PTE FIB

ORIGIN OF VACCINATION smallpox, vaccination, vaccine infection, inoculation, pus, virus bovine, consisted, controversial, controversy, cow, cowpox, extracted, immunize, infected, injecting, inoculating, mild, minor, monks, preventable, snake, substance, timoni, traced, universalized, vacca, venom, widely, worsening

According to the literature, the history of vaccination can be traced back to as early as the 7th century when the monks in India tried to immunize themselves by drinking snake venom. The first vaccination was inoculation with human smallpox, a practice widely carried out in ancient India, Arabia, and China. This method of vaccination consisted of collecting pus from a patient suffering from mild form of smallpox virus infection and inoculating the sample to a healthy human, which later led to a minor infection. This method was first introduced in England by a Greek named E. Timoni. However, this method had a risk of spreading smallpox in the community and even worsening the health condition of the person who received the inoculation. While the use of human smallpox vaccine was controversial, E. Jenner came up with bovine smallpox vaccine in 1796; this new method also faced controversy, but continued to be universalized. Smallpox became a preventable disease by injecting pus extracted from a human infected with cowpox virus. Jenner named the substance "vaccine" after the Latin word "vacca" which means "cow," and thus the process of giving vaccine became "vaccination".

BLACK DIAMONDS asteroid n. [天] 小行星 astrophysicist n. 天体物理学家 carat n. [宝][计量] 克拉 carbonado n. [矿物] 黑金刚石；烤鱼，烤肉 charcoal n. 木炭；炭笔 debris n. 碎片，残骸 deposit n. 存款；沉淀物 diameter n. 直径 drill n. & v. 钻井，钻头 exotic adj. 异域风情的 explosion n. 爆炸 expose v. 曝光 gemstone n. 宝石 infrared n. & adj. 红外的 intense adj. 强烈的；紧张的 interstellar adj. （穿梭于）星际的 meteorite n. [地质] 陨石 mysterious adj. 神秘的 polished adj. 擦亮的；圆滑的 remnant n. 残余；残留物 scatter vi. 分散，散开；散射 supernova n. [天] 超新星 titanic adj. 巨大的

An exotic type of diamond may have come to Earth from outer space, scientists say. Called carbonado or "black" diamonds, the mysterious stones are found in Brazil and the Central African Republic. They are unusual for being the colour of charcoal and full of frothy bubbles. The diamonds, which can weigh in at more than 3,600 carats, can also have a face that looks like melted glass. Because of their odd appearance, the diamonds are unsuitable as gemstones. But they do have industrial applications and were used in the drill bits that helped dig the Panama Canal. Now a team led by Stephen Haggerty of Florida International University in Miami has presented a new study suggesting that the odd stones were brought to Earth by an asteroid billions of years ago. The findings were published online in the journal Astrophysical Journal Letters on December 20. The scientists exposed polished pieces of carbonado to extremely intense infrared light. The test revealed the presence of many hydrogen-carbon bonds, indicating that the diamonds probably formed in a hydrogen-rich environment—such as that found in space. The diamonds also showed strong similarities to tiny nano-diamonds, which are frequently found in meteorites. "They're not identical," Haggerty said, "but they're very similar." Astrophysicists, he added, have developed theories predicting that nano-diamonds form easily in the titanic stellar explosions called supernovas, which scatter debris through interstellar space. The deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil, he said, probably come from the impact of a diamond-rich asteroid billions of years ago, when South America and Africa were joined. So even though the two diamond fields are now thousands of miles apart, they're remnants of a single, original deposit. Haggerty estimated that the asteroid must have been about half a mile (one kilometre) in diameter.

FLYING THE CROWDED SKIES airliner n. 班机 altitude n. 海拔，高度 aviation n. 航空，飞机制造与 bolt n. 螺栓 collision n. 碰撞，冲突 commercially adv. 商业上 drone n. 无人机 midair n. 半空中 outmoded adj. 过时的 passenger n. 乘客，旅客 remotely adv. 遥远地 rocket n. 火箭 satellite n. 卫星 swarm n. 一大群，蜂群 tourist n. 旅行者 unsettled adj. 未决定的

By 2025, government experts say, America's skies will swarm with three times as many planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help avoiding midair collisions, and with commercially operated rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space. To keep passengers moving safely and on schedule, the Federal Aviation Administration needs to replace a half-century of outmoded technology with a new air traffic control system. But almost everything about the proposed new system is unsettled, not only its digital nuts and bolts, but also the leadership, the financing and the staffing of a modern aviation network.

C.S. LEWIS barely adv. 仅仅 bitter adv. 苦的 boyhood n. 童年，少年时期 childhood n. 童年 comfortably adv. 舒服地 crammed v. 填入 fortunately adv. 幸运地 gabled adj. 有山形墙的 headmaster n. 校长 idyllic adj. 田园诗的 overgrown adj. 蔓生的，生长过度的 passage n. 段落 plague v. 困扰 poetry n. 诗 somewhat adv. 有点 strife n. 冲突 terribly adv. 非常，可怕的 unsympathetic adj. 不同情的

C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier in 1895. Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that was crammed with books - two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett. This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in England. Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland. After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.

DNA BARCODING barcoding n. 条形码，识别码 expense n. 损失 fever n. 发烧, 狂热 invent v. 发明，创造 mosquito n. 蚊子 academic adj. 学术的 barcode n. 条形码，条码技术 boon n. 恩惠，福利 consistently adv. 一贯地 cytochrome n. 细胞色素 dengue n. 登革热 devastating adj. 毁灭性的 dramatically adv. 戏剧地 extracted adj. 萃取的 genetic adj. 遗传的，基因的 goby n. 虾虎鱼 handful n. 少数 health-related 与健康相关的 identification n. 鉴定，识别 infection n. 感染，传染 malarial adj.患疟疾的 merely adv. 仅仅，只不过 mitochondria n. 线粒体 mosquito-borne adj. 蚊媒传播的 nucleus n. 核 oxidase n. 氧化酶 promisingly adv. 充满希望地 realm n. 领域，范围 reliable adj. 可靠的 sequence n. 序列，顺序 sequencing n. 排序，测序 taxonomist n. 分类学者 transmit v. 传输 undermine v. 破坏，危害 vary v. 变化 vertebrate adj. 有脊椎的 n. 脊椎动物

DNA barcoding was invented by Paul Hebert of the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada, in 2003. His idea was to generate a unique identification tag for each species based on a short stretch of DNA. Separating species would then be a simple task of sequencing this tiny bit of DNA. Dr Hebert proposed part of a gene called cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) as suitable to the task. All animals have it. It seems to vary enough, but not too much, to act as a reliable marker. And it is easily extracted, because it is one of a handful of genes found outside the cell nucleus, in structures called mitochondria. The idea worked, and it has dramatically reduced the time (to less than an hour) and expense (to less than $2) of using DNA to identify species. And thus, in July this year, Dr Victor's mystery goby became Coryphopterus kuna. It was the first vertebrate to have its DNA barcode - a sequence of about 600 genetic "letters" - included in its official description. Barcoding has taken off rapidly since Dr Hebert invented it. When the idea was proposed, it was expected to be a boon to taxonomists trying to name the world's millions of species. It has, however, proved to have a far wider range of uses than the merely academic - most promisingly in the realm of public health. One health-related project is the Mosquito Barcoding Initiative being run by Yvonne-Marie Linton of the Natural History Museum in London. This aims to barcode 80% of the world's mosquitoes within the next two years, to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes are responsible for half a billion malarial infections and 1m deaths every year. They also transmit devastating diseases such as yellow fever, West Nile fever and dengue. However, efforts to control them are consistently undermined by the difficulty and expense of identifying mosquitoes - of which there are at least 3,500 species, many of them hard to tell apart.

BURGER KING

Drive down any highway，and you'll see a proliferation of chain restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough you'll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's, and Wendy's the "big four" of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King has fallen short of claiming the burger crown, unable to surpass market leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three contender have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way," or the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent and, therefore, more reliable.

AUSTRALIA HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING

Financing of Australian higher education has undergone dramatic change since the early 1970s. Although the Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in 1974 it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability and who wished to participate in higher education.(SEE ENDNOTE 1) Since the late 1980s, there has been a move towards greater private contributions, particularly student fees. In 1989, the Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS) which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines the three main sources - Australian Government funding, student fees and charges, and HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small, HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university. This article also focuses on characteristics of university students based on their HECS liability status, and the level of accumulated HECS debt.

