Public Health
Population-based prevention
Public-sector services that target the entire population beyond the community-level -State health insurance programs like SCHIP
Elevated
yellow
Who is considered the Father of Surveillance because he collected, analyzed, and published morbidity/mortality statistics for England and Wales from 1839 to 1879?
William Farr
This man was the leader of the Liberal Party and thought that more people should have the vote.
William Gladstone
Compliance
Willingness to follow instructions
• This man was a Liberal and wanted to help the poor. • He said 'If we see a drowning man we do not drag him to the shore. Instead, we provide help to allow him to swim ashore.' • In other words, the Liberals tried to provide some help for the poorer sections of society in order that they could help themselves.
Winston Churchill
Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum
Wir sind nie ganz krank oder ganz gesund, man hat auch wenn man krank ist noch gesunde Anteile. Dies hat eine Dynamik, man fühlt sich nicht immer gleich
Public Health
Wissenschaft und Praxis der Krankheitsverhütung, Lebensverlängerung, Förderung physischen und psychischen Wohlbefindens durch bevölkerungsbezogene Massnahmen.
Pandemic
World wide spread
Which is the only state to not have enacted limitations on indoor smoking?
Wyoming
What term describe a measure of the impact of disease in a population through years of life lost before a specific age? Additional value is placed on deaths occurring at earlier stages of life.
YPLL-Years of Potential Life Lost
1793
Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia
What is the etiology of the plague?
Yersenia pestis
Is E. coli a food borne disease?
Yes
Is the filtration process in wastewater treatment similar to that of drinking water treatment?
Yes
What is the risk of treating E. coli with antibiotics?
You increase the risk of hemorrhagic uremic syndrome
Formen der Prävention
Zeitpunkt Zielgruppe Interventionsebene Spezifität
99%
___ % of adults have had tooth decay.
66%
___ % of adults over 75 yrs of age have had root caries
Disability adjusted years
a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disabilities.
The Clean Air Act of 1970 est which governmental agency and charged it with implementing and enforcing the acts provisions? a. Environmental Protection Agency b. National Institute of Environmental Health Studies c. United States National Park Service d. Occupational Health and Safety Department
a. Environmental Protection Agency
"Unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen" is the definition for which term? a. Injury b. Trauma c. Abuse d. Negligence
a. Injury
When referring to "Levels of Inference", if a study shows an association between exposure and disease and only requires accurate measurements, you would assign which level of inference?' a. Level 1 interference b. Level 2 interference c. Level 3 interference d. Level 4 interference e. Level 5 interference
a. Level 1 interference
Which "type" of vehicle has the lowest rate of observed seatbelt usage? a. Pick-up trucks b. SUV's c. Vans d. Luxury cars
a. Pick-up trucks
This study design is generally considered the "Gold Standard," but is limited in that it is the best suited for studying ONLY one variable and is very expensive to complete. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above
a. interventional studies
Which of the following is NOT considered a form of "observational" research? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. all of the above
a. interventional studies
Public health is primarily concerned with what level of prevention? a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. personal prevention
a. primary prevention
the installation of stop signs at interchanges would be an example of which type of prevention? a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. personal prevention e. none of the above
a. primary prevention
THE ABILITY OF A TEST TO IDENTIFY CORRECTLY THOSE WHO HAVE THE DISEASE refers to....? a. sensitivity b. specificity c. pathogenicity d. infectivity e. reliability
a. sensitivity
The national academy of science describes care that is delivered in a hospital setting, is usually in a specialty area of hospitals or "specialty" hospitals, uses more advanced techniques, staff, equipment, and is more expensive, intensive, and specialized as being what level of care? a. primary care b. secondary care c. tertiary care d. personal prevention
a. teritary care
"Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers" are all features of which theory of patient behavior? a. the health belief model b. the trans-theoretical change model c. the ecological model d. none of the above
a. the health belief model
Response
actions dealing with consequences during the disaster
Preparedness
activities conducted before disaster to improve readiness
Ethics
activity of makign choices and deciding, judging, justifying and defending those actions Moral = Ethical
Pulsating toothbrush
addiontal pulsating motion
Oscillating toothbrush
additional pulsating motion
keratoconjunctivitis
adenovirus
Advise
advise tobacco users to quit
non-communicable diseases
among leading causes of death; heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, alcoholism, and addiction. These are not infectious but are more harmful. They place heavy burdens on our health care resources.
Observational
an analytical study in which, the investigator observes the natural course of events over time while studying similar people with and without the disease. (Hypothesis)
lysozymes
antibacterial action(found in mouth) where it attacks the cell wall of bacteria (can be used as antiseptic) and naturally occuring in egg white; also known as muramidase
Medical Practice
any services or activities provided by and monitored by medical personnel such as a physician or nurse.
lassa fever (h fever)
arenavirus
Arrange
arrange follow-up care
Ask
ask about tobacco use
source of amylase
aspergillus, bacillus, rhizopus
source of cellulase
aspergillus, trichoderma
Assist
assist with the quit attempt
Third Prevention
availability of health services for follow up, transportation, therapy and education, diet/exercise recommendations, adherence to medical regiment.
Life Expectancy:
average number of years one is supposed to live in a given time (usually a different for every birth year). (not account for individual variations)
A blood alcohol concentration of .10 means that there is one part of alcohol per _____ parts of blood? a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000
b. 1,000
Which group has the lowest death rates? a. Non-drinkers b. Those who have 1-2 drinks per day c. Those who have 4-5 drinks per day d. those who have already survived a PH2 course at CCC
b. 1-2 drinks per day
What are considered to be the "normal" ranges for BMI? a. 14-17.9 b. 18-24.9 c. 25-29.9 d. 30-34.9
b. 18-24.9
What would be the predicted maximum heart rate for a 37 year old person? a. 196 b. 183 c. 176 d. 153
b. 183
Which of the following is the standard definition of "binge drinking"? a. 3+ drinks per sitting males and 2+ per sitting females b. 5+ drinks per sitting males and 4+ per sitting females c. Drinking until the person has slurred speech of obvious motor impairments d. Drinking that affects a person's ADL's or relationships
b. 5+ for males and 4+ for females
What is the leading cause of "accidental deaths" in the US a. Drowing b. Auto accidents c. Firearms d. Being forced to sit through 45 hours of PH material
b. Auto accidents
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a "Criteria Pollutant" as identified by the EPA? a. Sulfur Dioxide b. Carbon Dioxide c. Particulate Matter d. Ground Level Ozone
b. Carbon Dioxide
What are the top two risk factors for suicide (list two)? a. Prior suicide attempt b. Depression c. Exposure to domestic violence d. Substance abuse e. Exposure to a boring PH class
b. Depression d. Substance Abuse
This type of depression is a less severe form which involves long term chronic symptoms that do not disable a person, but prevent them from functioning well or feeling good a. Major Depression b. Dysthymia c. Bipolar d. Seasonal Affective Disorder
b. Dysthymia
This man is considered the "father" of modern epidemiology, and was most well known for his study of the cholera epidemic in the Broad Street area of England? a. Sir Austin Bradford Hill b. John Snow c. Samuel Crumbine d. Andrew Semmelweis
b. John Snow
Which state has the highest rate of suicide? a. Minnesota b. Nevada c. California d. Washington
b. Nevada
Which of the following has the greatest influence on whether or not children will drink alcohol? a. Peers b. Parents c. Advertising d. Siblings
b. Parents
Which condition is NOT generally placed in the triad of disease which comprise Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? a. Emphysema b. Pneumonia c. Asthma d. Chronic Bronchitis
b. Pneumonia
The proportion of a defined population that has a disease at a specific point in time, is an indicator of the relative burden of a disease, and is a function of incident cases and existing cases is referred to as? a. Pandemic b. Prevalence c. Vector rated d. Incidence
b. Prevalence
Mandating the use of seat belts and air bags to reduce injuries as a result of automobile accident is an example of what type of preventative effort? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Occupational Prevention
b. Secondary
This person was responsible for identifying the 9 characteristics that help us define relevancy when trying to determine causation. a. Jason Bartlett b. Sir Austin Bradford Hill c. John Snow d. Samuel Crumbine e. Andrew Semmelweis
b. Sir Austin Bradford Hill
Which of the following is not a standard medication used in the treatment of depression? a. MAO inhibitors b. Statin medications c. Tricyclics d. SSRI's
b. Statin medications
A similar "statement" and checklist system was developed to help standardize reporting of observational studies. It is known as.....? a. The STARD statement b. The MOOSE protocol c. The CONSORT statement d. The STROBE statement e. The Cochrane collaboration
b. The MOOSE protocol
"A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." Which organization is responsible for this definition and what are they trying to define? a. The APHA definition of Public Health b. The WHO definition of Health c. The ACA definition of Innate intelligence d. The American Psychology Association definition of Sanity
b. The WHO definition of Health
Both the national institute on alcohol abuse and a large British study showed the lowest overall mortality rates in which population? a. Non-drinkers b. Those who has 1-2 drinks per day c. Those who had 4-5 drinks per day d. Those who has 1-2 drinks per week
b. Those who had 1-2 drinks per day
Which state has the LOWEST rates of alcohol related traffic fatalities a. Nevada b. Utah c. Wisconsin d. Connecticut
b. Utah
What type of study design will give you Odds ratios? a. interventional studies b. case control studies c. cohort studies d. None of the above are correct
b. case control studies
The proportion of a defined population that has a disease at a specific point in time, is an indicator of the relative burden of a disease, and is a function of incident cases and existing cases is referred to as....? a. pandemic b. prevalence c. vector rate d. incidence rate
b. prevalence
The ability of a screening test to determine those who DO NOT have the disease refers to.....? a. sensitivity b. specificity c. pathogenicity d. infectivity e. reliability
b. specificity
"Organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health" a. mission b. substance c. organized framework d. core functions e. funding mandates
b. substance
bacillus cereus enteritis
bacillus cereus
What is the major component of digester tanks that break down organic portions of sewage?
bacteria
Crude Rates
based on entire population; can be misleading if variation based on age
Primary prevention
behaviors that increase healthy well being, and avoid particular disease. Example: To go on a walk daily to avoid obesity, or regular check ups to avoid any health problems, or risk.
Vital Statistics
births, deaths, specific diseases, marriages, divorces, adoptions records maintained permanently by appropriate local governmen
Second Prevention
blood pressure check ups, lifestyle changes, family support, low salt/cholesterol diet
Guarded
blue
Aliens
born in & owing allegiance to another; limited time
steapsin
breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids in pancreas
pepsin
breaks protein into small peptides in stomach (pepsis means digestion)
Effective brushing
bristles apically @ 45 degree angle toward gums Bristles into sulcus Press lightly short strokes @ least 10 strokes
How is bacteria killed in wastewater treatment?
by adding chlorine to the water as is done in drinking water treatment
Which of the following exceeds the standard measure for a "serving" of alcohol a. 12 oz of beer or wine cooler b. 8 oz of malt liquor c. 12 oz of wine d. 1.5 ox of 80 proof liquor
c. 12 oz of wine
The CDC declared this to be the "single most important preventable risk to health in the developed world and an important cause of premature deaths worldwide" a. Sedentary lifestyle b. Auto accidents c. Smoking d. High Fructose Corn Syrup
c. Smoking
According to Haneline, what occupation has the highest rate of homicides? a. Police Officers b. Late Night Clerks c. Taxi cab drivers d. Non-police security guards
c. Taxi cab drivers
You are looking at a study that lists the "P" value as being .9...? a. you can assume that the data is significant as it is very close to the "Null" value of 1 b. Statisticians agree that 90% is a statistically significant variance from normal c. The "P" values accepted by statisticians is generally .05 or less, and this data is not reliable. d. the "null" value of these studies is generally 0 and the data shows definite correlation.
c. The "P" values accepted by statisticians is generally .05 or less, and this data is not reliable.
The consolidated standards of reporting trials appeared in the mid-1990's was developed and published to help authors improve the reporting of parallel group randomized studies. It is commonly referred to as.....? a. The STARD statement b. The MOOSE protocol c. The CONSORT statement d. The STROBE statement e. The Cochrane collaboration
c. The CONSORT statement
According to Dena Bravata and her study of pedometers at Stanford University, what was the most striking finding of her study? a. Pedometers appeared to have little effect on exercise habits b. Pedometers actually appeared to reduce the amount that people walked by 500 steps c. Those who use pedometers averaged almost 2,500 steps more than those who did not use them d. Inconvenience and resultant non-compliance cause data results that were statistically unreliable
c. Those who used pedometers averaged almost 2,500 steps more than those who did not use them
This study design uses patients who have a disease of interest and matches them with individuals who are as much alike with the exception of suffering from the disorder/disease that you are studying" a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above
c. case control studies
The initials MMWR refer to this government issued report. a. More men work really hard report b. mortality monthly workforce report c. morbidity and mortality weekly report d. monthly mortality works report
c. morbidity and mortality weekly report
The three "core functions" of public health include all but which of the following? a. assessment b. policy development c. social justice d. assurance
c. social justice
Establishing funding for rural ambulance services, acute trauma centers at hospitals, and brain injury rehabilitation centers would be an example of what type of preventative effort? a. primary preventative effort. b. Secondary preventative efforts c. tertiary preventative efforts d. occupational prevention
c. tertiary preventative efforts
if a study investigating the possible relationship of an exposure to a disease shows a relative risk (risk ratio) of a .48 you might infer that.....? a. the exposure is definitely related to the disease being studied. b. the exposure shows no relationship to the disease as .5 is the "null" value c. there appears to be a protective or negative association BT exposure and risk d. the values are insignificant because they are not at the .05 level or below.
c. there appears to be a protective or negative association BT exposure and risk
Prevalence Rates
calculated by dividing all cases (old and new) by total population; useful for chronic illnesses
Notifiable Diseases
can become epidemic and are requested by CDC
Cultural Competence
capacity of individuals to exercise interpersonal cultural sensitivity. (individual level)
Long term care
care for chronic conditions, personal care; nursing homes, mental or emotional handicaps, geriatric day care.
communicable disease
caused by biological agents or their products; transmissible to a host. Example: HIV, caused by a host.
