension The origin of the anconeus is the posterior lateral epicondyle of the humerus The insertion of the anconeus is the olecranon process of the ulna The innervation of the anconeus is the radial nerve
What is the brachioradialis?
The action of the brachioradialis is elbow flexion (most in neutral). The origin is superior to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus The insertion is the radial styloid of the distal radius The innervation is the radial nerve
What palmaris longus?
The action of the palmaris longus is wrist flexion The origin is the medial epicondyle The insertion is the palmar aponeurosis The innervation is the median nerve
What is the pronator quadratus?
The action of the pronator quadratus is radial ulnar pronation The origin is the distal anterior ulna The insertion is the distal anterior radius The innervation is the median nerve
What is the pronator teres?
The action of the pronator teres is radial ulnar pronation The origin is the medial epicondyle The insertion is the anterior lateral radius The innervation is the median nerve
What is the supinator?
The action of the supinator is radial ulnar supination The origin is lateral epicondyle The insertions include dorsal and lateral radius The innervation is the radial nerve
What is the biceps brachii?
The actions of the biceps brachii include: humeral flexion, elbow flexion, and supination. The origin of the long head of the biceps is the supraglenoid tubercle. The origin of the short head of the biceps is the coracoid process. The insertion is the radial tuberosity of the radius. The innervation is the musculocutaneous nerve.
What is the brachialis?
The actions of the brachialis include: elbow flexion (most in pronation) The origin of the brachialis is the anterior distal 1/2 of the humerus The insertion of the brachialis is the ulnar tuberosity and anterior coronoid process
What is the extensor carpi radialis brevis?
The actions of the extensor carpi radialis brevis include wrist extension and radial deviation The origin is the lateral epicondyle The insertion is the base of the 3rd metacarpal The innervation is by the radial nerve
What is the extensor carpi radialis longus?
The actions of the extensor carpi radialis longus include wrist extension and radial deviation The origin is the lateral epicondyle The insertion is the base of the 2nd metacarpal The innervation is by the radial nerve
What is the extensor carpi ulnaris?
The actions of the extensor carpi ulnaris include wrist extension and ulnar deviation The origin is the lateral epicondyle The insertion is at the base of the 5th metacarpal The innervation is by the radial nerve
What is the extensor digitorum?
The actions of the extensor digitorum include digit 2-5 extension and wrist extension The origin is the lateral epicondyle The insertion is the digital expansions of digits 2-5 The innervation is by the radial nerve
What is the flexor carpi radialis?
The actions of the flexor carpi radialis are wrist flexion and radial deviation. The origin is the medial epicondyle The insertion is the base of the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal The innervation is by the median nerve
What is the flexor carpi ulnaris?
The actions of the flexor carpi ulnaris include: wrist flexion and ulnar deviation The origin is the medial epicondyle The insertions include the base of the 5th metacarpal, hook of the hamate, and the pisiform
What is the flexor digitorum superficialis?
The actions of the flexor digitorum superficialis are: digit 2-5 metacarpal phalangeal joint, PIP flexion, and wrist flexion The origin is the medial epicondyle The insertion is the middle phalanx of digits 2-5 The innervation is the median nerve
Whata is the triceps brachii?
The actions of the triceps brachii include humeral extension and elbow extension The origin of the long head of triceps brachii is infraglenoid tubercle The origin of the lateral head of triceps brachii is the posterior humerus The origin of the medial head of the triceps brachii is the distal posterior humerus The insertion of the triceps brachii is the olecranon process of the ulna The innervation of the triceps brachii is the radial nerve
What is the annular ligament?
The annular ligament is a thick, circular band of connective tissue that wraps around the radial head and attaches to either side of the radial notch of the ulna. The annular ligament hold the radial head firmly against the ulna, allowing it to spin freely during supination and pronation
Identify significant bony landmarks on the distal humerus-anterior
The anterior distal humerus has the trochlea, coronoid fossa, and capitulum Trochlea: spool shaped structure located on the medial side of the distal humerus that articulates with the ulna to form the humeroulnar joint Coronoid fossa: small pit located just superior to the trochlea that accepts the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is fully flexed Capitulum: lateral to the trochlea, articulates with the head of the radius to form the humeroradial joint.
What is the articular capsule?