FOREIGN STUDENTS' ENGLISH STANDARDS benchmark n. 基准 bishop n. 主教 chancellor n. 总理，大臣 competent adj. 胜任的 export v. 出口 extraordinary adj. 非凡的，特别的 fantastically adv. 奇特地，难以置信地 intercultural adj. 不同文化间的 proficiency n. 精通，熟练 reputation n. 名声，名誉 stake n. 桩，赌注

Federal Education Minister Julie Bishop says she has seen no evidence that foreign students are graduating from Australian universities with poor English skills. Research by Monash University academic Bob Birrell has found a third of foreign students are graduating without a competent level of English. But Ms. Bishop says Australian universities only enroll foreign students once they have achieved international standards of language proficiency. "This has been an extraordinary attack by Professor Birrell on our universities," she said. "International students must meet international benchmarks in English language in order to get a place at a university in Australia and they can't get into university without reaching that international standard." University of Canberra vice chancellor Roger Dean also says international students are required to sit an English test before being admitted to nearly all Australian universities. "There are, of course, intercultural difficulties as well as language difficulties," he said. "There are, of course, also many Australian students who don't speak such fantastically good English either. So we're trying to push the standard even higher than present but it's a very useful one already." Ms Bishop says Australia's university system has high standards. "I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. "I've not seen any evidence to back that up. International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their reputation is at stake."

TV ADVERTISING

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or (practice) their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981; Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980; Macklin 1983 and 1987; Robertson and Rossiter 1974; Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are able to distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED FOODS

Genetically modified foods provide no direct benefit to consumers; the food is not noticeably better or cheaper. The greater benefit, proponents argue, is that that genetic engineering will play a crucial role in feeding the world's burgeoning population. Opponents disagree. Food First/lnstitute for Food & Development Policy asserts that the world already grows more food per person than ever before-more, even, than we can consume.

ICING AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES

Icing and anti-inflammatories will help with the pain and swelling. Vigorous massage of the knot in the muscle will help it to relax and ease the pain. Meanwhile, work on strengthening and stretching your hip, hamstring and lower-back muscles. For stretching, focus on the hamstring stretch, the hip and lower-back stretch, and the hamstring and back stretch. For strengthening, try side leg lifts.

HEART DISEASE

If you have a chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain- exercise can have important health benefits. However, it's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.

CARBON DETOX

In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not persuaded by information. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those that offer us some reward. A story that tells us that the world is cooking and that we'll have to make sacrifices for the sake of future generations is less likely to be accepted than the more rewarding idea that climate change is a conspiracy hatched by scheming governments and venal scientists, and that strong, independent-minded people should unite to defend their freedoms. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively than flinging abuse at scientists. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of resourcefulness and community action. Projects like the transition town's network and proposals for a green new deal tell a story which people are more willing to hear.

JUST-IN-TIME

It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the 'customer' is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line.

IKEBANA

More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a particolored or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an expression of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's color combinations, natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement.

VIDEO-CONFERENCING TECHNOLOGY

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivalled transmission quality.

PLAINNESS

Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you should become a slave/Victim to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and ornateness have their place, and in competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether (see the upcoming section on rhetoric).

DOES SPACE TRAVEL DAMAGE EYESIGHT? aboard prep. 在...上 astronaut n. 宇航员 capped adj. 受限，胜过 density n. 密度 faded adj. 已褪色的 partly adv. 部分地 zero-gravity 失重，零重力

Researchers already know that spending long periods of time in a zero-gravity environment — such as that inside the International Space Station (ISS) — results in loss of bone density and damage to the body's muscles. That's partly why stays aboard the ISS are capped at six months. And now, a number of NASA astronauts are reporting that their vision faded after spending time in space, with many needing glasses once they returned to Earth.

ONLINE CAMPUS attendance n. 出席，到场 definitely adv. 清楚地 entrance n. 入口 gloom n. 昏暗的 ineffectiveness n. 无效，不起作用 persist v. 存留，坚持 richness n. 丰富，富裕 transforming v. 转化

Richard Morris, of the school of accounting at the University of NSW, which requires an entrance score in the top 5 per cent of students, says attendance has been a problem since the late 1990s. "Sometimes in the lectures we've only got about one- third of students enrolled attending," he said. "It definitely is a problem. If you don't turn up to class you're missing out on the whole richness of the experience: you don't think a whole lot, you don't engage in debates with other students - or with your teachers." It is not all gloom, said Professor John Dearn, a Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Canberra, who said the internet was transforming the way students access and use information. "It is strange that despite all the evidence as to their ineffectiveness, traditional lectures seem to persist in our universities."

TRANSITIONS

School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training (Bailey, 1995). The transition process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers (Rauner, 1999). The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labour market. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for careers (DuBois-Reymond, 1998). Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviours (Furlong & Cartmel, 1997).

SOCIAL ISOLATION

Sound depressing, even apocalyptic? Well, it could be the future. If government forecasts are right, about 20 years from now, two out of five households will be single occupancy. And there is evidence the situation is already deteriorating. According to a report, Social Isolation in America, published in the American Sociological Review in 2006, the average American today has only two close friends. Twenty-five per cent of those surveyed said they do not have anyone to talk with about important things---And yet, while some are declaring a crisis in our ability to make friends, others are saying exactly the opposite. For example, MSN's Anatomy of Friendship Report, published last November, suggests that the average Briton has 54 friends - a spectacular rise of 64 per cent since 2003

STRESS KNOWS FEW BORDERS

Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too may bill to pay and not enough time or money is a common emotion that knows few borders. About three-fourths of people in the United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy South Korea and the United Kingdom say they experience stress on a daily basis, according to a polling. The anxious feelings are even more intense during the holidays. Germans feel stress more intensely than those in other countries polled. People in the US cite financial pressure as the top worry. About half the people in Britain said they frequently or sometimes felt life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries surveyed.

DARKNESS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

The increasing darkness in the Northern Hemisphere this time of year "indicates to the plant that fall is coming on. So it starts recouping materials from the leaves before they drop off. Evergreens protect their needle-like foliage from freezing with waxy coatings and natural "antifreezes." But broadleaf plants, like sugar maples, birches, and sumacs, have no such protections. As a result, they shed their leaves. But before they do, the plants first try to salvage important nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. 这个单词考试时候被替换了

EVALUATING A CAREER DECISION clinical adj. 临床的 alleviate v. 减轻，缓和 bedside n. 床边 bioscience n. 生物科学 cruel adj. 残酷的，残忍的 dissipate v. 驱散 diverge v. 分叉，偏离 elderly adj. 上年纪的 kaleidoscope n. 万花筒 nonetheless adv. 尽管如此 occasionally adv. 偶尔，间或 occupation n. 职业 organism n. 有机体 physician n. 医师 profession n. 职业 retain v. 保持 scrutinize v. 详细检查 severe adj. 严峻的 surgeon n. 外科医生 textbook n. 教科书 vivid adj. 生动的 weighty adj. 重的

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I didn't put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However, when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career. Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basic research that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.

ALASKA'S ALEUTIAN ISLANDS

Alaska's Aleutian Islands have long been accustomed to shipwrecks. They have been part of local consciousness since a Japanese whaling ship ran aground near the western end of the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic archipelago in 1780, inadvertently naming what is now Rat Island when the ship's infestation scurried ashore and made itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the islands.

ENTREPRENEURS

Entrepreneurs seek the best opportunities for production and coordinate all the other resources in order to carry them out. An entrepreneur visualizes needs and takes the necessary actions to initiate the process by which they will be met. This often means classifying and taking risks.

Plants & Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band's decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering, Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their in own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It's a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward.

Plants & Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band's decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering, Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their in own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It's a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward.

MAN'S BEST FRIEND: DOG

A dog may be man's best friend. But man is not always a dog's. Over the centuries selective breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf. Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as pathologies. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The ancestry of pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their litter size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with. Moreover, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America's National Human Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal experimental animal.

PREPOSITION

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots of muscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are almost constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massage aims to break." The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand. So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."

ADVERTISEMENT

Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive presence reflects the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And without advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller place.

AN ECCENTRIC MIX OF LANGUAGE

An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand abandon. A "kariya" woman is a career woman, and a "manshon" is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language have prompted Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a wider audience. As a result, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese because no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. When the word "cool" traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. On the other hand, someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, "cool." Similarly, a hotto person is one who is easily excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment.

ARABIC MBA IN EDINBURGH industrial adj. 工业的 intake n. 摄取量，引入 profile n. 侧面，轮廓 proud adj. 自豪的 reception n. 接待 spokeswoman n. 女代言人

Arab students will be able to sign up to study at a distance for the business courses in their own language. The Edinburgh Business School announced the project at a reception in Cairo on Saturday. It is hoped the course will improve links between the university and the Arab business world. A university spokeswoman said: "The Arabic MBA will raise the profile of Heriot-Watt University and the Edinburgh Business School among businesses in the Arabic-speaking world and will create a strong network of graduates in the region." The first intake of students is expected later this year. Professor Keith Lumsden, director of Edinburgh Business School, said: "Arabic is a major global language and the Arab world is a centre for business and industrial development. We are proud to work with Arab International Education to meet the demands of the region."