Acupuncture
chinese poking
What is added to the water in storage that kills pathogens?
chlorine
Rotary toothbrush
circular rotation in 1 direction
What is the filtration step?
clear water passes through filters to help remove even smaller particles
botulism
clostridium botulinum
perfringens enterotoxemia
clostridium perfringens
Cao gio
coining or coin rubbing
NPCR + SEER cover
collecting data for the entire US population
Scrub-Brush Technique
combination of Bass, Vibratory + Circular
Organic substance
complex carbon-containing substance; often produced by a living organism
Medical + dental ethics
considered more case-based and clinical
Buffers
control pH
Experimental
controls the intervention; more likely to use lab animals then humans. Mostly used to determine the effectiveness of a vaccine or therapeutic drug. It is tested on animals first to predict safety and effectiveness.
rennin
conversion of liquid milk to solid particles in stomach
nucleases
conversion of nucleic acids to nucleotides and nucleosides in pancreas
Ptyalin
convert starch into simple soluble sugars found in mouth (to maltose or dextrin)
amylase
convert starch to soluble sugars(found in mouth)
lactase
converts lactose to glucose and galactose in small intestine
maltase
converts maltose to glucose in small intestine
isomaltase
converts maltose to isomaltose in small intestine
trypsin
converts proteins to basic amino acid in pancreas
sucrase
converts sucrose to disaccharides and monosaccharides in small intestine
chymotrypsin
convertys protein to aromatic amino acids in pancreas
Spiral
corkscrew or curved
What is considered by law enforcement officials to be the standard level of intoxication (legally impaired) as indicated by breathalyzer analysis? a. .80 b. .01 c. .10 d. .08
d. .08
How long does it take after quitting smoking before the rates of cardiovascular disease are similar to that of a non-smoker? a. 1 yr b. 5 yrs c. 10 yrs d. 15 yrs
d. 15 yrs
What are the current recommendations for activity levels according to the CDC and the American College of Sports Physicians? a. 30 min of moderate activity at least 2 days per week b. 50 min of mild activity at least 3 days per week c. 10 min of mild activity every day (7) of the week d. 30 min of moderate physical activity 5-7 days per week
d. 30 min of moderate physical activity 5-7 days per week
What is the lifetime prevalence of LBP? a. 32% b. 56% c. 73% d. 85%
d. 85%
When you look at research that is describing "risk differences" between two groups, you can infer that there is "no significant difference" when the number arrived at is...? a. Greater than 1 b. Less than 1 c. Equal to 1 d. Equal to 0 e. None of the above
d. Equal to 0
When referring to non-radicular back pain with common degenerative changes, what can be said about the efficacy of fusion surgery versus other treatment methods? a. Spinal fusion is the treatment of choice in almost every case b. Manual spinal mobilization was far superior to fusion therapy in all trials c. Acupuncture was far superior to both manual spinal manipulation and fusion surgery d. Fusion was no more effective than "intensive rehabilitation"
d. Fusion is no more effective than "intensive rehabilitation"
# of New cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specific time period...divided by # of persons at risk of developing the disease during that specific period of time a. Pandemic b. Prevalence c. Vector rate d. Incidence
d. Incidence
Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in roughly 1-2 births per 1,000. Which ethnic group has the highest rates of FAS births? a. Non-Hispanic whites b. Asian c. Black/ African-American d. Native American
d. Native American
This form of depression affects primarily women, affects roughly 2% of the population, is more common in northern latitudes and is often treated by using light therapy? a. Major Depression b. Dysthymia c. Bipolar Disorder d. Seasonal Affective Disorder
d. Seasonal Affective Disorder
This is the best study design when attempting to determine the temporal relationship of exposure to disease development. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above
d. cohort studies
This type of study design determines the exposure levels of individuals in a group and follows that group over a long period of time. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above
d. cohort studies
What type of study design will give you relative risk measures? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies
d. cohort studies
The persistent occurrence of disease by region (the usual and expected rate of a disease) a. epidemic b. syndemic c. pandemic d. endemic e. academic
d. endemic
# OF NEW CASES OF A DISEASE OCCURRING IN THE POPULATION DURING A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD....DIVIDED BY...# OF PERSONS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE DURING THAT SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME....? a. pandemic b. prevalence c. vector rate d. incidence e. none of the above
d. incidence
What do the letters represent in the term "IRB" when referring to studies performed using federal funding and involving human research participants? a. investigational reporting board b. institutional reporting bulletin c. infectious reporting bulletin d. institutional review board
d. institutional review board
This term refers to the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all the diseases. a. pandemic b. prevalence c. epidemic d. syndemic e. none of the above
d. syndemic
Cause Specific Rates
death rate for a specific disease (# of deaths divided by total population); can also calculate for a specific population
gastric lipase
degradation of butter fat in stomach
pancreatic amylase
degradation of carbohydrates to simple sugars in pancreas
carboxypeptidase
degradation of proteins to amino acids in pancreas
gastric amylase
degradation of starch in stomach
elastases
degrade the protein elastin in pancreas
pancreatic lipase
degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol in pancreas
Proportional Mortality Rates
describes relationship between deaths from specific cause and deaths from all causes
Incidence & Prevalence
descriptions about health status in a particular area. Helpful in understanding if a population is doing well.
Health Disparities
differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, disability, location, or sexual orientation Differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of diseases Racial differences in quality of care Differences in access to care Difference that is AVOIDABLE
Disability
disability is a state of decreased functioning associated with disease, disorder, injury, or other health conditions, which in the context of one's environment is experiences as an impairment, activity limitation, or participation restriction.
Which type of study is considered to have the "highest level" of statistical power, and is listed at the top of the evidence pyramid? a. case studies b. interventional studies (RCT's) c. Case Control Studies d. Cohorts Studies e. Meta Analyses
e. Meta Analyses
The use of screening tests is appropriate when? a. the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality b. treatment is available for the disease c. the impact of the disease can be minimized before symptoms develop d. the prevalence of pre clinical disease is high e. all of the above
e. all of the above
Which of the following is considered to be a valid epidemiologic study method? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. all of the above
e. all of the above
In 1988 a study conducted by the Institute of Medicine called, "the future of public health" refocused attention on the importance of public health and re-examined the definition of public health. They gave a four part definition that included all but which of the following? a. mission b. substance c. organizational framework d. core functions e. funding mandates
e. funding mandates
Public health surveillance
effective preparedness and response rely on monitoring disease patterns, investigating individual case reports, and using epidemiological and laboratory analyses to target public health intervention and strategies -illness outbreaks -national surveillance -statewide surveillance -local surveillance
Community Empowermen
enable people to solve their own health problems
Unauthorized Immigrants
entered without permission.
Thimerosal
ethylmercury preservative
the criteria of causation
factors that should be considered when deciding whether an association between a disease and possible risk factor might be one of causation. Different factors: strength, temporality, biological plausibility, and consistency.
Refugees
flees another area to seek protection (political asylum, war, famine or environmental disaster
Sub-acute:
following acute, skilled nursing, home health
Mycelia
fungi that form visible masses(molds or mushrooms)
What is considered "improper storage temperature"?
greater than 40 degrees F
Tooth Erosion
hard dental tissue chemically etched away by acid *Extrinsic acid = ingested (food, beverages, meds) *Intrinsic acid = internal (stomach)
Digestive enzyme
help to breakdown polymeric macromolecules into small building block, which are required by our body to maintain healthy life
hepaB (serum hepa)
hepadnaviridae
epstein barr
herpesviridae
Infant mortality rate
highest among AA because lack of prenatal and low birth weight babies
Validity
how accurate representation of phenomenon *Content *Construct *Criterion
why rates are important
how much a factor is affecting what population and can lead to why and where
Construct Validity
how well a measurement conforms to theory
phospholipase
hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and lipophilic substances in pancreas
Dye
improve appearance *Titanium Dioxide (opacity), FD&C dyes 1 + 5
Multicultural
incorporating and appreciating perspectives of multiple racial and ethnic group (cultural pluralism)
Face Validity
instrument appears to be assessing the desired phenomenon
Restorative care:
intermediate follow up including surgical postoperative care; home health, rehabilitation facilities, halfway houses
gelatinase
is a proteolytic enzyme that allows degradation of gelatin and collagen present as proteoglycans in meat in stomach
What is accomplished during the aerating process?
it dissolves gases released from water
How do you define a food borne disease outbreak?
it is considered an outbreak when 2 or more persons share similar symptoms
Disinfectants
kills organisms externally in a 1:10 solution of bleach and water
What is a floc?
large group of adhered particles due to the coagulation process
Oral Health Education
learning opportunities to facilitate VOLUNTARY adaptations of behavior
How many ppb of HAA are allowed?
less than 60 ppb
How many ppb of TTHM are allowed?
less than 80 ppb
Disparities attributed to
lifestyle—higher incidence smoking late diagnosis—lower screening in colorectal & breast access to health care
What are buboes?
lymph nodes
betaine
maintains cell fluid balance as osmolytes(found in mouth)
Symptoms of Chlamydia
malaise, chills, fever, and systemic symptoms. They have a genital primary lesion with lymph node enlargement in the genital and rectal areas. They have a gram-negative bacteria
Specific Rates
measure for a specific population or for a specific disease
Reliability
measure is reproducible *Internal consistency (cronbach's alpha) *Stability (inter- and intra- observer reliability)
Predictive Validity
measure to predict future ocurrence
Criterion-related Validity
measurement correlates with external criterion
Sampling Validity
measurement incorporates all/most of phenomenon
Mitigation
measures employed before an incident occurs to minimize damage
source of catalase
micrococcus, aspergillus
Immigrants
migrate for permanent residence; better life
Minority Health
morbidity and mortality of American Indians/Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, Black Americans, and Hispanics in the U.S.
Mortality Stats
most reliable indicator of a population's health status
Health Equity
motivates efforts to eliminate disparities between groups
Motivation
must come from self
What other agents besides Tuberculosis are capable of producing granulomas?
mycotic agents, fungi, foreign bodies, higher bacteria(mycoplasma)
What is the mortality rate of the septicemic form of the plague?
near 100%
Water
needed to form paste
Specificity
negative result when someone who doesn't have disease is tested *True Negative
Reasons health care providers do not report
not knowing standards for collection failing to ask lack of access to info by clinical staff Bias analysis from different systems (results in over or under rep)
Illness
not merely referring to the physical presence or diagnosis of a disease state. May exist without a physical manifestation of disease.
Health
not merely the absence of disease but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
Mortality
number of deaths during a specific time
Morbidity Rates & Populations
number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator -Incidence rates -Prevalence rates
formula for IR
number of new cases of a disease in the population during specified time. / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that time x 100,000 or whatever the population factor is.
Incidence
number of newly diagnosed cases
Public health: alternate definition
one of the efforts organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people's health. It is the combination of sciences, skills, and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the involved emphasize prevention of disease and health needs of the population as a whole (Last 1995)
Surveillance
ongoing systematic collection of data for planning & public health practice *Track trends, define magnitude, identify new hazards & risk factors, target iterventions, evaluate prevention/intervention
High
orange
WHO
organization that shaped community health, located in Geneva ,largest international health agency, 94 countries have delegates to the WHO financed by member nation
Hispanic
origin is an ethnicity (nurture-nationality, culture, ancestry, language, beliefs), not a race (nature-physical appearance, such as skin color)Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin
What material is used in pipes to prevent corrosion control?
ortho/polyphosphate
What foods are especially important as sources of Norwalk viral infection?
oysters and clams
What term describes the probability that an observed effect could have occurred by chance if there had actually been no real effect?
p value
Sulcular/Bass Technique
partly on tooth + gum 45 degree into gums
Agents of disease infection
pathogens bacteria viruses
Sensitivity
positive result when someone with disease is tested *True positive
ACP
precipitates + grows on tooth to speed up remineralization
Dental Public Health
preventing & controlling dental disease through organized community effort
Primary Prophylaxis
preventing development of disease
Lifetime Risk
probability of developing or dying of cancer
Predictive Value
probability of having the disease Determined by sensitivity and specitivity and prevalence
Health Promotion
process enables individuals/communities to increase control of health determinants and improve their health (educational, organizational, economic, political + environmental support)
Cultually-based
programs and messages that use culturally-derived values and beliefs. intended to engage and motivate behavior change.
bromelaine
proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapples, anti-inflammatory agent, tenderizes meat(found in mouth)
Buproprion
psychotropic
Chantix
psychotropic
Active Surveillance
public health officials initiate contact with physicians, labs, and hospitals
What is a prominent clinical sign associated with the septicemic form of the septicemic form of the plague?
purple skin patches due to DIC
Dimensions of cultural competency
race & ethnicity sex/gender ability socio-economic status (SES) sexual orientation nationality religion veterans 1st generation college rural/urban age language legacy non-traditional students
Factors contributing to disparity
race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity
Bacilli shape description
rectangular or rod shaped
Severe
red
Secondary Prevention
regular HIV testing, regular medical visits, nutritional counseling and lifestyle changes, health education and personal counseling.
First Prevention-
regular exercise, diet, balanced lifestyle, medical check ups, availability of food markets
Mild Abrasive
remove debris + stain *Calcium Carbonate, Silica gels, Aluminum oxides, Magnesium carbonate, Phosphate salts, Silicates
rotavirus
reoviridae
orbivirua (colorado tick fever)
reovirus
Outbreak
same as epidemic. used to reduce sensationalism.
What are the filters made of?
sand, gravel, and charcoal
Epidemiology
scientific analysis of disease etiology, patterns of infection, and disease prediction among the general population. -investigation seek to determine what is causing the disease, how the disease is spreading, and who is at risk of the disease.
Selective Screening
selected high risk groups in the population (may still be large scale)
What is another term for wastewater?
sewage
What is the aerating step in wastewater treatment?
sewage is shook and exposed to air
Primary Prevention-
sex education in schools and homes, abstinence, condom, and dental dam use.