The articular capsule is a thin, expansive band of connective tissue enclosing the humeroulnar, humeroradial, and radioulnar joints
What is the distal radioulnar joint capsule?
The distal radioulnar joint capsule is reinforced by palmar and dorsal capsular ligaments; provides stability to the distal radioulnar joint
What is the humeroradial joint?
The humeroradial joint is also known as the radiohumeral joint. The joint surface is concave radial fovea on convex capitulum of the humerus The type is uniaxial hinge joint The degrees of freedom is 1 degree The motions are flexion/extension
What is the humeroulnar joint?
The humeroulnar joint is also known as the ulnohumeral joint. The joint surface of the humeroulnar joint is concave trochlear notch of the ulna on convex trochlea of the humerus. The type of the humeroulnar joint is the uniaxial hinge joint The degree of freedom of the humeroulnar joint is 1 degree The motions of the humeroulnar joint is flexion/extension
What is the interosseous membrane?
The interosseous membrane helps bind the radius to the ulna; serves as a site for muscular attachments and a mechanism to transmit forces proximally through the forearm.
What do the joints of the elbow consist of?
The joints of the elbow include the humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, and proximal radioulnar joint.
What is the lateral collateral ligament?
The lateral collateral ligament originates on the lateral epicondyle and ultimately attaches to the lateral aspect of the proximal forearm; provides stability by resisting cubitus varus-producing forces.
What is the medial collateral ligament?
The medial collateral ligament attaches proximally to the medial epicondyle and distally to the medial aspects of the coronoid and olecranon processes; provides stability by resisting cubitus valgus-producing forces; also known as ulnar collateral ligament.
Identify significant bony landmarks on the distal humerus-posterior
The posterior distal humerus has the medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, medial and lateral supracondylar ridges, and olecranon fossa. The medial epicondyle is the prominent bone projection on the distal humerus' medial side, serving as the proximal attachment for most wrist flexor muscles, the pronator teres, and the medial collateral ligament of the elbow The lateral epicondyle is the proximal attachment for most wrist extensor muscles, supinator muscle, and lateral collateral elbow ligament The medial and lateral supracondylar ridges immediately proximal to both epicondyles The olecranon fossa is relatively deep, broad pit located on the posterior side of the distal humerus
What is the radial collateral ligament?
The radial collateral ligament is also called the lateral collateral ligament
Identify significant bony landmarks on the radius
The radius has the radial head, bicipital tuberosity (radial tuberosity), styloid process, and ulnar notch. The radial head is shaped like wide disc on proximal end of radius; superior surface consists of shallow, cup-shaped depression called the fovea that articulates with the humeral capitulum, forming the humeroradial joint. The bicipital tuberosity (radial tuberosity) is an enlarged ridge of bone located on the anterior-medial aspect of the proximal radius; primary distal attachment for the biceps brachii. The styloid process is the pointed projection of bone off the distal lateral radius. The ulnar notch is the small depression on the medial side of the distal radius that articulates with the ulnar head
What are the supporting structures of the elbow joint?
The supporting structures of the elbow joint include: articular capsule, medial collateral ligament, and lateral collateral ligament.
What are the supporting structures of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints?
The supporting structures of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints include the annular ligament, distal radioulnar joint capsule, and interosseous membrane.
What is the ulnar collateral ligament?
The ulna collateral ligament is also called the medial collateral ligament
Identify significant bony landmarks on the ulna
The ulna has the olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch, and styloid process. The olecranon process is a large, blunt, proximal tip of the ulna; rough posterior surface is the distal attachment for the triceps muscle The trochlear notch is a large "jaw-like" curvature of the proximal ulna articulating with the trochlea; inferior tip comes to a point, forming the coronoid process. The coronoid process strengthens the articulation of the humeroulnar joint by firmly "grabbing" the trochlea The radial notch is slightly inferior and lateral to the trochlear notch; articulates with radial head to form the proximal radioulnar joint. The styloid process is a pointed projection of bone that arises from the ulnar head.
Identify anatomical structures of the elbow and forearm joints, including bones, joint structures and muscles
There are four bones related to the function of the elbow and forearm complex, which include: 1. Scapula 2. Distal humerus 3. Ulna 4. Radius
What is valgus?
Valgus is when the medial collateral ligament is put on stretch
What is varus?
Varus is when the lateral collateral ligament is on stretch