SYMPHONY

Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from a piano, played by a 10-year old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down another alley toward drab skyscraper and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming as mightily as the 1812 Overture. It's fortissimo in Shanghai, home to China's oldest orchestra, forte in Beijing and other lively cities, and on a crescendo in farther-flung areas. Commanding ￥100-200 ($12.50-$25) per hour, private music teachers in Shanghai can readily earn more than five times the average per capita monthly income.

DRINKING IN BRONZE AGE ale n. 麦芽酒 amber n. 琥珀；琥珀色 archaeological adj. [古] 考古学的 attic n. 阁楼；顶楼 barrel n. 机筒；压辊；滚桶 beverage n. 饮料；酒水 bronze n. 青铜；古铜色 ceramic adj. 陶瓷的；陶器的 colony n. 殖民地 container n. [包装] 容器；集装箱 feast n. 筵席，宴会；节日 fragment n. 碎片；片断或不完整部分 interaction n. 相互作用；互动 krater n. （古罗马）双耳喷口杯 monumental adj. 不朽的；纪念碑的 mood-altering adj. 调整情绪的 pottery n. 陶器；陶器厂 slave n. 奴隶, 服伺的人 timber n. 木材；木料 vessel n.舰船；血管；容器

By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheet metal, primarily bronze or gold. However, the peak of feasting - and in particular, of the 'political' type of feast - came in the late Hallstatt period (about 600-450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added to the list of mood-altering beverages - such as mead and ale (see coloured text below) - available to establish social networks in Iron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hillforts such as Heuneburg in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.

THE CREATOR OF NARNIA - BIOGRAPHY

C. S. Lewis, or Jack Lewis, as he preferred to be called, was born in Belfast, Ireland (now Northern Ireland) on November 29, 1898. He was the second son of Albert Lewis, a lawyer, and Flora Hamilton Lewis. His older brother, Warren Hamilton Lewis, who was known as Warnie, had been born three years earlier in 1895. Lewis's early childhood was relatively happy and carefree. In those days Northern Ireland was not yet plagued by bitter civil strife, and the Lewises were comfortably off. The family home, called Little Lea, was a large, gabled house with dark, narrow passages and an overgrown garden, which Warnie and Jack played in and explored together. There was also a library that was crammed with books—two of Jack's favorites were Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett. This somewhat idyllic boyhood came to an end for Lewis when his mother became ill and died of cancer in 1908. Barely a month after her death the two boys were sent away from home to go to boarding school in England. Lewis hated the school, with its strict rules and hard, unsympathetic headmaster, and he missed Belfast terribly. Fortunately for him, the school closed in 1910, and he was able to return to Ireland. After a year, however, he was sent back to England to study. This time, the experience proved to be mostly positive. As a teenager, Lewis learned to love poetry, especially the works of Virgil and Homer. He also developed an interest in modern languages, mastering French, German, and Italian.

MT. EVEREST adjust v. 调整 appellation n. 称呼，名称 bestow v. 使用，授予 elevation n. 高地，海拔 formidable adj. 强大的，可怕的 geographical adj. 地理的，地理学的 illusion n. 幻觉，错觉 mere adj. 仅仅的 nowhere n. 无处，任何地方 officially adv. 正式地 pedestrian n. 行人 reservation n. 预约，预订 retain v. 保存 shunt v. 转轨 subcontinent n. 次大陆 surpass v. 超越 surveyor n. 测量员 ultimate n. 终极，根本 unremarkable adj. 平凡的，不显著的 unrivaled adj. 无敌的，至高无上的

Called Chomolungma ("goddess mother of the world") in Tibet and Sagarmatha ("goddess of the sky") in Nepal, Mount Everest once went by the pedestrian name of Peak XV among Westerners. That was before surveyors established that it was the highest mountain on Earth, a fact that came as something of a surprise—Peak XV had seemed lost in the crowd of other formidable Himalayan peaks, many of which gave the illusion of greater height. In 1852 the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India measured Everest's elevation as 29,002 feet above sea level. This figure remained the officially accepted height for more than one hundred years. In 1955 it was adjusted by a mere 26 feet to 29,028 (8,848 m). The mountain received its official name in 1865 in honor of Sir George Everest, the British Surveyor General from 1830—1843 who had mapped the Indian subcontinent. He had some reservations about having his name bestowed on the peak, arguing that the mountain should retain its local appellation, the standard policy of geographical societies. Before the Survey of India, a number of other mountains ranked supreme in the eyes of the world. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Andean peak Chimborazo was considered the highest. At a relatively unremarkable 20,561 feet (6,310 m), it is in fact nowhere near the highest, surpassed by about thirty other Andean peaks and several dozen in the Himalayas. In 1809, the Himalayan peak Dhaulagiri (26,810 ft.; 8,172 m) was declared the ultimate, only to be shunted aside in 1840 by Kanchenjunga (28,208 ft.; 8,598 m), which today ranks third. Everest's status has been unrivaled for the last century-and-a-half, but not without a few threats.

AMAZONIAN AMPHIBIAN DIVERSITY diversity n. 多样性 basin n. 水槽 frog n. 青蛙 poison n. 毒药 adj. 有毒的 adjacent adj. 邻近的 ancestor n. 祖先 biodiversity n. 生物多样性 biological n. 生物的 colorful adj. 多彩的 counter n. 柜台，对立面 evolution n. 演变，进化 leap v. 跳跃 notably adv. 显著地 origin n. 起源 owe v. 欠 pot n. 壶，盆 reservoir n. 水库，蓄水池 tropical adj. 热带的

Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is a 'melting pot' for South American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."

COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

Complementary therapies - such as those practised by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into their efficacy. the moment.

SEA/LAND BREEZES BODY breeze n. 微风 absorber n. 减震器 absorb v. 吸收 compensate v. 赔偿 sink n. 水槽

During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land. Water is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs much of the sun's energy as well. However, water heats up much more slowly than land and so the air above the land will be warmer compared to the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will rise throughout the day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high surface pressure will form because of the colder air. To compensate, the air will sink over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze strength will vary depending on the temperature difference between the land and the ocean.

ESSAYS

Essays are used as an assessment tool to evaluate your ability to research a topic and construct an argument, as well as your understanding of subject content. This does not mean that essays are a 'regurgitation' of everything your lecturer has said throughout the course. Essays are your opportunity to explore in greater depth aspects of the course - theories, issues, texts, etc. and in some cases relate these aspects to a particular context. It is your opportunity to articulate your ideas, but in a certain way: using formal academic style.

LOCUST

Fancy a locust for lunch? Probably not, if you live in the west, but else where it's a different story. Edible insects - termites, stick insects, dragonflies, grasshoppers and giant water bugs - are on the menu for an estimated 80 per cent of the world's population. More than 1000 species of insects are served up around the world. For example, "kungu cakes" - made from midges - are a delicacy in parts of Africa. Mexico is an insect-eating - or entomophagous - hotspot, where more than 200 insect species are consumed. Demand is so high that 40 species are now under threat, including white agave worms. These caterpillars of the tequila giant-skipper butterfly fetch around $250 a kilogram. Eating insects makes nutritional sense. Some contain more protein than meat or fish. The female gypsy moth, for instance, is about 80 per cent protein. Insects can be a good source of vitamins and minerals too: a type of caterpillar (Usta Terpsichore) eaten in Angola is rich in iron, zinc and thiamine. What do they taste like? Ants have a lemon tang, apparently, whereas giant water bugs taste of mint and fire ant pupae of watermelon. You have probably, inadvertently, already tasted some of these things, as insects are often accidental tourists in other types of food. The US Food and Drug Administration even issues guidelines for the number of insect parts allowed in certain foods. For example, it is acceptable for 225 grams of macaroni to contain up to 225 insect fragments.

ANDERSEN

Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course all three had to work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children, and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in thousands of editions since the 19 century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the titles of many of Andersen's works: "The Ugly Duckling,"" The Emperor's New Clothes," "The Nightingale," "The little Mermaid," " The Match Girls," and many others. Though, as with most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult re-readers much differently than they do young first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don't fit in, only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-identifiable messages: don't tease people because they 're different; don't fret about your being different because some day you'll discover what special gifts you have. A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen's tales (including "The Ugly Duckling," which is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often cruel and unfeeling, love is torturous - in general, the things of the material world cause suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it's not conventionally happy. Characters are rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the mortal world.