Acute
short term intense medical care may require hospitalization, emergency or urgent care centers, output/input surgical centers, hospitals
How is scum removed?
slow moving rakes skim the scum off the surface of the wastewater
Humanitarian Argument
sound tooth > filled tooth Healthy teeth > prosthetic replacements
Attack Rates
special incidence rate for a particular disease and outbreak (ie, sick on the airplane); can help determine cause or source
Secondary
specialized care and mgt for special conditions; located in physician offices and hospitals
Coccus
spherical or round
Lipolytic enzyme
split fats to fatty acid and glycerol
nucleolytic enzyme
split nucleic acids to nucleotide
Proteolytic enzyme
split proteins into amino acid
staphylococcal enteritis
staphylococcus aureus
Health
state of complete physical, mental + social well-being (not just absence of disease)
Tertiary care:
subspecialty, psychiatric hospital, chronic disease facility
H1n1
swine flu
Tertiary prevention
that which is done to control progression or "cure the disease"(limits physical and social consequences) complete lifestyle change.
1965- t
the debate on government v private began, Medicare & Medicaid,
Incidence rates (IR)
the direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time -The rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.
Bio-terrorism emergencies
the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants
Modifiable
the lifestyle and behavioral factors over which an individual has some control. Example: diet, commitment to daily exercise, and decisions about smoking, drinking and other drug use.
What is scum (as defined in wastewater treatment)?
the lighter material that floats on top of the water - grease - oils - plastics - soaps
Health adjusted life expectancy-
the number of HEALTHY life expected, on an average, in a given population.
Prevalence Rate (PR)
the number of cases present at a particular period of time -the total number of cases that do exist at a particular period of time.
What is the coagulation step?
the process in which materials that passed through the intake screens are removed
What is effluent?
the wastewater returned to nature after it is treated
Public health
the well-being of the whole community
How long did outbreaks of the plague last until in history?
till the end of the 19th century
Where did some Jews flee for sanctuary? Why?
to Poland by invitation of Casmir the great (his wife was Jewish)
What is the major purpose of wastewater treatment plants?
to decrease the amount of waste in water so that nature can handle it when the water is returned to nature
What is the major goal of wastewater treatment?
to remove as much suspended solids from water before returning the remaining water back to nature
Ayurveda
traditional Indian medicine
Fungi characteristics
unicellular(yeasts) or multi cellular(Mushrooms) 10-100 micrometers; Some mold visible masses. some for mycotoxins that may be lethal
USPHS
united states public health service
Population-based prevention
usually but not limited to public-sector services that target the entire population beyond the community-level.
Morbidity and Mortality Rates
vary greatly based on age, sex, race, ethnicity; leading cause of death a vary for these groupings
How is the pneumonic form of the plague spread?
via aerosol
Elevated threat
warns of credible terrorist threat against the US
Imminent threat
warns of credible, SPECIFIC & IMPENDING terrorist threat against the US
What is the storage step?
water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir
How did people avoid those that were sick?
went to the countryside
Age Adjusted Rates
when adjusted based on age
Once infected, how long is it before death occurs in the bubonic form of the plague?
within a week of infection
What is the etiology of Norwalk viral infection?
you know this
What are diseases called that are transferred from animals to humans?
zoonoses or zoonotic diseases
Bedeutsamkeit / Sinnhaftigkeit
Überzeugung, dass alle Lebensaufgaben, denen man sich stellen muss, sinnvoll sind und dass es sich lohnt sich dafür zu engagieren.
What are some Biogenic pollutants?
• Bacteria, molds, pollens, insect parts and waste (dust mites), animal dander • Cause allergic reactions, illness • Help control with Relative humidity
What are some Critical Pollutants?
• Carbon monoxide • Carbon dioxide • Sulfur dioxide • Nitrogenoxide • Hydrocarbons • Suspended particles
Cholera
• Cholera is a bacterial infection of the intestine. • Symptoms include large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting and muscle cramps. • Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration. This can lead to death. • Cholera is spread mostly by water and food that has been contaminated with human faeces containing the bacteria.
How are diseases transmitted from animals to humans?
• Direct contact with the animal (Brucellosis) • Waste products (Hantavirus) - Inhaling feces from soil. • Arthropod vector (plague)
Epidemics
• Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus spread rapidly, killing lots of people
Population
• During the early 19th century, there was a large growth in Britain's population due to a fall in the death rate. • This led to overcrowding and poor living conditions.
What was the 1990 Amendments to the clean air act?
• Emission standards for 190 toxic chemicals • Established taxes on toxic chemical emissions • Tightened automobiles emission standards
What are some examples of Virulence Factors?
• Extracellular enzymes • Toxins • Antiphagocytic factors • Exotoxins • Endotoxin
What are the levels in the National Air Quality Index?
• Green - good • Yellow - moderate • Orange - unhealthy for sensitive individuals • Red - unhealthy • Purple - Very unhealthy Maroon - Hazardous
What are the different types of Symbiosis?
• Mutualism - both members benefit (Bacteria in gut) • Parasitism - a parasite benefits while the host is harmed • Commensalism - one member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected
Overcrowding
• Overcrowded terraced housing led to poor living conditions. • Government reports of the time indicated people sleeping as many as six to one bed. • There were frequent epidemics.
Urbanisation
• People moved from the countryside to urban areas in search of work in the new factories. • By 1850, over 50% of Britain's population lived in either a town or a city. • This led to poor living conditions.
What are some examples of Direct Contact transmission?
• Person to person by body contact • Horizontal spread • Vertical spread
Sanitation
• Sanitary conditions in cities were filthy. • Local governments did not think it was their job to fix things. • The cities did not have proper waste disposal systems or sewers, and people threw rubbish and sewage directly into the streets. • The burning coal of the factories coated cities in a layer of grime and polluted the air. • Water supplies were polluted by waste.
How are diseases transmitted via droplet?
• Sneezing • Coughing • Exhalation
What are the major sources of air pollution in U.S?
• Transportation • Electrical power plants fueled by oil and coal • Industries
Typhoid
• Typhoid fever/typhoid is a bacterial infection. • Symptoms begin six to thirty days after exposure. • Symptoms include a high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches and a skin rash. • Without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months. • Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected but can still spread the disease.
Typhus
• Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria. • Humans catch it from parasites such as lice, fleas and ticks. • Symptoms include fever, chills, headache and a rash. • If left untreated, typhus can be fatal.
What are the Health Effects in humans of Toxic Air Pollutants?
• UV-b linked to skin cancer including melanoma • Cataracts • Suppression of the immune system
What are some examples of Toxic Air Pollutants?
• benzene (found in gasoline) • perchloroethylene (emitted from dry cleaning facilities) • methylene chloride (solvent and paint stripper) • Most originate from human-made mobile sources (cars, trucks, etc.) and stationary sources (factories, refineries, power plants) • Includes natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires.
What are the Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants in animals?
• toxic pollutants disrupt the endocrine system • decreased fertility • decreased hatching success • damaged reproductive organs • altered immune systems
Percentage in Texas
•Texas 70% white •Houston 50% white •43% Hispanic or Latino origin •Directive 15—rules for classifying race and ethnicity
1- Health is more than health care 2- Health is tied to distribution of resources 3- Racism imposes a health burden 4- Choices made are shaped by choices available 5- High demand and Low control causes Chronic Stress 6- Chronic stress is toxic 7- Economical and Political inequality are detrimental 8- Social policy s health policy 9- Health inequalities are not natural 10- All pay the price for poor health
"10 Things to Know about Health"
Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: In a clear, strong and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit
"Advise" to quit
Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: If willing, Follow-up starting after 1 week of quitting If not willing, Address tobacco dependence and willingness at next visit
"Arrange" follow-up
Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: Identify and document tobacco use status every time
"Ask" about tobacco use
Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt at this time?
"Assess" willingness to quit
Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: If willing, Offer medication/counseling and help them quit If not willing, Provide intervention to increase future quit attempts
"Assist" in quit attempt
Innate Immunity
"First Line" defense; provides <90% of protection from harmful microorganisms reponds within minutes.
Secondary prevention
"Once risk occurs". Once risk is identified, in order to forestall more serious outcomes. It is a way to intervene the process before symptoms begin. Example: diagnosed with diabetes, therefore will cut down on sugar intake before insulin requirements. (Once risk is confirmed, habits change)
_______ was a pool of money from oil and chemical company taxes to pay for cleaning up hazardous waste sites
"Superfund"
The Smokey Mountain Smelters Aluminum Recycler was a PH threat because the _______ released Ammonia, Pesticides, and PCBs, which nearby communities were exposed to
"dross"
Before the EPA was established, environmental issues were addressed through laws on __________
"public nuisance"
Define Symbiosis.
"to live together"
Case Fatality Rates
% of cases that result in death during a specific time; measured severity
• Rowntree conducted a further study of poverty in York in 1936 under the title 'Poverty and Progress'. • He found absolute poverty among the working class in York had decreased by 50% since his first study. • However, as he changed his definition of the poverty line from his earlier study this is not a direct comparison. • In this study he included allowances for some items which were not strictly necessary for survival, these included newspapers, books, radios, beer, tobacco, holidays, and presents. • He showed that the causes of poverty had changed considerably in a few decades. • In the 1890s, the major reason for primary poverty was low wages (52%). • In the 1930s unemployment accounted for 44.53% and low wages only 10%.
'Poverty and Progress'
• Rowntree published his research in 'Poverty, a Study of Town Life' in 1901. • He said that people needed around 21s per week to live. If their income was less than this, they did not have enough money to pay for the essential things they needed (rent, food, clothing, etc.) • He said that people who tried to survive on less than 21s per week (around 30% of people) lived below what he called the "Poverty Line". • He said that most people could not help being poor. They were simply not paid enough to live on. However, he said that large families were the main cause of poverty in York.
'Poverty, a Study of Town Life'
. Diabetes
(24 million) 2 ½ times higher in AA and Am. Ind; 2 times higher among Hispanics;
IgM
(5-10%) First antibody to increase upon antigens entering the body.
IgA
(5-10%) Found in body secretions and in the mucosa linings of the bronchial tract and the GI tract. First line of defense against point of entry invasion of body.
Factors contributing to disparity
(SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality
Define Endemic.
(a) Disease or other occurrence that is constantly present in a population. It is confined to that area.
Define Sporadic.
(b) When only a few scattered cases occur.
Define Epidemic.
(c) Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area
Define Pandemic.
(d) Is an epidemic occurring on more than one continent.
Children from low income families experience:
*Greatest amount of oral *More untreated cavities *80% dental caries in 25% of children Less likely to access care + fewer dental visits Less sealants
Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index
*Teeth are DRIED *only 1 surface scored
Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF)
*Teeth are NOT dried *No Fluorosis - Confluent pitting with dark brown stain
Medicare: Part B
*benefits* -physician visits & supplier services -outpatient care -lab tests -medical supplies -home health
Risk Marker
*risk indicator -an attribute that is associated with an increased probability of occurrence of a disease or other specified outcome and that can be used as an indicator of this increased risk.
Describe the Carbon Dioxide method:
- 60% CO2 and atmospheric air are used on the animals - animals lose consciousness in 25 seconds - an expensive method
What are some of the vehicles that transmit disease?
- Airborne (aerosol 1 meter) - Waterborne - Fecal-oral - Food-borne - Body Fluids
How are the materials coagulated?
- Alum and other chemicals are added to the water - this causes suspended materials to adhere to each other
Name different agents that can cause food poisoning:
- Bacteria - Viruses, prions - Toxins - Protozoa - Parasites
Salutogenesiisches Modell nach Antonovsky
- Beschäftigt sich mit Kompetenzen und Ressourcen die dem Menschen helfen, gesund zu bleiben, beschreibt Wege, über welche Gesundheit entsteht - Weg vom Defizitdenken hin zur Suche nach dem Positiven
Foodborne infections include the following:
- Botulism - Staphylococcus toxicosis - Clostridium perfringens toxicosis - Hepatitis A viral infection - Norwalk virus infection
Methods of Humane Slaughter include:
- Captive bolts - Gunshot - Carbon Dioxide - Electrical - Kosher Slaughter
What are sources of listeria?
- Contaminated vegetables - Contaminated dairy products - Cold cuts
What are the clinical signs of food borne campylobacter?
- Diarrhea - Abdominal pain
What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?
- Diarrhea - Headaches - Abdominal pain - Vomiting - Fever
Bedeutung für die Pflege
- Eigene Haltung primär reflektieren (pathogenetisch, salutogenetisch) - Es geht über eine Erweiterung der pflegerischen Haltung - Gesundheit ist kein produzierbares Gut, es muss ermöglicht werden, wir müssen sie hüten und pflegen - Pflegende sollen Umstände für Gesundheit schaffen - Ressourcenorientiertes Denken - Patient ist Experte für seine eigene Gesundheit (PP begleitet und berät) - Patient zur Selbstverantwortung und Eigeninitiative befähigen - Grundsätzlich das Kohärenzgefühl bei den Patienten stärken
What is the portal of entry into the human body?
- Entry site of pathogens into human body - Respiratory tact - Digestive tract - Urinary tract - Genital tract - Through skin
What percentage of the population was lost in France, Spain, Britain, and Germany?
- France and Spain lost 75-80% - Britain and Germany lost 20%
Vier Komponenten des Modells
- Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum - Stressoren - Widerstandsressourcen - Kohärenzgefühl
Methoden der Prävention
- Gesundheitsaufklärung - Gesundheitsberatung - Gesundheitserziehung - Gesundheitsbildung
Ziele Public Health
- Gesundheitsförderung - Prävention - Epidemiologie (Verteilung der Gesundheitszustände) - Personale und soziale Ressourcen aktivieren - Arbeitsmedizin
What are the clinical signs of listeriosis?
