PUBH 3300 Exam 1

LOOK @ #1 ON QUIZ 3, #2 GOES WITH IT

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Which of the following would be classified as a routine practice activity a) An epidemiologist working for a health department tracks down the source of an outbreak of gastroenteritis b) An outbreak investigation team identifies an unusual food item as the cause of the outbreak, does additional survey and laboratory work to confirm the hypothesis, and then shares that discovery by writing a formal report describing their methods and results. c) A clinician conducts a systematic search of the literature, completes a novel synthesis of the complies articles, and then writes and disseminates that summary. d) A client survey uses a validated questionnaire and sampling methods, is approved by an ethics committee, answers a question that builds on the evidence base provided by previously published articles, and has the results shared through presentation or publication.

a) An epidemiologist working for a health department tracks down the source of an outbreak of gastroenteritis

What commonly used type of cross-sectional study asks participants about their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, practices, and behaviors a) KAP survey b) repeated cross-sectional survey c) longitudinal cohort survey d) meta-analytical survey

a) KAP survey

An individual who is given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work is referred to as which of the following a) gift authorship b) ghost authorship c) silent authorship d) associate authorship

a) gift authorship

step four

analyze data

_______________could include social pressure or requests from authority figures that make it difficult for an individual not to agree to enroll in a study a) autonomy b) coercion c) incentives d) peer pressure

b) coercion

What is the first step in the research process, according to our textbook a) select the study approach b) identify the research question c) select the study design d) seek IRB approval

b) identify the research question

Which of the following will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study could contribute a) meta-analysis b) literature review c) questionnaires d) concept mapping

b) literature review

The ethical principle of ____________seeks to do no harm a) beneficence b) nonmaleficence c) justice d) equity

b) nonmaleficence

What database, developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, can be helpful for identifying the full extent of a research area and for narrowing the scope of a research area a) PubMed b) MedWatch c) MeSh (Medical Subject Headings Database) d) MEDLINE

c) MeSh (Medical Subject Headings Database)

Researchers often use ___________to avoid misclassification bias in case-control studies a) random sampling b) matching c) case definitions d) dynamic sampling

c) case definitions

What type of study seeks to recruit a study population that is representative of well-defined larger population a) case-control study b) case series c) cross-sectional survey d) meta-analysis

c) cross-sectional survey

In what manner are authors generally listed on a manuscript a) in alphabetical order b) in order according to level of education c) in order according to contribution to the project d) in reverse order according to contribution to the project

c) in order according to contribution to the project

What type of statement provides essential information about research projects to potential research participants so that they can make a thoughtful decision about whether to enroll in a study a) advance directive b) certificate of confidentiality c) informed consent d) waiver

c) informed consent

What test statistic is generally reported for case control studies a) two-by-two (2x2) tables b) bar histogram c) odds ratio d) relative risk

c) odds ratio

This type of cohort study recruits participants based on exposure status at some point in the past and uses follow-up data from some point after that old exposure to ascertain disease status a) prospective b) longitudinal c) retrospective d) fixed population

c) retrospective

What type of study involves a thorough review of existing literature a) primary study b) secondary study c) tertiary study d) quaternary study

c) tertiary study

Usually, what is the goal of any single research project a) to accomplish something no one else has b) to uncover a cure or a treatment c) to answer one well-defined question d) to raise awareness of a particular medical condition

c) to answer one well-defined question

_____________is an ethical school of thought that seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people a) socialism b) taoism c) utilitarianism d) deontology

c) utilitarianism

step two

select a general study approach

step five

write and share a report about the findings

three methods of randomizing subjects into control and treatment groups

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calculation odds ratio and interpreting results

- OR = ad/bc - OR = 1: the odds of exposure were the same for cases and controls - OR > 1: cases had higher odds of exposure than controls, implying that the exposure was risky - OR < 1: cases had lower odds of exposure than controls, implying that the exposure was protective

what it means to have a relative risk greater than 1, less than 1, and equal to 1

- RR > 1: the incidence rate was higher in the exposed than in the unexposed, suggesting that the exposure was risky - RR < 1: the incidence rate was lower in the exposed than in the unexposed, suggesting that the exposure was protective - RR = 1: the incidence rate was the same in the exposed and in the unexposed

pros and cons of secondary study

- analyzes existing data - pros: inexpensive, easily accessible, immediately available, make it easier to build the background of the research, provides research method alternatives - cons: frequently outdated, information can be unreliable if the source is hard to find or not credible, may not completely answer the research question, difficult to find relevant data

pros and cons of primary study

- collects new data from individuals - pros: always those conducting the research to study a specific thing, allows them to get the information directly from the source in which they are studying - cons: the cost to conduct the research can be expensive, it may take a long time to collect the necessary data for the research

correlational (ecological) study

- compare average levels of exposure and disease in several populations - key statistical measure: correlation

case-control study

- compare exposure histories in people with disease (cases) and people without diseases (controls) - key statistical measure: odds ratio (OR)

experimental study

- compare outcomes in participants assigned to an intervention or control group - key statistical measure: efficacy

cohort study

- compare rates of new (incident) disease in people with different exposure histories or follow a population forward in time to look for incident diseases - key statistical measure: relative risk

eight study designs, detail and goals, key statistical measure for each: case series

- describe a group of individuals with a disease - key statistical measure: only descriptive statistics are required

cross-sectional study

- describe exposure and/or disease status in a population - key statistical measure: prevalence

potential problems to avoid when wording items on a questionnaire

- does each question ask what it is intended to ask - is the language of each question clear and neutral - will members of the study population understand the language - is the question sensitive to potential cultural issues related to language - problems to avoid: jargon, leading, double-barrelled

EDP and how to apply it

- form the basis for many research questions - "Is [exposure] related to [disease/outcome] in [population]?"

pros and cons of tertiary study

- reviews the existing literature - pros: greater earning potential, higher rate of employment, independent learning, chance to broaden interests and knowledge, increased independence - cons: because of distance it may be oversimplified, may miss key insights on the topic, by the time things are published they be outdated

qualitative study

- seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences - key statistical measure: themes and patterns

review/meta-analysis

- synthesize existing knowledge - key statistical measure: different choices?

five steps of research process: step one

identify a study question

determine statistical significance of a given 95% confidence interval

if the p-value is less than the significance level?

What section of the manuscript is used to thank individuals who did not earn co authorship but who benefitted the study with their contributions a) title page b) introduction c) abstract d) acknowledgements

d) acknowledgements

What does the letter "D" stand for in the acronym of EDP a) disability b) disorder c) database d) disease

d) disease

What does the letter "E" stand for in the acronym EDP a) exemption b) expedite c) experience d) exposure

d) exposure

Research ethic committees are usually composed of at least____________members with ______________backgrounds a) two; similar b) two; diverse c) five; similar d) five; diverse

d) five; diverse

IRB stands for_______________ a) investigative research bureau b) investigation review board c) international research bureau d) institutional review board

d) institutional review board

Which of the following is the measure of statistical significance that readers will expect to be reported for experiments a) 95% confidence interval b) chi-square c) odds ratio d) p-value

d) p-value

Which of the following is defined as the assurance that individuals get to choose what information they reveal about themselves a) authority b) autonomy c) confidentiality d) privacy

d) privacy

step three

design the study and collect data