FOLKLORE

Folklore A modern term for the body of traditional customs, superstitions, stories, dances, and songs that have been adopted and maintained within a given community by processes of repetition not reliant on the written word. Along with folk songs and folktales, this broad category of cultural forms embraces all kinds of legends, riddles, jokes, proverbs, games, charms, omens, spells, and rituals, especially those of pre-literate societies or social classes. Those forms of verbal expression that are handed on from one generation or locality to the next by word of mouth are said to constitute an oral tradition.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE childhood n. 童年 merchant n. 商人 alderman n. 市议员，总督 allegedly adv. 据说 bailiff n. 法警，执行官 baptized adj. 受洗礼的 celebration n. 庆祝 fame n. 名声 fortune n. 财富，命运 heiress n. 女继承人 leather n. 皮革 mysterious adj. 神秘的 naturally adv. 自然而然地 register v. 注册 remarkable adj. 卓越的

For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man. William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, allegedly on April 23, 1564. Church records from Holy Trinity Church indicate that he was baptized there on April 26, 1564. Young William was born of John Shakespeare, a glover and leather merchant, and Mary Arden, a landed local heiress. William, according to the church register, was the third of eight children in the Shakespeare household - three of whom died in childhood. John Shakespeare had a remarkable run of success as a merchant, alderman, and high bailiff of Stratford, during William's early childhood. His fortunes declined, however, in the late 1570s.

THE UNITED NATIONS peacekeeping adj. 维护和平的 personnel n. 人事部门，全体人员 accomplishment n. 成就，完成 aggression n. 侵略，进攻 celebrate v. 庆祝 found v. 创立 globe n. 地球 humanitarian n. 人道主义者 oppose v. 反对，对抗 peace-loving adj. 爱好和平的 peaceful adj. 和平的，平静的 peacekeeper n. 停火执行者，和平卫士 secretary-general n. 秘书长 tremendous adj. 巨大的 underway adj. 进行中的 virtually adv. 事实上

Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future aggression, the UN now counts 193 member nations, including its newest members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland and East Timor in 2002, Montenegro in 2006, and South Sudan in 2011. United Nations Day has been observed on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then secretary-general of the UN, won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations; 16 are currently under way. Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of 31 August 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as has Canada.

WOLF STORY grazing n. 放牧；牧草 beaver n. 海狸；海狸皮毛 correlated adj. 有相互关系的 cottonwood n. 杨木；三角叶杨 ecology n. 生态学；社会生态学 elk n. 麋鹿；软鞣粗皮 endangered adj. 濒临灭绝的 preying adj. 捕食性的；掠夺的 reintroduce v. 再引入；再提出 shotgun n. 霰弹猎枪 willow n. [林] 柳树；

From the wolves' perspective, this is clearly good news. But it also had beneficial effects on the ecology of the park, according to a study published in 2004 by William Ripple and Robert Beschta from Oregon State University. In their paper in BioScience, the two researchers showed that reintroducing the wolves was correlated with increased growth of willow and cottonwood in the park. Why? Because grazing animals such as elk were avoiding sites from which they couldn't easily escape, the scientists claimed. And as the woody plants and trees grew taller and thicker, beaver colonies expanded. Of course, not every wolf story is positive. National Public Radio in the US reported last July that a nine-year-old programme to reintroduce the endangered Mexican grey wolf in the southwestern US was struggling because some wolves weren't learning to hunt in the wild and because others were simply being shot. Perhaps the shotgun response of locals in the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico was unsurprising, for the wolves had been preying on livestock. The reintroduction area is apparently grazing land.

MUD VOLCANO mud n. 泥 volcano n. 火山 drill n. 钻孔 eruption n. 喷发，爆发 kilometre n. 千米 upwelling n. 上升流，上涌 blowout n. 爆裂 conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的 countryside n. 农村，乡下 deadly adj. 致命的 diameter n. 直径 displace v. 取代，置换 equivalent adj. 等价的 exploratory adj. 勘探的，探究的 gusher n. 喷油井 high-pressure adj. 高压的 layer n. 层 permanently adv. 永久的，长期不变的 pipeline n. 管道，输油管 punch v. 戳，猛击 render n. 打底 v. 致使 rupture n. 破裂，决裂 spew v. 喷出，呕吐 squirt n. 喷射，注射 trigger v. 引发 uninhabitable adj. 不宜居住的

Gas drilling on the Indonesian island of Java has triggered a "mud volcano" that has killed 13 people and may render four square miles (ten square kilometers) of countryside uninhabitable for years. In a report released on January 23, a team of British researchers says the deadly upwelling began when an exploratory gas well punched through a layer of rock 9,300 feet (2,800 meters) below the surface, allowing hot, high-pressure water to escape. The water carried mud to the surface, where it has spread across a region 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) in diameter in the eight months since the eruption began. The mud volcano is similar to a gusher or blowout, which occur in oil drilling when oil or gas squirt to the surface, the team says. This upwelling, however, spews out a volume of mud equivalent to a dozen Olympic swimming pools each day. Although the eruption isn't as violent as a conventional volcano, more than a dozen people died when a natural gas pipeline ruptured. The research team, who published their findings in the February issue of GSA Today, also estimate that the volcano, called Lusi, will leave more than 11,000 people permanently displaced.

CUSTOMER SERVICES satisfaction n. 满意，满足 enjoyable adj. 快乐的 interact v. 互相影响 prosper v. 繁荣，昌盛 word-of-mouth adj. 口头的

Good customer service relates to the service your and your employees provide before, during and after a purchase. For example, it's how you interact with your customers. Improving your customer service skills can lead to greater customer satisfaction and a more enjoyable experience for them. No matter the size of your business good customer service, needs be at the heart of your business model if you wish to be successful. It is important to provide good customer service; to all types of customers, including potential, new and existing customers. Although it can take extra resources, time and money, good customer service leads to customer satisfaction which can generate positive word-of-mouth for your business, keep your customers happy and encourage them to purchase from your business again. Good customer service can help your business grow and prosper.

LANGUAGE dialect n. 方言 pronunciation n. 发音 speaker n. 演讲者 accent n. 口音，重音 colonist n. 殖民者 confusion n. 混淆 gracias 西班牙语：谢谢 highland n. 高地 informal adj. 非正式的 mountainous adj. 多山的 necessarily adv. 必要地 opposed v. 反对 partly adv. 部分地 political adj. 政治的 predominate v. 支配 retain v. 保持 vocabulary n. 词汇

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor Castilian, which predominate in U.S. schools. The confusion is partly political - the Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common Spanish dialect taught in the U.S. is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called "Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary, residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists. However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci" and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes "gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-see-as" in Latin America.) Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all, or you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans much like British English sounds to U.S. residents.

VISUAL ART

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The process of writing is more than putting words on a piece of paper. Effective authors are able to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well-chosen words, phrases, and text structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e. fine motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers tend to be simplistic and formulaic. The artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.

IMPRESSIONIST Impressionism n. 印象派 loose a. 未固定的 publicly ad. 公开地 characteristic n. 特征 composition n. 组成 accentuate v. 着重 exhibit v. 展览 visible a. 可见的 derive v. 得自 satiric a. 讽刺的 emphasis v. 强调 ordinary a. 普通的 inadvertently ad.无意地

Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition, emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).

PINKER

In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works, Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have originated as evolutionary adaptions, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who become mechanical engineers—all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims. The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little influence on personality.

FUNERARY VIOLIN solemn adj. 庄严的 actively adv. 积极地 bereaved adj. 丧失的 chapel n. 小礼拜堂 continuity n. 连续性 cornerstone n. 基石 depict v. 描绘 eulogise v. 赞颂 exemplify v. 例证 genre n. 类型，种类 grandiose adj. 宏伟的 grief n. 悲伤 heraldic adj. 纹章的 indicative n. 陈述语气 melancholy n. 忧郁 momentary adj. 瞬间的，短暂的 morbid adj. 病态的 mortality n. 死亡数 mourner n. 哀悼者 narrative adj. 叙述的 overtly adv. 明显地 panic n. 恐慌，惊慌 plaintive adj. 哀伤的 popularity n. 普及 realisation n. 实现 resonance n. 共振 spiritual adj. 精神的 surprisingly adv. 惊人地 tentative n. 假设，试验 tragedy n. 悲剧 tragic adj. 悲剧的 underlying adj. 潜在的 unemotional adj. 不易动感情的

In the 250 years of its active evolution Funerary Violin moved from the formal to the personal. It is clear from the earliest accounts of the form that its role during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was largely heraldic: to exemplify the continuity of the social structure. The few works that have survived from this period are often surprisingly unemotional and at times overtly grandiose. It was not until the second half of the 18th century and particularly the works of Herr Gratchenfleiss, that we see the realisation of a form that actively depicts the tragedy and grief that were to become the cornerstone of the genre. However, Gratchenfleiss' vision was not merely limited to solemn marches, but also extended into narrative works depicting the freeing of the soul from the body, the momentary panic as death approaches and the eulogising of the dead by the bereaved, and it is these works that hold the greatest resonance for mourners today. They are plaintive but not morbid, spiritual but not solemn, melancholy but not tragic, and as such their tentative return to popularity in the today's chapel of rest is indicative of many of our current underlying attitudes towards mortality.