- Headaches - Vomition - Delirium - Abortion
The "Inspection Legend" is given when these 5 categories are met:
- Healthy animals (must be slaughtered) - Disease free animals - Clean meat - Truthfully labeled - No adulteration or harmful drugs
When do Opportunistic pathogens cause disease?
- Immune system is suppressed - Normal microbial antagonism is affected by certain changes in the body, such as consumption of antibiotics - Normal microbe is introduced into an abnormal area of the body, such as when fecal matter is deposited at the entrance to the urethra.
What must be included on the food label?
- Ingredients - Inspection legend (on meat products) - Use by or sale by date - Country of origin - Misc items
What are the three different types of "inspection marks"?
- Inspection mark on carcass (beef, pork, lamb, and goats) - Inspection mark on processed beef, pork, lamb, and goats - Inspection mark on raw and process poultry
Pathogenese
- Leidenschaft, Sucht, Erntstehung - Beschreibt Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Krankheit mit den beteiligten Faktoren - Beschreibt Entstehung von Krankheit
What factors prior to the outbreak contributed to the major plague outbreak forming the perfect storm for an outbreak to occur?
- Little ice age after years of warm weather causing famine - the killing of many animals, most notably cats - rats took over Europe
Widerstandsressourcen
- Materielle (finanzielle Absicherung) - physische (Immunsystem) - soziale (Einbindung in soziale Netzwerke) - Kognitive (Intelligenz und Wissen) - Emotionale (Lebenseinstellung, Selbstvertrauen) - Makrostrukturelle Faktoren (Präventionen)
Einflussfaktoren auf Gesundheit
- Physische - Psychische - Soziale - seelische - gesellschaftliche - umgebungsabhängige - emotionale - wirtschaftspolitische - soziokulturelle
What are the three different forms of the plague?
- Pneumonic - Bubonic - Septicemic
Pathogenesis of a food borne outbreak include:
- Presence of pathogen - Food ingested with a concentration greater than the minimal threshold - ? (didn't get this last point in class)
How does public health use Epidemiology?
- Public health organizations use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards for clean potable water. - Regulate food safety standards, to prevent disease by controlling vectors and animal reservoirs, and to educate people to make healthful choices concerning the prevention of disease.
What are sources of salmonella?
- Raw eggs - Raw poultry - Raw milk - Raw meat - Raw vegetables - Contaminated food
What are some examples of non living reservoirs?
- Soil (botulinum, tetanus) - Water (parasitic eggs, bacteria, protozoa) - Food - Objects
Name some factors that contribute to outbreaks:
- Storage (large volume) - Improper storage temperature - Inadequate cooking - Improper canning - Poor sanitation - Cross contamination - Contaminated utensils
Miscellaneous items on the label can include:
- The distribution company - Organic - Gluten free - Sustainably caught (fish and animal products) - Production date
List the common worldwide infectious diseases:
- Tuberculosis - Malaria - HIV - Hepatitis B - Dengue Fever - Measles
Salutogenese
- Unverletztheit, Heil, Glück - Gesundheitsentstehung, die sich mit dem Weg von Gesundheit zur Krankheit beschäftigt - Entstehung und Erhaltung der Gesundheit
What are sources of food borne disease outbreaks?
- Water - Milk and other dairy products - Red meat, poultry, fish - Raw vegetables
What characteristics of water are known to cause corrosion?
- acidity - lack of minerals in water
Describe the Electrical method:
- an electrical charge is passed though the brain - mostly used on swine and chickens - broken backs and petechial hemorrhages may be present
Describe Kosher slaughter:
- animal is conscious - animal is shackled, hoisted, and bled
Provisions to the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 include:
- antemortem inspection - postmortem inspection - inspection legend - USDA disposal of condemned meat - control of ingredients - truthful labelling - interstate and international commerce
What happened when the rats took over Europe that contributed to the plague outbreak?
- ate and contaminated grain with feces - contaminated homes with fleas and the plague
How is Staphylococcus toxicosis prevented?
- cooking temperature greater than 140 degrees F - refrigeration - pH greater than 5.2 - under the above conditions, toxins are not produced
What are sources of Staphylococcus toxicosis?
- custards - pastries - sandwiches
What are the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?
- diarrhea - vomiting - gastroenteritis - fever
What is ozonation?
- disinfection process - breaks down organic chemicals - breaks down taste and odor compounds
How is Clostridium perfringens toxicosis controlled?
- do not give honey to neonates - proper cooking, heating, and reheating
What are sources of Hepatitis A viral infection?
- fecal-oral transmission - sexual contact - poor hygiene - improper handwashing
Provide reasons from class explaining why we should treat waste water before returning it to nature:
- fisheries - wildlife habitat - recreation - health concerns
Name sources of sewage:
- homes, businesses, industries - sinks - showers - bathtubs - toilets - washing machines - dishwashers - storm runoff
What are sources of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?
- honey - meats - spores that survive in an anaerobic environment
What is the source of Botulism?
- improperly canned foods - processed meats - grains left in an anaerobic environment
What are the major steps in the drinking water treatment cycle?
- intake - coagulation - sedimentation - filtration - storage - disinfection
What is disease?
- is a condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body, or any change from a state of health. - A person can be infected, (HIV) but not yet diseased.
Why is fine sand added to the water during the coagulation process?
- it adds weight to the floc - allows the floc to settle more readily
Describe the Captive Bolt method:
- knocks the animal unconscious through two different methods - Penetrating and non-penetrating types
What are some sources of drinking water?
- lakes - rivers - streams - underground reservoirs
Where does all the floc go once it is removed from the water?
- landfills - sanitary seres - land applications - surface discharge
What is Normal microbiota?
- live in and on the body - Most are commensal - Some are resident from birth to death - Others are transient
How does one control/prevent listeriosis?
- low pH - proper heating and reheating - prevent contamination
What are the clinical signs of Staphylococcus toxicosis?
- nausea - cramps - diarrhea
What are the clinical signs of Norwalk viral infection?
- nausea - diarrhea - vomiting - cramps
What are common areas in which Norwalk viral infection is seen/contracted?
- on cruise ships - in states with oyster harvesting (LA, AL, FL, MD) - oysters from the above states are in waters where sewage may be dumped from cruise and recreational ships - may contract from people handling food
What does the granular activated charcoal remove?
- pathogens - organic chemicals - taste and odor components
Name a few of the reasons we use intake screens when collecting water from sources:
- protects fish - prevents debris from entering into treatment plant - bottom screen prevents sedimentation from entering - screen just below surface prevents oils and floating objects from entering
What are the clinical signs of Botulism?
- respiratory paralysis - blurred vision - dysphagia - vomition - diarrhea
Name the steps in the wastewater treatment plant cycle:
- screening - pumping - aerating - removal of sludge - removal of scum - filtration - disinfection
Describe the Gunshot method:
- small firearm usually used - hollow pointed bullets are used - brains, cheek meat, and head meat are condemned
What are sources of Norwalk viral infection?
- stool (passed in an infected person's stool) - contaminated foods - contaminated water
What are some of the main points of the Human Slaughter Act of 1978?
- the animal must be rendered unconscious before slaughter - humane slaughter fro all federal and state inspected plants - imported meats must be humanely slaughtered - with-hold inspections if noncompliant
What happens to the scum once it is removed from the water?
- thickened - pumped to digesters with sludge or sent to landfills
How is Staphylococcus toxicosis diagnosed?
- toxins found in food source - culture
How does one prevent Norwalk viral infection?
- wash hands - cook shellfish
Describe the major parts of the sludge removal step:
- wastewater entes a second sedimentation tank - organic portion of sewage settles out - the organic potion is pumped out and processed in tanks called digesters
What is the sedimentation step?
- when floc settles to the bottom and clear water moves to filtration
Core functions of public health
-Assessment -Policy development -Assurance
Appraisal form
-Birth and death records -Vaccinations & immu records -Health-problems in school aged children -Laboratory tests
Appraisal form measures
-Birth and death records -vac & immunization records -Health problems in school aged children -TB cases -Lab tests performed
Public Health System
-Broad social enterprise -Interdisciplinary approach -Incorporates several dimensions: -Capacity (inputs) -Process (Practices & Outputs) -Outcomes (results) -Dimensions are measureable and recognizable.
Commonalities of definition of Public Health (Last 1995)
-Combination of sciences & skills. -Believes in health maintenance and improvement. -Involves all people. -Maintenance and improvement through collective or social actions -Serving the population as a whole.
Primary Prevention
-Deals with prevention of disease or infirmity when people are at-risk of the disease. -Interventions are specifically targeted toward a disease state. -Individuals my be at-risk for disease state.
State Reporting Form
-Demographics -Reporting of medical personnel -Listing of any disease of interest -Reporting facility -Dates of occurrence -Notes/comments
Assurance, divisions
-Departmental programs -Health interventions -Program evaluations -Quality assurance
Natural disasters
-Earthquakes, fires, wildfires
Precursor Prevention
-Factors and interventions that may prevent disease -considers societal, cultural, & systematic factors that can prevent onset of disease states -Occurs before a person is even at risk for a disease
Vaccination side effects
-Fever -Lump under the skin -Vaccines for certain diseases may have different reactions
Assessment, divisions
-Health assessment -Program evaluations -Asset planning -community diagnosis
Policy Development, divisions
-Local Laws -Federal Laws -Health policies w/in organizations
Nicotine Nasal Spray
-Start w/ 1-2doses/hr (1 dose = 2 0.5mg sprays) -Do not use more than 80sprays (40mg)/day -use 8 doses daily for 6-8 weeks
Underlying Characteristics of Public Health
-Vigilantly promoting and protecting all individual's interests -Core functions exist for the delivery of public health -Promotion of healthy conditions of all peoples regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), education, etc. -Both a health science and an art
Basic Six
-Vital statistics -Environmental sanitation -Communicable disease control -Maternal & child health services -Public health education -Public health Laboratory services
Chain of Infection Link
-a model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host. There are 6 parts to this chain pathogen- which is the disease producing agent, reservoir-the infected host, portal of exit- pathway of departure from host, transmission-the direct contact between the infected and susceptible person, indirect if it is airborne(sneeze, air), vehicle borne(Kleenex), vector borne(fly). Portal of Entry- where host is entered. (Different portals have different risk), Establishment of infection in new host-new infection, process starts all over again.
Infectious Disease
-also known and often referred to as a communicable disease.
Public health measures to prevent infectious disease
-developed countries have regulations to protect the general public from infectious disease -safe water -food safety programs -animal control programs -public health organizations -vaccination programs
Thimerosal
-no evidence to suggest it causes health problems in children or adults
Evidenced-based community preventive services
-science-based practice for public health practice. -research targets evaluations of programs, services, and interventions to assess their efficacy. -Research goes beyond simply examining health data and research -"evidence" refers to a broader application to programs and/or disease states.
West Nile
-single-stranded RNA virus -transmitted from birds by mosquitoes
Nicotine Inhaler
-start w/ 6 cart/day -may increase to 12 cart day -use for 3-12 weeks
Health Services Pyramid
-teriary -secondary -Primary health care -Population-based public health services.
disease and microbe
...
Chlamydia Characteristics
.2-1.5 gram negative transmitted via interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes; most primitive of bacteria due its inability to perform metabolic activities.
Bacteria Characteristics
.2-10 micrometers; microscopic
Rickettsia
.8-2.0 micrometers long Gram Negative Divided by binary fission
Psychrophiles optimum Temp
0-20 Celsius (30-68F)
Antimicrobial
0.3% Triclosan
Spectrum of Prevention
1 Strengthen knowledge + skills 2. Promote community education 3. Educate providers 4. Foster coalitions/networks 5. Change organizational practices 6. Influence policy + legislation
How many deaths occur each year due to Malaria?
1 to 3 million
How long is the incubation time for Staphylococcus toxicosis?
1 to 6 hrs
List the four common food borne diseases discussed in class:
1) Listeriosis 2) Salmonellosis 3) E. coli HN:0157 4) Campylobacter
Professionalism
1. Education beyond usual 2. Acting to benefit others 3. Continued self improvement 4. Guidelines of conduct 5. Acting before self interest
Water purification steps in order
1. Flocculation and Coagulation 2. Sedimentation 3. Filtration 4. Disinfectation
Ozar's attempt to order principles
1. Life + Health of Patient 2. Appropriate + pain free oral function 3. Patient autonomy 4. Preferred practice values 5. Esthetic values 6. Cost
Oral Cancer Trends: 1. Men vs Women... ? 2. Age...? 3. Ethnic trend...? 4. Wisconsin...?
1. More common in men 2. Increased rates with age (peak @ 60-70) 3. Higher for black males 4. Higher incidence in northern part of state
Stages of Change Model
1. Pre-contemplation stage (not actively thinking to change) 2. Contemplation stage (begin to think about change) 3. Preparation (getting ready to change) 4. Action (change behavior) 5. Maintenance (continue behavior change) 6. Relapse
What are some examples of pathogens that cross the placenta?
1. Protozoan: Toxoplasma Gondi (Toxoplasmosis) 2. Bacteria: Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis) & Listeria Monocytogenes 3. DNA Virus: Cytomegaovirus & Panovirus B19 4. RNA Virus: HIV & Rubivirus (Measles)
What are two ways in which Locus of Control Theory in the HBM increases Self-efficacy?
1. Self-efficacy increased by previous successful attempts 2. Self-efficacy increased by seeing others be successful
What are the Six EPA Responsibilities?
1. Setting national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants. 2. Ensuring the standards are met, or attained. 3. Reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides - cause acid rain. 4. Reducing air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides - cause visibility impairment across large regional areas. 5. Ensure that sources of toxic pollutants that cause or may cause cancer, other adverse human health problems or adverse environmental effects are well controlled and risks to public health and the environment are substantially reduced. 6. Limiting use of chemicals that damage the stratospheric ozone layer - in order to prevent increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation.
PH programs seek to provide
1. prevent epidemics 2. protect the environment, workplace, housing, food, water. 3. prevent injuries 4. promote health behaviors 5. respond to disaster 6. ensure the quality, accessibility, and accountability of health services.