TRAINING MEDICAL MANAGERS aspire v. 渴望，立志 core n. 核心，要点 diverse adj. 不同的，多样化的 enrol v. 注册，登记 fast-changing adj. 变化快的，快速发展的 health-sector 卫生/健康部门 healthcare n. 医疗保健 motivate v. 刺激，激发 neurosurgical adj. 神经外科的 physicians n. 内科医生 precisely adv. 精确的

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions. "The focus in medical school is to train good doctors, but part of being a good doctor is being a good manager," says Fawaz Siddiqi, a neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Centre in Canada. "It's having a core understanding of how to work within the context of an organisation." The desire to be a "good manager" is precisely the reason Dr Siddiqi, who aspires one day to run a hospital, decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in a health-sector MBA programme at the Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario.

ARROGANCE ON A GRAND SCALE alarm n. 闹钟，警报 arrogance n. 自大，傲慢态度 binge n. 狂欢 boom v. 急速发展 bulletin n. 公告 disaster n. 灾难 employer n. 雇主 epic adj. 史诗的 exhausted adj. 精疲力尽的 exploitive adj. 剥削的 frustrated adj. 阻挠，挫败 misleading adj. 令人误解的 sown v. 播种sow的过去分词 thunder v. 打雷，轰隆的发出 wheat n. 小麦

In the last years of the wheat boom, Bennett had become increasingly frustrated at how the government seemed to be encouraging an exploitive farming binge. He went directly after his old employer, the Department of Agriculture, for misleading people. Farmers on the Great Plains were working against nature, he thundered in speeches across the country; they were asking for trouble. Even in the late 1920s, before anyone else sounded an alarm, Bennett said people had sown the seeds of an epic disaster. The government continued to insist, through official bulletins , that soil was the one "resource that cannot be exhausted." To Bennett, it was arrogance on a grand scale.

JEAN PIAGET anthropology n. 人类学 barely adv. 仅仅，勉强 cannibal n. 食人者 champion n. 冠军 cognitive adj. 认知的 comparable adj. 可比较的 developmental adj. 发展的 displacement n. 取代 education-reform 教育改革 epistemology n. 认识论 grownup n. 成年人 illogical adj. 不合逻辑的 insight n. 洞察力 interaction n. 相互作用 philosopher n. 哲学家 pioneering poring v. 熟读 prolific adj. 多产的 psychologist n. 心理学家 psychology n. 心理学 publication n. 出版物 reformer n. 改革家 remarkably adv. 显著地 savage n. 未开化的人 seemingly adv. 看来似乎 seriously adv. 认真地 succinctly adv. 简洁地 utterance n. 表达，说话 wide-ranging adj. 广泛的 working n. 工作，活动

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly, that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery "so simple that only a genius could have thought of it." Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when he died at 84, Piaget had developed several newfields of science: developmental psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology. Although not an educational reformer, he championed a way of thinking about children that provided the foundation for today's education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the displacement of stories of "noble savages" and "cannibals" by modern anthropology. One might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.

ESTEE LAUDER cosmetics n. 化妆品 burgeoning adj. 增长迅速的 chapter n. 章 chemist n. 化学家 concocted v. 捏造 enterprise n. 企业 fanatic adj. 狂热的 folklore n. 民俗学 hardware n. 计算机硬件 outwork v. 工作得更好更努力 perfume n. 香水 potent adj. 有效的 potion n. 一剂 regimen n. 养生法，生活规则 resort n. 度假胜地 saleslady n. 女售货员 stalk v. 追踪 utilize v.利用

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always thought she "was growing a nice little business." And that it is. A little business that controls 45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales. The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business, there weren't houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story because it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the potions were good — Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic — but the saleslady was better. Much better. And she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.

EDISON inventor n. 发明家 lifetime n. 终生 novelty n. 新奇的事物 phonograph n. 留声机 genius n. 天才 perspiration n. 汗水 dim v. (使)暗淡 tremendous a. 巨大的 electricity n. 电 incandescent a. 白炽的 kinetoscope n. 西洋镜 inspiration n. 灵感 tribute n. 体现

Like Ben Franklin, Thomas Alva Edison was both a scientist and an inventor. Born in 1847, Edison would see tremendous change take place in his lifetime. He was also to be responsible for making many of those changes occur. When Edison was born, society still thought of electricity as a novelty. By the time he died, entire cities were lit by electricity. Much of the credit for that progress goes to Edison. In his lifetime, Edison patented 1,093 inventions, earning him the nickname "The Wizard of Menlo Park." The most famous of his inventions was the incandescent light bulb. Besides the light bulb, Edison developed the phonograph and the "kinetoscope," a small box for viewing moving films. He also improved upon the original design of the stock ticker, the telegraph, and Alexander Graham Bell's telephone. He believed in hard work, sometimes working twenty hours a day. Edison was quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration." In tribute to this important American, electric lights in the United States were dimmed for one minute on October 21, 1931, a few days after his death.

POVERTY

Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle income economies such as those of East Asia and Latin America.

VEGETARIAN MARKET attract v. 吸引 brand n. 商标 cholesterol n. 胆固醇 effectiveness n. 效力 exclude v. 排除，排斥 forecast v. 预测 frozen adj. 冰冻的 gram n. 克 heart-healthy 心脏健康 manufacturer n. 制造商 menopause n. 更年期 newsletter n. 时事通讯 pasta n. 意大利面 protein n. 蛋白质 respondent n. 被告，应答者 saturated adj. 饱和的，渗透的 spurred symptom n. 症状 veggie n. 素食者

Mintel Consumer Intelligence estimates the 2002 market for vegetarian foods, those that directly replace meat or other animal products, to be $1.5 billion. Note that this excludes traditional vegetarian foods such as produce, pasta, and rice. Mintel forecasts the market to nearly double by 2006 to $2.8 billion, with the highest growth coming from soymilk, especially refrigerated brands. The Food and Drug Administration's 1999 decision to allow manufacturers to include heart-healthy claims on foods that deliver at least 6.25 grams of soy protein per serving and are also low in saturated fat and cholesterol has spurred tremendous interest in soymilk and other soy foods. A representative of manufacturer Food Tech International (Veggie Patch brand) reported that from 1998 to 1999, the percentage of consumers willing to try soy products jumped from 32% to 67%. Beliefs about soy's effectiveness in reducing the symptoms of menopause also attracted new consumers. A 2000 survey conducted by the United Soybean Board showed that the number of people eating soy products once a week or more was up to 27%. Forty-five percent of respondents had tried tofu, 41% had sampled veggie burgers, and 25% had experience with soymilk (Soyfoods USA e-mail newsletter). Mintel estimates 2001 sales of frozen and refrigerated meat alternatives in food stores at nearly $300 million, with soymilk sales nearing $250 million.

MOVEMENT IN PAINTING movement n. 移动 enormous a. 相当多的 abusively ad. 咒骂地 core a. 主要的 distinct a. 独特的 fragment n. 片段 canvas n. 画布 impulse v.推动 experimental a.实验的 influential a. 有影响力的 originate v. 起源 depict v. 描绘 devote v. 贡献 hallmark n. 标志 stroke n. 描边 dab v. 轻涂 palette n. 调色盘 disperse v. 驱散 progressive a.进步的 contemporary a.当代的

Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects of light. The term was first used abusively to describe Claude Monet's painting Impression: Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism. They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and 1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse, but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct brush strokes and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette. By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a major influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired many younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer is generally regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.

PETER GARRETT

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations? (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnites and members of the Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin books)? No. The scandal is that bien pensants politicians have attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more in value than any public benefit could justify. In doing so they have betrayed our trust.

THE FABRIC OF THE COSMOS'

None of the books in my father's dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes-a comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western literature, numerous others I can no longer recall-that seemed almost fused to shelves that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support.

AUSTRALIAN OVERSEAS DEPARTURES departure n. 出发，离开 disposable adj. 可任意处理的 forecast n. 预测 household n. 一家人 per capita 人均 competitive adj. 竞争的 consistent adj. 始终如一的 elasticity n. 弹性 functional adj. 功能的 linear adj. 线的，线型的 logarithmic adj. 对数的 negatively adv. 消极地 outbound adj. 出站 parameter n. 参数 positively adv. 肯定地 specify v. 指定

Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2 million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of short-term resident departures. The models are specified in terms of a double logarithmic linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using historical times series data from 1974 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident departures is positively influenced by per capita real household disposable income; and the price of domestic travel and accommodation, are negatively influenced by the price of travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop the Tourism Forecasting Council's long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest the number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years, largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive travel prices, and Australians' interest in knowing different cultures and lifestyles.

PROFESSOR PHOENIX

Phoenix is adamant that the new course will teach "solid chemistry", but he thinks that an attraction for students will be a teaching approach that differs significantly from his days as an undergraduate. This takes real-life issues as the starting point of lectures and modules, such as how drugs are made or the science behind green issues. Out of this study, he says, students will be exposed to exactly the same core chemistry unchanged over decades, but they will be doing it in a way that is more engaging and more likely to lead to more fundamental learning.

WALTZED IN FROM THE RUMBLING aesthetic adj. 美的；审美的 affection n. 喜爱，感情；影响；感染 album n. 相簿；唱片集；集邮簿 anchor n. 锚；v. 抛锚停泊 antique adj. 古老的；n. 古董，古玩 arduously adv. 严酷地；费力地 assembled adj. 组合的；安装的 audaciously adv. 无畏地；放肆地；大胆创新 belying v. 掩饰（belie的ing形式） cohesively adv. 黏合地；团结地 constant adj. 不变的；恒定的 contemplative adj. 沉思的；冥想的；默想的 debut n. 初次登台；开张 deliberate adj. 故意的；深思熟虑的 downplay vt. 不予重视；将...轻描淡写 drum n. 鼓；鼓声 encompassing adj. 包含的；包容的，环绕 exploratory adj. 勘探的；探究的；考察的 flourishes v. 繁荣；夸耀 gossip n. 小道传闻；vi. 闲聊 guiro n. （乐器）锯琴 hermetic adj. 密封的；与外界隔绝的 instrument n. 仪器；工具；乐器 melding v. 融合；使结合 melodically adv. 音调优美地 opus n. 作品（复数为Opera） paragon n. 模范；完美之物 penetrating adj. 渗透的；有洞察力的 piercing adj. 刺穿的；敏锐的 potency n. 效能；力量；潜力 refrain vi. 克制；n. 副歌 seal n. 密封；海豹 v. 密封 shoegaze n. （摇滚乐）自赏派 simplicity n. 朴素；简易；天真 soar n. & v. 高飞；高涨 trio n. 三重唱；三件套 unorthodox adj. 非正统的；异端的 wandering adj. 流浪的；漫游的

Plants & Animals are a Montreal-based indie rock trio that began playing together as kids. Touring arduously for about five years after their proper full-length debut in 2008, they pretty much made their records on the go until 2013. So the band's decision to be slow, deliberate, and thorough on their latest offering, Waltzed In From The Rumbling, represents a major change of pace. Finally sleeping in their in own beds while recording, the band assembled the album over the course of nine seasons. It's a return to their origins, but it also pushes audaciously forward. The aesthetic varies wildly and wonderfully from track to track, each song having its own hermetic seal but somehow still melding cohesively as a body of work. Jangling guitars, drums leaning toward the off-kilter swing of J Dilla, found sounds, a hint of shoegaze, and unorthodox instrumentation come together to keep the ear constantly engaged with a feeling of constant evolution. They found an antique guiro next to a broken VCR and recorded both. They made an empty fridge sound like a timpani drum. They recorded gossip on a city bus. They brought in classical string flourishes. They sometimes left mistakes if they felt they were perfectly imperfect. It's truly DIY, but with a feel of big production value that makes the album soar. Contemplative lyrics anchor the album through all the exploratory wandering. The words are delivered melodically, belying their potency, but listening beyond the pretty aesthetic reveals piercing observations and an undeniable translation of feeling. The simplicity of the penetrating refrain on the three-part mini opus "Je Voulais Te Dire" is a paragon of how the lyrics effortlessly cut through the instrumentation. Guitarist/vocalist Warren Spicer sings "It's only love, but you want it bad," encompassing how we try to avoid and downplay our desire for love and affection, but ultimately search and long for it anyway.

ASSESSMENT IN DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY capability, evaluation, founded, initiative, internationally, lectures, literacy, regularly, textiles, widely

Professor Richard Kimbell directed the DES funded Assessment of Performance Unit research project in Design and Technology. In 1990 he founded the Technology Education Research Unit (TERU) at Goldsmiths College, University of London, which is now running a wide range of funded research projects in design and technology and IT. He has published widely in the field, including reports commissioned by the Congress of the United States, UNESCO and NATO; he has written and presented television programmes and regularly lectures internationally. His latest book Assessing Technology: International Trends in Curriculum and Assessment won the international technology education book of the year award from the Council for Technology Teacher Education at ITEA in 1999 in Minneapolis, USA. Kay Stables is Reader in Design and Technology Education and former Head of the Design Department at Goldsmiths College, University of London. She started her career as a textiles teacher, moving to Goldsmiths as a part of the APU D&T research team. From 1990-1992 she was Project Director for the Key Stage 1 Technology SAT developments and followed this as Research Associate on the Understanding Technological Approaches project which built case studies of D&T work from children aged 5-16. Most recently she has conducted, with Richard Kimbell, an evaluation of the impact of a technology education initiative in South Africa and is currently researching into the use of handling collections in developing D&T capability and literacy.

SCHOOL TO WORK TRANSISTION transition n. 过渡 vocational adj. 职业的 completion n. 完成，结束 disadvantaged adj. 处于不利地位的 disillusion n. 幻灭 employment n. 使用 gainful adj. 唯利是图的 historically adv. 历史上地 margin n. 边缘 modernism n. 现代主义 optimistic adj. 乐观的 persistent adj. 固执的，坚持的 policymaking n. 决策，制定政策 structurally adv. 在结构上 successfully adv. 成功地 transition n. 过渡 undereducated adj. 受教育不足的 vulnerability n. 脆弱性，弱点

School-to-work transition is a historically persistent topic of educational policymaking and reform that impacts national systems of vocational education and training. The transition process refers to a period between completion of general education and the beginning of vocational education or the beginning of gainful employment as well as to training systems, institutions, and programs that prepare young people for careers. The status passage of youth from school-to-work has changed structurally under late modernism, and young people are forced to adapt to changing demands of their environment especially when planning for entry into the labor market. Since the transition to a job is seen as a major success in life, youth who manage this step successfully are more optimistic about their future; still others are disillusioned and pushed to the margins of society. While some young people have developed successful strategies to cope with these requirements, those undereducated and otherwise disadvantaged in society often face serious problems when trying to prepare for careers. Longer transitions lead to a greater vulnerability and to risky behaviors.

WORK OF SCIENTISTS

Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do experiment. After these have been done, he got his results. Then there are a lot of data from scientists. The scientists around the world have a picture of world.

SPORTSWOMEN

Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are lost too. 拖词题，干扰词有finished，choice

STRESS breathe v. 呼吸 burst n. 爆发，突发 depress v. 压抑 fight-or-flight 战斗还是逃跑 headache n. 头疼 hormone n. 荷尔蒙，激素 immune adj. 免疫的 moody adj. 情绪化的，喜怒无常的 react v. 反应 stomach n. 胃 tense adj. 紧张的 upset adj. 心烦的 useful adj. 有用的，有益的 weaken v. 使变弱

Stress is what you feel when you have to handle more than you are used to. When you are stressed, your body responds as though you are in danger. It makes hormones that speed up your heart, make you breathe faster, and give you a burst of energy. This is called the fight-or-flight stress response. Some stress is normal and even useful. Stress can help if you need to work hard or react quickly. For example, it can help you win a race or finish an important job on time. But if stress happens too often or lasts too long, it can have bad effects. It can be linked to headaches, an upset stomach, back pain, and trouble sleeping. It can weaken your immune system, making it harder to fight off disease. If you already have a health problem, stress may make it worse. It can make you moody, tense, or depressed. Your relationships may suffer, and you may not do well at work or school.

THE FABRIC OF THE COSMOS implicitly adv. 含蓄地 inquiry n. 探求，质询 misleading adj. 令人误解的 overarching adj. 首要的 seduce v. 引诱，诱惑 surely adv. 当然，无疑

Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be seduced by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first encountering Camus' text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story. The overarching lesson that has emerged from scientific inquiry over the last century is that human experience is often a misleading guide to the true nature of reality.

SKYSCRAPER FACTS

The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world when it was completed in 1889. It was built for the World's Fair to demonstrate that iron could be as strong as stone while being infinitely lighter. And in fact the wrought-iron tower is twice as tall as the masonry Washington Monument and yet it weighs 70,000 tons less! It is repainted every seven years with 50 tons of dark brown paint. Called "the father of the skyscraper," the Home Insurance Building, constructed in Chicago in1885 (and demolished in 1931), was 138 feet tall and 10 stories. It was the first building to effectively employ a supporting skeleton of steel beams and columns, allowing it to have many more windows than traditional masonry structures. But this new construction method made people worry that the building would fall down, leading the city to halt construction until they could investigate the structure's safety. In 1929, auto tycoon Walter Chrysler took part in an intense race with the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company to build the world's tallest skyscraper. Just when it looked like the bank had captured the coveted title, workers at the Chrysler Building jacked a thin spire hidden inside the building through the top of the roof to win the contest.