How many deaths occur each year due to HIV?
1.8 million
How long is the incubation time for Botulism?
12-36 hrs, sometimes days
What is the incubation period for E. coli?
12-72 hours
When was the largest outbreak of the plague?
1348-1350 in the Europe, Mediterranean region
Steam tables should maintain a minimum temp of ____ degrees
140 F
How many Jewish communities were exterminated?
150 major communities and 60 minor communities
Poultry must be heated to____________ to prevent Salmonella.
165 F
How many calories are in 2 grams of fat?
18 calories (1g=9cal)
How many toxic air pollutants does the EPA address?
190
When was the Clean Air Act passed?
1963
primary
1st contact, prevention and early detection; pcp, public clinics, managed care organizations, community mental health centers
How many cases of Hepatitis B are there currently?
2 billion cases
Once infected, how long is it before death occurs in the pneumonic form of the plague?
2 days
How many deaths occur each year due to Tuberculosis?
2 million
Multiple screening
2 or more screening tests in combination to large groups
What is the incubation period for tuberculosis?
2-12 weeks
What is the usual recovery time from a Norwalk viral infection?
2-3 days
What is the incubation time of Hepatitis A viral infection?
2-8 weeks
Mesophiles optimum temp
20-40C (68-104F)
Percentage of minorities in the US
2010, 64% white, non-Hispanic 2050, nearly half will be composed of racial minorities
What is the usual duration of Staphylococcus toxicosis?
24 hrs (gives it the name 24 hr bug)
What is the incubation time of a Norwalk viral infection?
24-48 hrs
How many deaths occur due to Measles each year?
242,000
What Temperature is required for destroying Clostridum Botulimum
250 F
education/income of hispanics
26% poverty rate /3x as whites
cancer screening and managme
2nd leading cause of death in US 1/3 who develop will die Incidence rates & death rates highest among black Americans for lung, colon, rectum, prostate
Clonidine
2nd line Tx
What is the incubation period for Brucellosis?
2w- 2m
How often to change toothbrush?
3-4 months
In 2010, how many people were infected with HIV?
3.4 million
How many cases of Measles are there each year?
30 million
What is the fatality rate of listeriosis?
30%
How many people were killed in Europe due to the plague at the time of the worst outbreak?
30-60% 75-200 million out of 350-450 million
What is the mortality rate of the bubonic form of the plague?
30-75%
How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?
4 calories
How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?
4 calories
How long did the major outbreak of the plague last in France and Spain?
4 years
How much remaining waste is removed after secondary treatment of wastewater?
40%
Lead levels become a concern when concentration reaches _________. The Knoxville Lonsdale Steel Recycler has levels of <200 ppm around it
400 ppm
Prevalence of Dental Erosion in US kids
45.9% American Children (13-19) had erosion in at least one tooth Prevalence increases with age Underweight teens had lowest risk Overweight teens had higher risk Females significantly less erosion than males Rates of dentin exposure lower in permanent teeth
CDC report in late 1970
48percent deaths lifestyle related
How many cases of Dengue Fever are there each year?
50 million
How many people are affected by Malaria annually?
500 million
How many people are affected by Tuberculosis annually?
500 million
Thermophiles temp
55-75C (above113F)
1920 life expectancy
59.5
How thick is the granular activated charcoal in the filter?
6 ft
What is Stratospheric ozone?
6 to 30 miles above earth, contains a layer of ozone gas that protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-b) from the sun
What is the incubation period of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?
6-24 hrs
What is the amount of time does it take for tuberculosis to develop?
6-24 months
How much waste s removed in primary treatment of wastewater?
60%
How common is oral cancer in the US?
6th most common cancer 30000 new cases and 8000 deaths *Survival rates lower among Blacks
Estimated number of chemicals in cigarette smoke?
7,000
Estimated number of chemicals in cigarette smoke associated with Cancer?
70
How many calories are in 1 gram of fat?
9 calories
What percentage of wastewater is storm runoff?
90%
What is the death rate of the pneumonic form of the plague?
90-95%
Prokaryotic Cell
A Cell Lacking a true Nucleus
morbidity; mortality
A Condition/situation that is a widespread actual or potential cause of _______or _________.
Susceptible
A Person or animal not possessing sufficient resistance to a particular infectious agent to prevent contracting or disease when exposed to that agent.
Carrier
A Person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the body of persons or animals.
Fastidious Bacteria
A bacteria that has very demanding nutritional requirements; grown in lab.
Vaccine
A biologic preparation; Improves immunity to a paticular disease; resembles a disease-causing microorganism; weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins; stimulates the body's immune system.
Eukaryotic Cell
A cell containing a true nucleus:
Host
A cell that is infected by a virus or another type of microorganism
Asthma
A chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning
What is an Outbreak?
A cluster of cases occurring during a brief period affecting a specific population; may herald an epidemic.
Infectious disease
A collective term for all diseases caused by infection of a host with pathogenic microbes or multicellular parasites, regardless of whether it is communicable between people or not.
SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)
A common type of change in DNA (molecules inside cells that carry genetic information) sequences between individuals. Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced with another. These changes may cause disease, and may affect how a person reacts to bacteria, viruses, drugs, and other substances. Also called SNP.
Polymorphism
A common variation or mutation in DNA.
Vector-borne diseases
A disease requiring an invertebrate intermediary (e.g. yellow fever is caused by a virus transmitted from monkeys to humans by mosquitoes).
Prion
A disease-causing agent that is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. A prion is a protein that occurs normally in a harmless form. By folding into an aberrant shape, the normal prion turns into a rogue agent. It then co-opts other normal prions to become rogue prions.
Pathogen
A disease-causing microbe; pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions.
Oncogene
A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens
Koch's postulates
A group of principles expostulated by Robert Koch, by which one could determine whether a microorganism or infectious agent caused a disease. They are: (i) the organism is regularly found in the lesions of the disease; (ii) it can be isolated in pure culture on artificial media; (iii) inoculation of the culture produces a similar disease in experimental animals; (iv) the organism can be recovered from lesions in these animals.
Vector
A living agent, usually an arthropod such as a mosquito or tick that transmits an infectious agent
Mortality
A measure of the deaths in a population at risk, either from all causes combined or from specific causes, usually expressed as a rate in the population.
Morbidity
A measure of the illness or disability experienced by a population; morbidity data are commonly based on the rate of disease episodes in the population at risk, or on the extent or duration of disability or treatment.
Antibiotic
A medication to treat or prevent infection from bacteria.
Infectious Agent
A microorganism that is capable of causing an infection or causing disease; a pathogen
When is a patient infections during the Stages of Infectious Diseases?
A patient may be infectious during every stage of disease.
Contact
A person or animal that has been in association with an infected person or animal or a contaminated environment and has had an opportunity to acquire the infection.
Host (susceptible person)
A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, that afford food and shelter to an infectious agent under (as opposed to experimental) conditions.
Vested Interests
A personal reason for being involved in a situation/task/venture
Integrated pest management
A pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical
Toxin
A poison produced by certain animals, plants, or bacteria.
Communism
A political system based on a classless society where all property and wealth is owned by members of a community.
Welfare state
A political system in which the government takes responsibility for the basic health, education and well-being of all citizens
Cultural and Linguistic Competence
A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
Parasite
A single-celled or multicellular organism that lives in or on the body of a larger organism (its host), deriving a benefit from this arrangement and causing harm to the host (such as fleas, lice, helminth worms and flukes).
The Budget
A statement of the financial position of the UK, with proposals for spending and taxation, presented in a speech by the Chancellor of the Exchequer
Antibody
A substance formed by the body to help defend it against infection
Endocrine disruptor
A substance in the environment that affects a hormonal process
Outbreak investigation
A systematic process using epidemiological techniques to look at the exposure-disease relationship to identify control measures to prevent reoccurance.
T-cell lymphocyte
A type of immune cell that can attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus. T lymphocytes can also help control immune responses. A T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called T cell and thymocyte.
B-cell lymphocyte
A type of immune cell that makes proteins called antibodies, which bind to microorganisms and other foreign substances, and help fight infections. A B lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called B cell
Leukocyte
A type of immune cell. Most leukocytes are made in the bone marrow and are found in the blood and lymph tissue. Leukocytes help the body fight infections and other diseases. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes are leukocytes. Also called WBC and white blood cell.
Ionizing radiation
A type of radiation made (or given off) by x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter the Earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. Ionizing radiation is so-called because it has enough energy to eject an electron from the nucleus (ionize), resulting in a positive and negative charge
Pestilence
A usually fatal epidemic disease. Especially used to describe plague. The devlopement of which is often attributed to 'empire building'.
α-radiation
A very damaging but low-penetrating form of ionizing radiation. It can be stopped by a sheet of paper and cannot penetrate human skin. However, if an alpha-emitting isotope is inhaled or ingested, it will cause highly concentrated local damage.
Triangle: Communicable Disease Model
A visual representation of interrelationships among causative agent, host, and environment In this model agent is element that must be present for disease to occur. Host, is any susceptible organism invaded by an infectious agent. The environment includes all other factors, physical, biological, or social.
Epidemic
A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
The quality an organism possesses to produce infection A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity
A. Infectivity
ADA Seal of Acceptance vs FDA Approval
ADA tests, FDA doesn't
Patients with HIV are in the most severe phase of infection when they are said to have which condition, diagnosed by the occurrence of opportunistic infections or when CD4+ cell count drops below 200?
AIDS
Prevention of which disease is an example of effective Health Promotion, as illustrated by San Francisco targeted different social levels for intervention?
AIDS
Behavior is a function of
Ability + Motivation
Lipophilic substance
Able to dissolve, be dissolved in, or absorb lipids (fats)
Community organizing factor
Able to organize and mobilize resources. Target and intervene to problem solve
Inactive Ingredients
Abrasives, Binders, Buffers, Detergent, Dye, Flavor, Humectant, Prevervative, Thickener, Water
Social norms part of socio cultural factors
Acceptability of behavior
Criteria for a good Health Care System
Accessible, Acceptable, Effective, Efficient, Equitable, Relevant
Natrual Passive Immunity
Acquired by fetus from a mother with active immunity; Only last for six months to a year after birth.
How are Exogenous nosocomial diseases acquired?
Acquired from the health care environment, such as in air-conditioning systems, on bed rails. From that facility!!!
Natural Active Immunity
Acquired through the development of antibodies from direct contact with a pathogen developes a disease resistance/immunity.
Passive Immunity
Acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short lived-usually lasting only a few months.
Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Modification of behavior occurs
Action
Preventative Care
Action to prevent/reduce oral health determinants or risk factors
Adherence
Active role in decision making
Community health activities
Activities aimed at protecting or improving health of a population or community
Health promotion
Activities or interventions targeting health behaviors that can improve or influence positive health outcomes
Health promotion
Activities or interventions targeting health behaviors that can improve or influence positive health outcomes -Local community clinic offers blood pressure screenings and provides weekly cooking classes
Top 2 ___________ of Death: 1. Tobacco 2. Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity
Actual Causes
Account for half of all deaths, are preventable, are targets for intervention, and caused by behavior
Actual Causes of Death (not Leading causes)
Immunity
Adaptations in an individual's immune system that lead to increased resistance to subsequent infection with a particular pathogen after initial exposure to it (whether through an acquired infection or in a vaccine). An individual is said to be immune to the pathogen if this is sufficiently strong to protect the host completely from the disease it causes.
Industrial development part of physical factor
Added resources may result in added health concerns and needed regulations
Common Risk Factor Approach (CRFA)
Address common risk factors, look at social processes putting people at risk, reduce specific disease, focus on improving conditions of those at risk +: individuals more readily influenced, policy directed at several risk factors, improves health conditions in general (whole pop & those at risk), works to reduce social inequities, aimed at risk factors that are linked to multiple diseases
What rate describes comparing two groups that differ in some important variable by mathematically eliminating the effect of that variable?
Adjusted rate
The MSA-Master Settlement Agreement from the Broad Attack on tobacco in the 1990s did not achieve regulation of the industry, but was able to restrict cigarette ____________
Advertising Venues (no TV ads or Billboards or Sports sponsorships)
A suspension of liquid particles in the air; many infectious diseases of the respiratory system are transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes
Aerosol
How is TB transmitted?
Aerosol, ingestion, milk, contact(cuts, abrasions)
Why is Economics, as well as job status, under the Community locus of control, which is an important health determinant?
Affects Access to Healthcare and other resources
What group has the highest incidence of oral cancer?
African-American Males
Conservative
Against change or innovation (new ideas); in favour of traditional values and customs
Patient Adherence determinants
Age, gender, mood, self-esteem, lifestyle, cognitive abilities, academic performance, socioeconomic status, perceived need for care, pain and discomfort, misunderstanding of instructions, social/family support
What is the rate calculated to reflect a standard age distribution called?
Age-adjusted rate
Medical Model
Aimed at curing disease in sick patients (USA traditionally)
Which study was conducted in California and examined the relationship between lifestyle and health, finding that those who followed five practices lived healthier and longer lives?: Avoiding smoking. Exercising regularly. Maintaining a healthy body weight. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night. (Ugh... have they heard of pharm school?) Limiting consumption of alcoholic drinks.
Alameda County Study
Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Vehicle accidents, Cirrhosis, Drowning, Fire/Job Injuries, & Cancer?
Alcohol Misuse
Metabolism
All biochemical activities carried out by an organism to maintain life
What is the main point we need to know about the Wholesome Poultry Produce Act of 1968?
All poultry slaughtered for retail must be inspected at the federal or state level.
Geography part of physical factor
Altitude, latitude, climate
What chemicals are added to the water in coagulation (and filtration)?
Aluminum hydroxide - Ferric hydroxide
Race
Am. Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, black, white
Which agency was funded by the MSA-Master Settlement Agreement reached between the tobacco industry and the attorney generals of 46 states, in the amount of $1.7 billion?
American Legacy Foundation
Communicable disease
An Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products which arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host, vector or the inanimate environment.