THE ROMAN ARENA

The Romans glorified the bravery shown in the arena, but trivialized the events and degraded the participants. Mosaic pictures of executions and combats, graphically violent to our eyes, were displayed in the public rooms and even dining rooms In the homes of wealthy Romans. How can the viewer today possibly understand such images? Until fairly recently, modern authors writing about the arena minimized its significance and represented the institutionalized violence as a sideline to Roman history. The tendency was also to view the events through our own eyes and to see them as pitiful or horrifying, although to most Romans empathy with victims of the arena was inconceivable. In the past few decades, however, scholars have started to analyze the complex motivations for deadly public entertainments and for contradictory views of gladiators as despised, yet beloved hero-slaves.

CHILDREN CENTRED MOTHERS centric adj. 中央的，中心的 centricity n. 中心 analyze v. 分析 nursery n. 苗圃，温床 respondent n. 被告，应答者 socio-economic adj. 社会经济的 statistically adv. 统计地 whereas conj. 然而

The conducted study serves to three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values loaded to the child by the child centric mother's attitude and the behavior about the effect of 5-6 aged nursery school children on the purchasing decision of the families who belong to high socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop child centricity scale and the third objective is to examine the attitude and behaviour differences between low child centric and high child centric mothers. Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother respondents, the researchers have found out that the lowest influence of child upon the purchasing decision of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk and used by the whole family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between the high child centricity and low child centricity mothers regarding the purchasing products that are highly risky and used by the whole family.

MAN'S THE CONTEMPORARY MINISTERIAL STAFFING SYSTEM

The contemporary ministerial staffing system is large, active and partisan - far larger and further evolved than any Westminster equivalent. Ministers' demands for help to cope with the pressures of an increasingly competitive and professionalised political environment have been key drivers of the staffing system's development. But there has not been commensurate growth in arrangements to support and control it. The operating framework for ministerial staff is fragmented and ad hoc.

BANKING

The first banks were probably the religious temples of the ancient world, and were probably established sometime during the third millennium B.C. Banks probably predated the invention of money. Deposits initially consisted of grain and later other goods including cattle, agricultural implements, and eventually precious metals such as gold, in the form of easy-to-carry compressed plates. Temples and palaces were the safest places to store gold as they were constantly attended and well built. As sacred places, temples presented an extra deterrent to would-be thieves.

KIMBELL

The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell (Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices, and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic impressions as well as details about "having, growing, and proving" ideas. Colloquial judgments are evident in terms such as "wow" and "yawn" and reward the quality and quantity of ideas with the term, "sparkiness" (p. 28), which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as "technical" and "aesthetic" pertaining to users, are too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the project, its features and structures, students' notes and judgments, and their sketches and photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.

THE HORNED DESERT VIPER

The horned desert viper's ability to hunt at night has always puzzled biologists. Though it lies with its head buried in the sand, it can strike with great precision as soon as prey appears. Now, Young and physicists Leo van Hemmen and Paul Friedel at the Technical University of Munich in Germany have developed a computer model of the snake's auditory system to explain how the snake "hears" its prey without really having the ears for it. Although the vipers have internal ears that can hear frequencies between 200 and 1000 hertz, it is not the sound of the mouse scurrying about that they are detecting. "The snakes don't have external eardrums," says van Hemmen. "So unless the mouse wears boots and starts stamping, the snake won't hear it."

THE WRITING ON THE WALL rampant adj. 猖獗的 absence n. 没有，缺乏 bankrupt n. 破产 chronic adj. 慢性的 communist n. 共产主义者 competitive adj. 竞争的 corruption n. 贪污，腐败 degradation n. 退化 dynamic n. 动态 globally adv. 全球地 ideologically adv. 思想上 inconsistent adj. 不一致的 inequality n. 不平等 inevitable adj. 必然的 know-how n. 诀窍 monopoly n. 垄断 parasitic adj. 寄生的 pluralism n. 多元主义 soaring adj. 翱翔的 vibrant adj. 振动的，充满生气的

The inevitable consequences include rampant corruption, an absence of globally competitive Chinese companies, chronic waste of resources, rampant environmental degradation and soaring inequality. Above all, the monopoly over power of an ideologically bankrupt communist party is inconsistent with the pluralism of opinion, security of property and vibrant competition on which a dynamic economy depends. As a result, Chinese development remains parasitic on know-how and institutions developed elsewhere.

IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE

The invasion of non-indigenous plants is considered a primary threat to integrity and function of ecosystems. However, there is little quantitative or experimental evidence for ecosystem impacts of invasive species. Justifications for control are often based on potential,but not presently realized, recognized or quantified, negative impacts. Should lack of scientific certainty about impacts of non-indigenous species result in postponing measures to prevent degradation? Recently, management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), has been criticized for lack of evidence demonstrating negative impacts of L. salicaria, and management using biocontrol for lack of evidence documenting the failure of conventional control methods. Although little quantitative evidence on negative impacts on native wetland biota and wetland function was available at the onset of the control program in 1985, recent work has demonstrated that the invasion of purple loosestrife into North American freshwater wetlands alters decomposition rates and nutrient cycling, leads to reductions in wetland plant diversity, reduces pollination and seed output of the native Lythrum alatum, and reduces habitat suitability for specialized wetland bird species such as black terns, least bitterns, piedbilled grebes, and marsh wrens. Conventional methods (physical, mechanical or chemical), have continuously failed to curb the spread of purple loosestrife or to provide satisfactory control. Although a number of generalist insect and bird species utilize purple loosestrife, wetland habitat specialists are excluded by encroachment of L. salicaria. We conclude that negative ecosystem impacts of purple loosestrife in North America justify control of the species and that detrimental effects of purple loosestrife on wetland systems and biota and the potential benefits of control outweigh potential risks associated with the introduction of biocontrol agents. Long-term experiments and monitoring programs that are in place will evaluate the impact of these insects on purple loosestrife, on wetland plant succession and other wetland biota.

MORALITY OF WELFARE alcoholism n. 酗酒 educate v. 教育 guzzling v. 狂饮 irresponsibility n. 无责任 irresponsible adj. 不负责任的 morality n. 道德，品行 obesity n. 肥大，肥胖 progressively adv. 渐进地 racial adj. 种族的 ramp v. 超高价格 solidly adv. 坚固地 tolerate v. 忍受 welfare n. 福利

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible is either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the government campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling - the first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favour of sexual and racial minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes the new order.

PINK ONIONS afford vt. 给予，提供；买得起 cement n. 水泥 diesel n. 柴油机；柴油 export n. 出口商品；输出额 influential adj. 有影响的；有势力的 ingredient n. 原料；要素；组成部分 lentil n. [作物] 小扁豆 roti n. 烤肉，烤面包 spike n. 长钉，道钉；钉鞋 starve v. 饿死；挨饿 sudden adj. 突然的，意外的 unaffordable adj. 买不起的

The most vital ingredient in Indian cooking, the basic element with which all dishes begin and, normally, the cheapest vegetable available, the pink onion is an essential item in the shopping basket of families of all classes. A popular saying holds that you will never starve because you can always afford a roti (a piece of simple, flat bread) and an onion. But in recent weeks, the onion has started to seem an unaffordable luxury for India's poor. Over the past few days, another sharp surge in prices has begun to unsettle the influential urban middle classes. The sudden spike in prices has been caused by large exports to neighboring countries and a shortage of supply. But the increase follows a trend of rising consumer prices across the board — from diesel fuel to cement, from milk to lentils.

EXPLORING THE DEEP OCEAN FLOOR

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral formation off the north-eastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, sub polar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centres along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 oc, presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels that thrived around the hot springs.

EXPLORING THE DEEP OCEAN FLOOR coral n. 珊瑚 discovery n. 发现 exciting adj. 令人兴奋的 solar adj. 太阳的，日光的 abundant adj. 丰富的，充裕的 clam n. 蛤蜊 crust n. 地壳 depth n. 深度 ecosystems n. 生态系统 erupt v. 爆发 formation n. 形成，构造 frigid adj. 寒冷的 geothermal adj. 地热的 km 千米，kilometre的缩写 magma n. 岩浆，糊剂 marine adj. 海生的，海产的 mid-oceanic adj. 海洋中部的 mussels n. 贻贝 northeastern adj. 东北方的 oceanic adj. 海洋的 penetrate v. 渗透，刺入 penetration n. 渗透，突破 photosynthesis n. 光合作用 presumably adv. 大概，推测起来 reef n. 暗礁，矿脉 ridge n. 山脊，山脉 shallow n. 浅滩 adj. 浅的 sink v. 下沉 subpolar adj. 近极的 thrive v. 繁荣，兴旺 totally adv. 完全的 tube n. 管，隧道 unexpected adj. 意外的 unusual adj. 不同寻常的 vent n. 通风孔 worm n. 蠕虫

The ocean floor is home to many unique communities of plants and animals. Most of these marine ecosystems are near the water surface, such as the Great Barrier Reef, a 2,000-km-long coral formation off the northeastern coast of Australia. Coral reefs, like nearly all complex living communities, depend on solar energy for growth (photosynthesis). The sun's energy, however, penetrates at most only about 300 m below the surface of the water. The relatively shallow penetration of solar energy and the sinking of cold, subpolar water combine to make most of the deep ocean floor a frigid environment with few life forms. In 1977, scientists discovered hot springs at a depth of 2.5 km, on the Galapagos Rift (spreading ridge) off the coast of Ecuador. This exciting discovery was not really a surprise. Since the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that hot springs (geothermal vents) should be found at the active spreading centers along the mid-oceanic ridges, where magma, at temperatures over 1,000 °C, presumably was being erupted to form new oceanic crust. More exciting, because it was totally unexpected, was the discovery of abundant and unusual sea life -- giant tube worms, huge clams, and mussels - that thrived around the hot springs.