Saprophyte
An Organism that lives in dead or decaying organic matter.
Parasite
An Organism that lives on or in another living organism.
Teratogen
An agent that results in an alteration in the fetus leading to a birth defect A teratogen may interfere with growth or a specific developmental process and does not have to be also a mutagen.
Halogenated hydrocarbon
An aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by a halogen, such as chlorine. Often these chemicals bioaccumulate
Host
An animal that has pathogenic microbes or multicellular parasites living in or on its body, or which belongs to a species that commonly harbours them.
Risk Factor
An aspect of personal behavior, lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn, or inherited characteristic, that is based on epidemiologic evidence is know to be associated with health-related conditions.
Pandemic
An epidemic on a world wide scale e.g. the influenza in 1919 and HIV/AIDS since the mid 1980's.
Acute illness
An illness that produces disease symptoms that either kill the host or resolve quickly (within days or weeks).
Allergy
An immune system hypersensitivity to an outside substance (an allergen) that can be mild or life-threatening.
Latent infection
An infection in which the pathogens persist in or on the host's body, but without producing symptoms; during the latent period, the host may or may not be infectious (i.e. capable of transmitting the pathogens to others). An example is the herpes zoster virus (chicken pox) which can lay dormant for many years and reappear as shingles in the adult host.
Chronic infection
An infection that continues to produce disease symptoms and tissue damage over many months or years; some chronic infections (e.g. malaria) are characterised by periods of remission and relapse but the pathogen is never completely eliminated from the body.
Zoonosis
An infectious agent or parasite organism originally caused by agents that can be transmitted to humans by at least one other species of vertebrate under naturally occurring conditions. Thought to have been increased as a result of the domestication of livestock such as cattle and fowl.
Cholera
An infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea
Tuberculosis
An infectious bacterial disease, which most commonly affects the lungs.
Typhoid
An infectious bacterial fever characterised by red spots on the chest and abdomen, abdominal pain and, occasionally, bleeding of the intestines.
Typhus
An infectious disease characterised by high fever, skin rash and severe headache. It is spread by lice.
Epidemic
An infectious disease which occurs when a high proportion of a population is susceptible to infection with a particular infectious agent and when transmission rate is high. Large numbers are affected during a short period of time and numbers of new cases of the disease rise steeply before declining.
Diptheria
An infectious disease which usually affects the nose, throat and air passages, but can infect the skin
What is the ozone?
An inorganic molecule O₃ is a very reactive gas, and even at low concentrations it is irritating and toxic at ground level. Watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= k2kpz_8ntJY
Borstal
An institution for young offenders that combined prison with school
Cesspool
An underground container for the temporary storage of sewage
Miasma
An unpleasant or unhealthy smell or vapour (bad air)
Consumption
Another term for Tuberculosis
Active Ingredients
Anti Caries, Anti-Plaque, Anti-Calculus, Anti-Hallitosis, Desensitizer
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products are in high enough levels in Water to produce behavioral and physcial changes in aquatic life and contribute to _____________
Antibiotic Resistant Strain Development
Though there is a lack of research data on the effects of pharmaceuticals in the water supply, there are high enough levels in the TN River to produce behavioral and physical changes in aquatic life and contribute to ______________ development
Antibiotic Resistant strain
Stannous Flouride (SnF)
Anticaries + Desensitizer
What are Antiphagocytic factors?
Antiphagocytic factors such as hyaluronic acid capsules and chemicals that allow them to survive inside of macrophages
Mode of Transmission
Any Mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from one source or reservoir to a person.
Infectious Agent
Any agent capable of producing infection.
Reservoir
Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, or inanimate organic material(e.g.soil) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies and on which it depends for survival.
medical practice
Any services or activities provided by and monitored by medical personnel such as a physician or nurse.
Antigen
Any substance that causes the body to produce natural antibodies
Disinfection
Any treatment used on inaminate objects
Which body shape indicates a higher risk of heart disease?
Apple Shape
What are Nosocomial infections and nosocomial diseases?
Are acquired by patients or staff in health care facilities. They may be
What are Signs?
Are objectively observable and often measurable by others high temperature.
What are Symptoms?
Are subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone (pain)
Individual behavior factor
As part of the community, ex... Recycling, immunization
Provide an example of a source of Indoor Air Pollution in Building & insulation materials?
Asbestos (naturally occurring mineral fiber used as insulation and fire proofing material)
What are the 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence?
Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, & Arrange
Assess
Assess readiness to make a quit attempt
Biostatistics and Epidemiology are covered under which Core Function of PH?
Assessment
What is one of the core functions of public health, by which a public health agency regularly and systematically collects, analyzes, and makes statistics on health status, needs, and epidemiology?
Assessment
the regular and systamatic assembledge and analysis of data and communication regarding the health of a community
Assessment as a core function of public health is:
What describes the relationship between 2 or more events, said to be related when they occur more frequently together than expected to, but does not imply a cause/effect relationship?
Association
Quality, Access, and a Competent Workforce are all components of which Public Health Core Function?
Assurance
What is one of the Core Functions of Public Health, ensuring that services necessary to achieve agreed-upon goals are provided, either by encouraging actions by other entities or by providing services directly?
Assurance
For agencies to educate, support and evaluate programs to ensure that the communities health needs are met.
Assurance as a core function of public health is:
According to WHO, Health Inequities are _________ Inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries.
Avoidable (read carefully)
The likelihood that a given agent will cause actual symptomatic illness as ....infected = ratio of the number of ill or symptomatic over the number of int...(exposed) A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity
B. Pathogenicity
What is the most pathogenic strain of brucellosis?
B. melitensis
Name the 4 types of brucellosis and the species they affect.
B. melitensis-goats B. suis- pigs B. abortus- cattle B. canis-canis
Name the different forms of brucellosis.
B. menitensis B. suis B. abortus B canis
Name the most pathogenic form of Brucellosis.
B. menitensis in goats
The following formula is used to calculate ________: Weight in kilograms divided by Height in meters squared
BMI
Threes basic shapes of bacteria.
Bacilli Spiral Coccus
Chlamydia causitive agent
Bacteria- Chlamydia trachomatis
Gonorrhea Causitive agent
Bacteria- Neisseria gonorrhea. This is a bean or kidney shaped gram negative diplococcal bacturium also known as "gonococcus".
Syphilis causative agent
Bacteria- Treponema pallidum, a spirochete
Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Bacterial infection Incubation 2-6 days Transmitted by flea bites and break in victim's skin Does not transmit person to person (pneumonic may) Occurs as bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic
Tularemia
Bacterial infection Incubation 3-5 days Transmitted via inhalation, ingestion, contact with skin No person/person transmission
Health Belief Model
Based on TB med compliance studies Key Determinants: *Perceived Susceptibility *Perceived Severity *Perceived Benefits *Perceived Barriers *Cues to Action *Self Efficacy
Infrastructure
Basic foundation for public health activities. -consists of recognizable resources -consists of linkages and pathways connecting the resources -Used to carry out the core functions of public health *assessment *policy development *assurance
Were Public Health departments responsible for environmental protection Before or After the EPA was created?
Before
1. There must be an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem on the part of the public, the government, or public health authorities. 2. A condition/situation must exist that is a widespread actual or potential cause of mobidity or mortality.
Before something becomes a health problem what must happen?
Beliefs part of socio cultural factors
Beliefs about medicine, ethnic choices about food, violence crime health disparity
Sociocultural factors
Beliefs, economy, politics, religion, social norms, SES
Something that is not cancerous, and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body is?
Benign
Primärprävention
Beseitigung von krankheitsverursachenden Faktoren. Gesunde Menschen sollen gesund bleiben (Impfungen)
Factors contributing to disparity
Better Health = Education + Income
What describes the influence of irrelevant or even suspicious factors (confounding variables) on a result or conclusion?
Bias
What is a method of keeping subjects and researchers unaware of which subjects are in the experimental group and which are in the control group?
Binding (Double Blind studies)
Botulism
Biological toxin Incubation is 12-72 hours Transmitted via aerosol inhalation and ingestion No person to person transmission
Health Determinants
Biological, Environmental, Health Care System, Social/Lifestyle
The study of the biological basis of human health and disease is known as what field?
Biomedical science
Removing a sample of tissue that is then examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells is known as a?
Biopsy
Statistics applied to the analysis of biological and medical data are known as?
Biostatistics
Systemic Environmental factors associated with enamel defects
Birth related trauma, chemicals, infections, malnutrition, metabolic disorders, neurologic disorders
70% of Men and 57% of women in the U.S. are overweight, which ethnic group in women is more likely to be overweight?
Black women (However, Black Men are less likely than White men to be overweight)
What group has the highest % of missing teeth
Blacks
What groups have the poorest oral health in the US?
Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, & Alaska Natives
Immunity
Body's ability to recognize germs to prevent them from causing illness.
Patient Recomendations
Brush 3x/day Flouride toothpaste Soft bristle brush Sulcular brushing minimum of 2 min Floss 1x/day (5-7 C shaped strokes)
Which form of the plague is the most common?
Bubonic
how do bacteria reproduce
By Dividing into two equal parts.
Rickettsia transmitted
By arthropods(lice, fleas, and tick)
A measure of the severity of the disease once present A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity
C. Virulence
Single best source for health statistics in the U.S.
CDC
What is the main assessment and epidemiologic agency, directly serving the population as well as providing technical assistance to states and localities?
CDC-Center for Disease Control and Prevention
1970
CHIP
What type of virus is the Norwalk virus?
Calicivirus
What is the etiology of food borne campylobacter?
Campylobacter sp.
Facultative anaerobes
Capable of survivng both anerobic and aerobic envoirments
What are some Combustion by-products?
Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, & other particulates
Bacteria needs some form of the these elements for growth.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen
A substance or agent that is known to cause Cancer is called a?
Carcinogen
Arsenic and Benzene are chemicals also found in cigarettes that are __________, alter blood clotting, and raise cholesterol
Carcinogenic
The Framingham Risk Score is now used to determine the likelihood of an individual having _________
Cardiovascular Diseases
long-term care
Care dealing with population with special needs. Care can be provided in professional health facilities or implemented in the home setting.
Long-term Care
Care dealing with populations with special needs. Care can be provided in professional health facilities or implemented in the home setting.
Limit of population size that the environment can support without being degraded
Carrying capacity
When an epidemic/outbreak occurs, what is the first step that should be taken? This is followed by: Investigating, Analyzing, Controlling, and Reporting.
Case Definition
What type of epidemiological study compares individuals affected by a disease with a group of persons who do not have the disease to identify causes?
Case control study
Under the Clean Air Act Scrubbers on Factory Smokestacks and __________ in Cars, became required?
Catalytic Converters
Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population
Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many have difficulty on standardized forms Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data
1977
Cdc studied premature deaths for 1977, 48 percent tracked to lifestyle or health behavior. Healthy people: surgeon general reports
The cycle flowing through the following: Method of Transmission, Port of Entry, Susceptible Host, Pathogen, Reservoir, and Port of Exit, is known as the?
Chain of Infection
• This man led an inquiry into poverty in London which lasted from 1886 until 1903. • He published his findings in "Life and Labour of the People in London" • He carried out interviews with poor people, doctors, teachers and priests. He also collected huge amounts of data on the way the poor people in London lived. • He argued helping the poor would stop a socialist revolution. He thought pensions in particular would have a big impact. • In 1908 the Liberal government passed the Old Age Pensions Act. He was recognised by many as one of the originators of the pension.
Charles Booth
Ideal Screening Test
Cheap + Fast Acceptable Adequate sensitivity, specificity + predictive value Adequate validity + reliability
Kills Bacteria "Internally"
Chemotherapaeutic
What is an example of an Asymptomatic carrier?
Chickenpox - Humans can be the reservoirs
Which Environmental Health Issue was successfully resolved thanks to environmental laws?
Child Lead Exposure
Where is it believed that the plague originated?
China
1854
Cholera epidemic in London, dr. John snow hypothesizes it is the water
Killed or Fractionated Bacterial Vaccines are used for what diseases?
Cholera, Meningococal, pneumooccal
Eggs, Red Meat, and Milk are foods high in ________, which contributes to CVD
Cholesterol
Where can the recommended nutritional guidelines be found?
Choosemyplate.gov (not the pyramid)
List the DNA Viruses
Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Adenoviridae, Asfarviriade, Poxviridae, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae (CHHAAPPP)
1799
Cities formed municipal
In 1970, which law was created to protect the environment (was amended in 1977)?
Clean Air Act
Though the new requirements were costly, the Benefits of the __________ Outweigh the Costs of implementing its new regulations 30:1
Clean Air Act
What is the concern with Global Warming?
Climate is fueled by the sun. Most solar radiation is absorbed by the earth, some is reflected back into space. Atmospheric gases absorb some of the reflected radiation and reflects more still back to the earth where it warms the earth's surface in a greenhouse effect. Without the greenhouse effect the earth would be much colder and probably covered with ice.
Dean's Fluorosis Index
Clinical Appearance of 2nd most severely affected tooth in mouth -single score, severity cannot be ascertained, etc
Sources of Disparities
Clinical encounter (bias, Uncertainty, Stereotyping) Health Care System (Financing, Structure, Cultural/Language barriers) Patient characteristics (preferences, refusal of treatment, poor adherence)
How do you diagnose tuberculosis?
Clinical signs, Tb test, culture, lesions, and radiographs in human
What is the term describing the study of the effect of a treatment on two comparable, randomly selected groups (1 treated, 1 control)?
Clinical trial
What is the etiology of Botulism?
Clostridium botulinum toxin
What is the etiology of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?
Clostridium perfringens (you better have gotten that correct)
Three Domains of Learning
Cognitive (understanding) Affective (feelings, values, motivations, attitudes) Psychomotor (skills/actions)
What term describes a study of a group of people followed over time to see how diseases develop?
Cohort study (Framingham)
Psychrophiles location
Cold ocean water or freezing temps
Community
Collective body of individuals
Process (practices & outputs)
Collective practices that are necessary to assure that the core functions and essential services of public health are accomplished. -Policies -Laws
Policy Development
Collectively deciding which remedies or interventions are most appropriate for the problems identified in a particular group, community or population (Turnock 2004)
Antibodies
Combine with an antigen-bearing agents helping to destroy them; directly attack antigens; activate other proteins to attack antigens; stimulate changes in local areas that help prevent the spread of pathogens or cells bearing foreign antigens.
Infectious diseases that spread directly from one person to another are called?
Communicable diseases
What term describes a specific group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who share culture, values, and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to relationships?
Community
What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Economics, Food/Water/Sanitation, Housing, Physical and Social Environment, Local Government, Primary care
Community (external)
1. It is effective upon initiation 2. It meets all characteristics of an effective solution 3. It is safe 4. It is cost-effective
Community water fluoridation is a good example of a health problem and it's solution because why?
Which Public Health component is #8 on the PH wheel, under Assurance?
Competent Workforce
. Diabetes
Complications of heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, end stage renal disease
Environmental problems
Compounded by a growing worldwide population of currently seven billion
What is the fate of goats that are serologically positive for brucellosis?
Condemned
Principles of Screening
Condition = important health problem causing significant morbidity/mortality Accepted treatment Recognizable latent/early stage Agreed policy on treatment Facilities for diagnosis Economically balanced
Sanitary
Conditions that impact on health and hygiene (e.g. water and sewage)
Another factor or explanation that may affect a result or conclusion is known as a?
Confounding variable
Left un-vaccinated, Rubella can cause:
Congenital Birth Defects
What was the first U.S. state to enact Restrictions on Smoking in Restaurants (state-wide law)?
Connecticut
Utilitarian Ethics
Consequentialism Most good for the most number Outcome oriented
Inorganic substance
Considered to be of mineral, not biological, origin
Endemic
Constant presence in a population but not unexpectantly high
Indirect vehicle-borne
Contaminated inanimate materials or objects (fomites) or any substance serving as an intermediate means by which an infectious agent is transported and introduced into a susceptible host through a suitable port of entry.
What are the sources of infection for brucellosis?
Contaminated raw milk, contact with infected placenta, vaginal secretions, fetal fluids, livestock workers
Define air pollution.
Contamination of air by substances in great enough amounts to harm living organisms
Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Aware of behavior, but have barriers to change
Contemplation
What describes a group of individuals used as a standard for comparison, to see the effects of changing variables in the experimental group?
Control group
The extent to which two or more variables in an association are related, such as the extent to which one variable changes in response to change in another, is known as a?
Correlation
What term describes an economic analysis in which all costs and benefits are converted into monetary values and results are expressed as dollars of benefit per dollars spent?
Cost Benefit Analysis
Technical efficiency
Cost effective?
What is a type of economic analysis assessed as a health outcome per cost expended?
Cost-effectiveness analysis
The actual rate of events (births, deaths, cases of disease) in a population, without adjustment, is known as?
Crude rate
How do you diagnose E. coli?
Culture food source or feces
How does one diagnose Botulism?
Culture the food source for infection
Two-thirds of "Superfund" sites were cleaned up, but the program's shortfall was that it did not solve contamination problems completely, was more costly than expected, and its administration was ___________
Cumbersome and Confusing
The quality an organism or infectious agent possesses to cause the host .... immune response such that reinfection with the same organism confers A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity
D. Immunogenicity
Which type of cancer has shown the greatest increases in both prevalence and incidence over the last 50 years? a. Prostate b. Breast c. Colon D. Lung
D. Lung
Viral Hepatitis is NOT a:
DNA Virus
Where are most of the cases of E. coli originated from?
Dairy cows west of the mississippi
Kohärenzgefühl
Das Kohärenzgefühl beschreibt das Gefühl nach Vertrauen, das man hat, etwas verändern zu können und sich gesund zu fühlen. Vertrauen darauf genügend Ressourcen zu haben um die Lebensanforderungen zu bewältigen. Das Kohärenzgefühl ist immer dynamisch. Die Bildung ist ca. mit 30 Jahren abgeschlossen. Das Wissen über die Verfügbarkeit der generalisierten Widerstandsressourcen.
Cross sectional data
Data collected over a short period to give a 'snapshot' of disease occurrence in a specific place or region at a particular point in time; the occurrence of the disease in different places can be compared if the same data are collected at the same time point.
Longitudinal data
Data collected routinely from the same place or region at successive intervals (often annually, but at least every few years), in order to identify changing trends in the occurrence of a disease over time.
• This man was a Liberal and was convinced the government needed to intervene to try to improve the health and livelihood of people. • He opposed the Poor Law in Britain and wanted to "lift the shadow of the workhouse from the homes of the poor". • In 1908 he introduced Old Age Pensions. To pay for this he had to raise government revenues by £16 million a year. • To do this, he announced the People's Budget in 1909, which increased taxes, especially for the rich. Other measures included an increase in death duties on the estates of the rich and heavy taxes on profits gained from the ownership and sale of property.
David Lloyd George
Primary Prevention
Deals with prevention of disease or infirmity when people are at-risk of the disease.
Define Mortality.
Death; Expressed as rate of death in a given population at risk.
How to elicit motivation?
Decrease resistance (cost of acting) Increase probability of success Increase drive
SOCIETAL LEVEL disparity impact
Decreased productivity, Increased health care cost, Social inequity
Health
Defined by WHO as a "state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Balanced mind, body and spirit.
Cultural sensitivity
Degree to which cultural norms, beliefs, behavior patterns etc. are incorporated into interventions. (intervention level)
Preventing dental disease using the science and art of preventing disease and prolonging life, physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.
Dental public health means?
How are Endogenous nosocomial diseases acquired?
Derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while the patient is in the health care setting.
What are the primary standards?
Designed to establish limits to protect public health Including health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children and elderly
3 Phases of Disparities Research
Detect --> Understand --> Reduce
Artificially acquired immunity
Developes only through deliberate actions such as vaccination
What is a chronic disease?
Develops slowly but is continual or recurrent
Vaginal Cancer
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) - vaginal cancer in daughters
Dental Fluorosis
Diffuse Bilateral White Opacity Cause = constant exposure to high levels of fluoride during early maturation stage of enamel *Less prevalent + severe in primary teeth
Sore Throat, Nasal Discharge, Hoarseness, Malaise, and Fever with a Tenacious Gray Membrane on their tonsils and Pharynx is typically in?
Diphtheria
Direct mode of transmission
Direct and immediate transfer of infectious agents to a receptive portal of entry through which human and animal infection take place.
Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery are all components of what cycle, in their correct order?
Disaster Management Cycle
What is an acute disease?
Disease which develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, whether resolving or causing death of the host
Pathogen
Disease-causing organism
Zoonosis
Diseases and infections transmitted naturally between animals and humans (i.e.: Anthrax Rabies)
What is a latent disease?
Diseases are those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before producing signs and symptoms
What is a Non-communicable disease?
Diseases arise from outside of hosts or from normal microbiota. Acne and tooth decay are examples.
Communicable diseases
Diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted from person to person, either by direct physical contact between individuals or with body fluids, or in air, water or food, or carried by inanimate objects (fomites).
What is a subacute disease?
Diseases have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic
Notifiable diseases
Diseases in which every identified case must be reported to a central surveillance authority; the list of notifiable diseases varies between countries, but always includes some infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS).
Regionalized/Traditional Model
Distinct tiers of care with different personnel + facilities (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Emphasis on primary care Patient flow across levels = regulated/orderly ie) BRITISH NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE
Nonmaleficence
Do no harm *Continuing education, prohibition agains patient abandonment, etc
Beneficience
Do your best Maximize good Treating patients
The 1964 air pollution disaster that left 20 dead and 6,000 injured, out of a population of 14,000, occurred in which city?
Donora, PA
Motivation result of what 3 forces?
Drive (desire) Perceived probability of success Cost
Medicare: Part D
Drug Prescription Benefit
What do scientists claim increase the concern for global warming?
Due to release of certain gases to the atmosphere causing a rise in temperature - Global warming Carbon dioxide accounts for 85% of greenhouse gases in the US Methane emissions is the second largest contributor Hydrofluorocarbon (from foam production, dry cleaning, chemical and semiconductor manufacturing) Perfluorinated compounds (smelting aluminum) Nitrogen oxides (automobile exhaust) contribute to ground level ozone
What are Primary emissions (particles)?
Dust from roads or elemental carbon (soot) from wood combustion.
Health
Dynamic state that is multi dimensional
Name the 4 milkborne diseases?
E. coli B. abortus B. menitus Tuberculosis
What is the Federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining and enforcing environmental standards?
EPA
In 1992, which agency established that tobacco smoke was carcinogenic?
EPA-Environmental Protection Agency
What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Drinking for relief and Needing to consume more and more to feel drunk?
Early
Model which provides a way of considering Individual Behavior in the context of the Social Environment, including influences at the Interpersonal, Organizational, Community, and Public Policy levels
Ecological Model of Health Behavior
Which health behavior model is concerned with the surroundings of the individual, as well as his/her behavior?
Ecological Perspective
Providing Information, such as the Surgeon General's 1964 report on Smoking being unhealthy, and the FDA's recommended Dietary Allowances, are which type of PH Intervention?
Education
What are the two most effective PH Intervention types?
Education & Regulation
Health Promotion Actions
Education, Facilitation, Advocacy
Health Promotion STRATEGIES
Educational (change values) Policy (encourage adherence/discourage unhealthy behavior) Environment (make environment safe/supportive)
Lack of which type of PH Intervention is associated with the prevalence of Smoking?
Edumacation
In the 1830s this man was asked to report on the living conditions and the health of the poor. In 1842 he concluded that: • Poverty was the result of ill health, which was caused by poor living conditions, rather than laziness. • The best way of reducing the cost of the poor to the ratepayer was to improve their health by improving their living conditions. The government agreed and wanted to act but they knew that forcing local councils to use ratepayers money would be unpopular.
Edwin Chadwick
The improvement in health outcome that a strategy can produce in typical community-based settings is known as? It is also the degree to which objectives are achieved.
Effectiveness
A smoker that takes Deep breaths while smoking is categorized as an __________
Efficient Smoker
20th century
Eisenhower death led to focus on heart disease
Name the 3 disease control methods
Eliminate Disease Causing Agent Prevent the Organism from Multiplying Eliminating the reservor
Infectious diseases whose incidence in humans has increased withing the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future is known as?
Emerging infectious diseases
EIDs
Emerging infectious diseases.New, re-emerging or drug-resistant infections, which have increased significantly in human populations in the past two decades, or which threaten to increase in the future.
What term describes the usual prevalence of a disease within a given geographic area?
Endemic level
What are endotoxins?
Endotoxin, also known as lipid A, is released from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause systemic shock and other fatal effects.
After EPA creation, they became responsible for protecting human health and the environment, by __________
Enforcing Regulations
What type of bacteria is associated with E. coli?
Enteroinvasive bacteria
What can't be inactivated by heat?
Enterptoxin
Changing the ________ is more effective than changing individual behavior because it shifts to resolution rather than blaming the victims
Environment
The different levels of Social & Physical surroundings, and local/state/global environment constitute the whole ________ for the Ecological Perspective
Environment
Name the areas of Public Health mentioned in class:
Environmental (Water Quality) Food Safety (meat inspection) Zoonotic Diseases (rabies, others) Infectious Diseases (varies) Foodborne Diseases Foreign Animal Diseases
What term describes the occurrence in a community or geographic area of a disease at a rate that clearly exceeds the normally expected rate?
Epidemic
What term describes the study of populations to seek the causes of health/disease, and the distribution/determinants of disease frequency?
Epidemiology
1. Evaluate 2. Monitor health 3. Diagnose & investigate 4. Inform, educate, & empower 5. Mobilize community partnerships (ex. 911) 6. Develop policies 7. Enforce laws (ex. quarantine) 8. Link to/provide care 9. Assure competent workforce
Essential Public Health Services provided by the government are to:
Fungi
Eukaryotic organism including mushrooms, molds and yeast.
Assessment
Evaluation of a group or population of individuals (turnock 2004). Assessment also refers to evaluation of health status of a group of people or population toward determining the health or lack thereof.
________ helps prevent Heart Disease, HTN, Diabetes, Dyslipidemias, & some Cancers
Exercise
What are exotoxins?
Exotoxins that are secreted by pathogens into their environment; they include - Enterotoxins - Neurotoxins - Cytotoxins
Affordable Care Act
Expansion of Medicaid to cover people below 133% income (11-24 million more enrollees)
The treated group in a study, in contrast to an untreated group, is known as the?
Experimental group
What are the Health Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants?
Exposure at sufficient concentrations and duration increases the risk of: • cancer • damage to the immune system • neurological damage • reduced fertility • developmental problems • respiratory problems
5 Ways Cancer Develops
Exposure to carcinogen Entry of carcinogen into a cell Initiation Enhancement Disruption of Normal Body Functions
What do Extracellular enzymes do?
Extracellular enzymes that enable them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body
Which agency required that Warning Labels be placed on cigarette packaging?
FTC-Federal Trade Commission
What are Environmental hazards?
Factors and conditions which increase the risk of human injury, disease or death
Social Justice
Fair distribution of benefits and burdens of social interventions, policies, or program relative to public health. -Social services -Health services -Health policies
Justice
Fairness *Treat equals equally *Don't discriminate, fairness in billing
Which regulation by the FCC required the removal of counter-top advertising, such as by removing ads near candy displays?
Fairness Doctrine
Stressoren
Faktoren, welche auf unser Leben Einfluss haben und unser Grundgefühl stressen. - chronische Stressoren - grosse Lebensereignisse (+/-) - alltägliche Ärgernisse Die Stressoren lösen Spannungszustände aus, welche nun mit den Widerstandsressourcen und dem Kohärenzgefühl ausgeglichen werden müssen um uns auf dem Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum nicht in Richtung Krankheit zu bewegen
(True or False): the chiropractic health care section of the APHA was established in 1995 after efforts by Cleveland Chiropractic College educator Rand Baird successfully overturned an earlier attempt to portray chiropractic as not only unscientific, but dangerous for patients?