NATIONAL OWNERSHIP OF COUNTRY STRATEGIES acceptance n. 接受，赞同 articulate adj. 发音清晰的，口才好的 attune v. 使协调 automatic adj. 自动的 comprehensive adj. 综合的 consistently adv. 一贯地，一致地 corollary n. 推论 critically adv. 精密地，批判性地 donor n. 捐赠者 implement n. 工具，器具 imply v. 意味，暗示 lender n. 贷方，出借人 overemphasize v. 过分强调的 ownership n. 所有权 principal adj. 主要的，资本的 priority n. 优先 recommendation n. 推荐，建议 sovereignty n. 主权

The principal and most consistently articulated recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that 'Each country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role of national policies and development strategies cannot be overemphasized'. National development strategies and policies are therefore critically important. This was reflected most recently at the 2005 Summit when Member States agreed on a target date of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start to implement comprehensive national development strategies to achieve the internationally agreed development goals and objectives, including the MDGs. The automatic corollary of that principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy priorities and their international commitments.

SPACE WORK FOR AN ASTRONAUT

The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can monitor machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They also need to make sure the Space Travel. Outside the craft, they can see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character. When outside the craft, they can set up experiments or clean up the space rubbish.

TRIGGER POINT segment n. 段，部分 trigger n. 扳机 capillary n. 毛细管 circulate v. 循环 contraction n. 收紧，缩紧 fiber n. 纤维 normally adv. 正常地 nutrient n. 营养物 oxygen n. 氧

The trigger point causes the rest of the fiber segments to be stretched to capacity. It becomes a tight band. Normally the regular contracting and releasing of these little segments circulates blood in the capillaries that supply them (the segments) with their nutrients. When they hold this contraction, blood flow is stopped to that area, there is not an oxygen supply, and waste products are not pushed out. The trigger point then sends out pain signals until the trigger point is put in a position of rest again.

THEA PROCTOR entry n. 入口 association n. 协会 illustrious adj. 著名的 sketch v. 素描 fascination n. 魅力，魔力 inventive adj. 发明的 watercolor n. 水彩 canvas n. 帆布 illustration n. 说明，插图 interior adj. 内部的

Thea Proctor was just sixteen when her entry at the Bowral Art Competition caught the eye of the judge, Arthur Streeton. It was the first of many associations with art world recruits. The next year saw her at the Julian Ashton Art School in the illustrious company of Elioth Gruner, Sydney Long and George Lambert, for whom she often posed and who remained her great friend until his death in 1930. Lambert's paintings and sketches of Proctor emphasize the elegance of her dress. A keen interest in fashion was just one aspect of her fascination with design, and she saw herself as an early style guru on a quest to rid Australian art of "its lack of imagination and inventive design". Skilled in watercolor" and drawing, Proctor did not limit herself to paper, canvases or to her popular magazine illustrations; she designed theater sets and a restaurant interior and wrote on a range of subjects from flower arranging to the colors of cars. It made for a busy and varied life but, as she said, she was not the sort of person "who could sit at home and knit socks".

FINANCIAL DIRECTORS debtor n. 债务人 overdue adj. 过期的 accelerate v. 加速 accountant n. 会计师 bn billion的缩写 charter v. 特许 dispute v. 辩论 invoice n. 账单，收据 legislation n. 立法，法律 preserve v. 保存 recover v. 恢复，再生 undertake v. 承担，保证 unpaid adj. 未付款的 watertight adj. 防水，水密的

There isn't a financial director around who wouldn't like to accelerate cash flow by reducing debtors days - in other words, get customers to pay up faster. In Europe's top 1000 quoted companies, nearly one quarter of all invoices are unpaid at any point in time, according to recent research carried out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting on a total of 274 bn overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection practices. According to Jan Porter, ASF's Managing Director, "You can set up all the systems you want, you can insist on watertight contracts and payment terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but there are always come debtors who fail to pay on time". Once a payment is overdue, your first step is to talk to your debtor. You should let them know the payment is late and try to find out if there is a dispute about the work, or if your debtor has financial problems. This is OK, but Tim Vainio, a chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are afraid of losing a relationship, and that, before undertaking any action, the focus should be on recovering as much money as possible, rather than on preserving a relationship.

LANGUAGE LEARNING accurate adj. 精确的 assign v. 分配 carefree adj. 无忧无虑的 chat v. 聊天，闲谈 classmate n. 同班同学 curving adj. 弯曲的 dialogue n. 对话 dramatic adj. 戏剧的 drip n. 水滴 fluent adj. 流畅的 freshmen n. 大学一年新生，新手 humming n. 哼唱 intonation n. 声调，语调 introduction n. 介绍，引进 pronunciation n. 发音，读法 red-faced adj. 面红耳赤的 refine v. 精炼 skillful adj. 熟练的 smallness n. 小，贫乏 speedy adj. 快的，迅速的 thawing n. 融化，熔化 toss v. 扔，投掷

There were twenty-six freshmen majoring in English at Beijing Language Institute in the class of 1983, I was assigned to Group Two with another eleven boys and girls who had come from big cities in China. I was told that language study required smallness so that we would get more attention from the skilful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the class. I realized that my classmates were already all talking in English, simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't understand it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but I had never heard them spoken back to me in such a speedy, fluent manner. My big plan of beating the city folks was thawing before my eyes.

US BUSINESS SCHOOLS admission n. 承认 boost v. 推送 lure n. 诱惑 prerequisite n. 先决条件 recruiting v. 招聘 unofficial adj. 非官方的

Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced candidates in an effort to boost applications and head off competition for the best students from other graduate programmes such as law and public policy. In an attempt to lure new students, leading business schools - including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and Wharton - have moved away from the unofficial admissions prerequisite of four years' work experience and instead have set their sights on recent college graduates and so-called "early career" professionals with only a couple years of work under their belt.

KASHMIR WHISPERS OF REDISCOVERED APPEAL

Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every spring at the prospect of the annual influx of tourists. From May to October, the hyacinth-choked waters of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travellers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers honed their skills, as did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the houseboats initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. The economy boomed. Then, in 1989, separatist and Islamist militancy struck and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their lives - proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.

UNIVERSITY SCIENCE

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most Recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor: chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the problem.

DEFINITION OF COUNTRY 版本答案1：after all，according to，arises，find 版本答案2：expect，explored，varies，arises

What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However, the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't there a straight forward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient to recognize or not recognize other countries.

JOB-HUNTING

When it comes to job-hunting, first impressions are critical. Remember, you are marketing a product - yourself - to a potential employer. The first thing the employer sees when greeting you is your attire; thus, you must make every effort to have the proper dress for the type of job you are seeking. Will dressing properly get you the job? Of course not, but it will give you a competitive edge and a positive first impression. How should you dress? Dressing conservatively is always the safest route, but you should also try and do a little investigating of your prospective employer so that what you wear to the interview makes you look as though you fit in with the organization. If youoverdress (which is rare but can happen) or under dress (the more likely scenario), the potential employer may feel that you don't care enough about the job.

WHY BIRDS SING alien n. 外星人，外侨 beak n. 喙，鸟嘴 enigma n. 迷，不可思议的东西 exuberant adj. 繁茂的，生气勃勃的 nerve n. 神经 opus n. 作品 presume v. 相信，假定 roar n. v. 咆哮 scissor v. 剪

Wittgenstein had the nerve to warn us that if a lion could talk, we would not understand him. Can you be so sure, Herr Ludwig? If a lion roars, we do understand him. If a cat purrs, we understand her. And if the voice of an animal is not heard as message but as art, interesting things start to happen: Nature is no longer an alien enigma, but instead something immediately beautiful, an exuberant opus with space for us to join in. Bird melodies have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been listening, people have presumed there is music coming out of those scissoring beaks.

TEENAGE DAUGHTER

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, her text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible—and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the central pattern generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different modes, such as going from a standstill to walking.

JUST IN TIME minimum n. 最小值 originally adv. 最初，起初 philosophy n. 哲学，哲理 purchaser n. 买方 quantity n. 数量

`Just-in-time' is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and quantity, whether the `customer' is the final purchaser of the product or another process further along the production line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum waste. "Waste" is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well as materials.