False
The FDA gained the authority to regulate the tobacco industry after the MSA-Master Settlement Agreement from the Broad Attack on tobacco in the 1990s, True or False?
False
The majority of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and only a small portion reaches the small and large intestine...
False
What term describes a mistaken identification of persons as healthy or unaffected, when they actually have the disease being tested?
False Negative
What term describes a mistaken identification of persons as affected by some disease, when they actually do not have the disease?
False Positive
True or False: Listeria prefer a warm environment to grow.
False. Listeria grow in a cold environment.
True or False: Nature doesn't remove any water waste or pollution.
False. Nature removes a small amount of water waste and pollution
True or False: The mortality rate of Botulism is low.
False. The mortality rate is high.
True or False: When using the non-penetrating captive bolt method, the brain must be condemned.
False. When using the penetrating captive bolt method, the brain must be condemned. This is because in the penetrating captive bolt method, the bolt penetrates the brain.
Americans spend more money on _________ than on Higher Education, Computers, or Cars
Fast Food (90% of children eat fast food every month)
Symptoms of Mononucleosis
Fatigue, Fever, Pharyngitis, Splenomegaly in 50% of all cases. Positive Paul Bunnell Test.
US Dental Health Care System
Fee for Service System Private + Public (Medicaid) financing
What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Pneumonia?
Fever Cough Purulent Sputum Chills Chest Pain
1790
First U.S. Census
What was the 1970 Amendments to the clean air act?
First comprehensive nationwide approach to air pollution • Emission standards for automobiles • Emission standards for New industry • Ambient air quality standards for urban areas
20th 1918
First school of public health at John Hopkins
Appraisal form
First self-assessment tool
Classic Style Toothbrush
Flat handle, uniform thickness of length
What is the etiology of Dengue Fever?
Flavivirus
Systemic Fluoride sources
Fluoridated water, Diet, Dietary Supplement, Inadvertent swallowing (toothpaste, etc), Water + processed beverages
What are some examples of Indirect Contact transmission?
Fomite (needles, toys, coin)
Hepatitis B is not caused by?
Foodbourne Transmission by ingestion of raw shellfish.
Circular/Fones Technique
For kids
What are Secondary emissions (particles)?
Formed in the atmosphere from primary gaseous emissions Sulfate from sulfur dioxide Nitrates from nitrogen oxides
B cell
Formed in the red bone marrow; respond to antigens indirectly through the use of antibodies; as many 10 milllion to 1 billion different varaties of antibodies can be formed, each reacting to different antigens.
Readiness Stage 4
Former tobacco user >6m
What was the first chronic disease epidemiological study conducted in the U.S. about heart disease?
Framingham Study
Dispersed/Non-Traditional Model
Free flowing movement of patients Higher value on services @ tertiary level Lack of organization ie) USA
Public health
Fulfilling society's interes in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy" (IOM). Interdisciplinary approach to address health concerns and problems -Mental well-being -Physical well-being -Emotional well-being
Multi dimensions of health determined by five domains
Genetic make up, social circumstances, environmental conditions, behavioral choices, availability of quality care
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an individual or group
Modern-Style Toothbrush
Gently angled to absorb brushing load
Physical factor
Geography, environment, community size, industrial development
Community determined by
Geography, race, age, specific problem, outcome status, cyber status
Which Theory of Disease incorporates Microbiology, and states that unseen organisms cause illness?
Germ Theory of Disease
What are two theories describing how the Environment affects health?
Germ Theory of Disease & Miasma Theory of Disease
Gesundheit
Gesundheit meint den Zustand des vollkommenen seelischen, psychischen und physischen Zustands und nicht allein das Fehlen on Krankheit und Gebrechen.
Unterschied Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention
Gesundheitsförderung zielt auf einen Prozess, allen Menschen ein höheres Mass an Selbstbestimmung ihrer Gesundheit zu ermöglichen und sie damit zur Stärkung der Gesundheit zu befähigen. Die Gesundheitsprävention geht von der Salutogenese (Entstehung und Erhaltung von Gesundheit) aus. Ist unspezifisch (gesamte Bevölkerung) Die Präventionen sind Interventionen, die darauf ausgerichtet sind Gesundheit zu fördern, Krankheiten und Unfälle zu verhüten und das Fortschreiten einer Krankheit zu vermindern. Geht von der Pathogenese aus (Entstehung von Krankheit und Heilung dieser). Ist dabei spezifisch (bezieht sich auf bestimmte Risikogruppen)
What Level of Health Determinants is described?: PH Organizations, Violence, and Climate Change
Global (external)
What are 4 types of protective apparel?
Gloves, Gowns, Masks, Protective Wear.
1. Earn support from: Public Dental community Policymakers Program administrators 2. Ensure: Recruitment & professional development of dental public health personnel Collaboration with colleagues
Goals for public health include:
Purulent and Profuse genital discharge
Gonorrhea
What is the number 1 reported SCD in the US
Gonorrhea
1. CDC 2. HRSA - Health Resource Service 3. FDA - Food & Drug 4. NIDCR - National Institute for Dental Cranial Research 5. CMS - Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services
Government agencies that are involved in dental public health are:
Is tuberculosis gram + or -?
Gram +.
What is the significant clinical feature of TB?
Granulomatous lesion in the lungs, lymph nodes, gut, liver, and bone marrow
20th century
Great Depression and WWII
The "Time Critical" clean up of Smokey Mountain Smelters removed the immediate PH threat, but did not solve the issue, as ___________ contamination is still present at the site
Ground Water
What is Ground level Ozone?
Ground level or "bad" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC.
Which health behavior model uses Locus of Control Theory to promote behavior change?
HBM
Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, and Cues to Action, are all components of which health behavior model?
HBM-Health Belief Model
The virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known as?
HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Secondary Prevention
Has disease, seeks to alleviate or lessen the symptoms of disease
Responsibility
Having a duty to carry out actions (e.g. build proper sewers)
Natural, Technological, and Human are three types of ______ which can be prevented through Mitigation
Hazards
Toothbrush Selection
Head, Handle, Bristles Manual vs Power
Beveridge Model
Health Care provided/fincance by government taxes Doctors = government employees Government controls doctors ie) CUBA
The Internal and External conditions associated with health, and the positive/negative interactions of an individual with the environment, are known as _________
Health Determinants
Defined as preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities, in achieving optimal health, usually because of certain populations being at a social disadvantage
Health Disparity
Instruction that promotes healthy behaviors by informing and educating individuals through the use of materials and structured activities
Health Education
Defined as Avoidable (preventable) and Unjust differences between populations. For example, the more favorable your social circumstances, the better chance of enjoying good health and a longer life.
Health Inequalities (read carefully)
Defined as Systematic differences in the health status of different population groups. For example, unfair distribution of health resources, arising from social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, & work.
Health Inequities (read carefully)
Planned combination of educational, physical, regulatory, and organizational support for actions and conditions of living conducive to good health
Health Promotion
Health Promotion Outcome Evaulation Model
Health Promotion Actions --> Health Promotion Outcomes --> Intermediate Health Outcomes --> Health and Social Outcomes
Global health
Health issues that transcend boundaries, best addressed cooperatively
Health Promotion Outcomes
Health literacy, Social influence and actions, Healthy public policies + organizational practice
Not just the absence of disease but overall health, emotional, mental, physical.
Health means __?
What term describes the results of health interventions?
Health outcomes
1974
Health promotion becomes pivotal in national health policy Canada's land mark policy statement US congress passes health information and promotion act (office of disease prevention and health promotion)
Measurements of the state of health of a specified individual or population are collectively termed?
Health status indicators
Community health
Health status of a defined group, includes actions to promote and protect it
Population health
Health status of a group that has no identity or locale, prisoners college students
Reducing the amount of young adults exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion (by 1.5 million pieces) is a goal of which program?
Healthy People 2020
Intermediate Health Outcomes
Healthy lifestyles, Effective health services, Healthy Environments
Top 5 Causes of Mortality
Heart disease, Cancer, COPD, Stroke, Accidents
What is the etiology of Hepatitis A viral infection?
Hepatitis A virus (incase it wasn't obvious)
What is the most common infectious disease in the world
Hepatitis B
Very Specific Screenings will have High or Low False Negatives?
High (or Low False Positives)
β-radiation
High-energy, electrons (beta particles) emitted from certain radioactive material classified as ionizing radiation. Can pass through 1 to 2 centimeters of water or human flesh and can be shielded by a thin sheet of aluminum. Beta particles are more deeply penetrating than alpha particles but cause less localized damage
ADA Principles of Ethics + Code of Professional COnduct (ADA Code)
Hippocratic Tradition 5 sections: I. Intro (standard to which all members of profession are held) II. Preamble (patient = primary goal) III. Principles (Patient Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Veracity) IV. Interpretation/Application (always changing) V. Index
Ethnicity
Hispanic origin, not of Hispanic origin
Binders
Hold it together *Synthetic cellulose, Carageenan, Colloids, Xanthan gum
What are some other examples of Indoor Air Pollution?
Home furnishings, Cleaning agents (VOCs), Radon gas, and Tobacco smoke
Medicare: Part A
Hospital insurance program -inpatient hospital -skilled nursing facility -hospice and home care
The Chain of Causation cycles between Host, Environment, and Agent, measures such as immunizations interrupt the cycle between Agent and ______
Host
What is the communicable disease model?
Host - Nurse Agent - HIV Environment - Hospital
Thermophiles Location
Hot springs, compost pits,.....they are heat loving microbes.
Which type of hazard includes intentional or unintentional hazards, including attacks?
Human
Social Cognitive Theory
Human behavior interaction of: 1. Personal Factors 2. Self Regulated Behavior 3. Environment
What gas is dissolved in the aeration process that causes rotten egg smell and bad water taste?
Hydrogen sulfate
What is the principle party that responds immediately to disaster?
ICS-Incident Command System
Screening
ID pre-disease abnormality, early disease, disease risk markers by a test (applied rapidly) *does not diagnose *Goal = maximize benefits + minimize harm (reduce burden of disease + reduce incidence, morbidity and mortality)
Even Small differences in _______ affect society greatly, because it causes a greater increase in the lower bracket than a decrease in the upper bracket
IQ
Which rule originated from the Tuskegee study and involves a panel of local scientists and community members that approve clinical studies before they are conducted to ensure they are proper, ethical, and that informed consent is provided to participants?
IRBs-Institutional Review Boards
High Risk Approach
Identify those at high risk, Screening used +: preventive intervention, motavtion high, avoidance for those not at risk, conserves resources, great potential benefits -: success dependent on correct ID, success pallative, local and temporary, No attempt to alter situations that cause the probelm, feasability + cost, risk labeling effects, not behaviorally adequate
What is a Communicable disease?
If they come from another infected host, or as contagious, if they are easily transmitted between hosts
What IG increase with mucosa irritation, exercise, alcoholism, and Liver Disease?
IgA
What IG is the FIRST line of defence?
IgA
What Immunoglobin Increases with Infection, Chronic Disease, Multiple Myeloma, and Rheumatoid Arthritis
IgG
What is the most prevalent antibody in the body (85%)?
IgG
Rheumatoid Factors, and Gram Negative disease active what IG?
IgM
Patient Barriers to preventative care
Ignorance, desire not to change habits, cost, social norms, adherence to preventative practices (10-60%)
Define Morbidity.
Illness; Expressed as rate of illness in a given population at risk
Religion part of socio cultural factors
Immunization ,sexuality ,abortion
What is the Nature and Sources of ozone problem?
In 1996 - scientists demonstrated that UV-b levels over most populated areas increased. • Increases associated with human activities • Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform. • These chemicals are found in home air conditioners, foam cushions, etc.
What are some of the causes of acid rain?
In U.S. ~64% of annual SO₂ emissions and 26% of NOx emissions are produced by electric utility plants that burn fossil fuels.
What term is a measure of the number of new cases reported in a given amount of time, usually a year?
Incidence
An ICS is Adaptable, Flexible, and based on Expertise. It can be effective with just the Operations section and the ________
Incident Commander
Affordable care act
Increase health insurance coverage to 32 million people
IOM Recommendations
Increase proportion of underrepresented US racial minorities among professionals Cross cultural education integrated into professional training Increase patient's knowledge Promote consistency + equity of care Payment systems structure Enhance patient-provider communication Use of interpretation services
The time between infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the disease it causes is known as?
Incubation period
What are the Stages of Infectious Diseases?
Incubation period - time between an infection and occurrence of the first symptoms. Prodromal period - is a short time of generalized, mild symptoms such as malaise. Illness - is the most severe stage, when signs and symptoms are most evident. Fatal diseases end at this stage. Decline - is the stage during which the patient's body gradually returns to normal as the immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the pathogen. Convalescence - the patient recovers and tissues are repaired. BE ABLE TO LABEL FOR EXAM!!!!!
Outcomes (results)
Indicators of health status, risk reduction, and quality-of-life indicators -levels of disease -number of injuries -prevalence of risk factors
Health Promotion LEVELS
Individual (Behavior change) Group (schools, family practices) Societal (change laws, cultural change, societal education)
What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Physical Characteristics (genetics), SES-Socioeconomic Status, Educational Attainment, Psychological Factors, & Behaviors
Individual (internal)
Personal health activities
Individual actions decisions that affect health of self and or immediate circle
Tertiary Prevention
Individual or community has been cured of disease state. Goal is prevention of recurrence
What is an Iatrogenic disease?
Induced by treatment such as with antibiotics or medical procedures such as surgery.
Active Immunity
Induced in the host itself by an antigen and lasts much longer , sometimes lifelong.
What is the name of the smog when sulfur dioxide and suspended particles from the burning of coal?
Industrial smog (Grey smog)
A smoker that takes Quick, Shallow breaths while smoking is categorized as an __________
Inefficient Smoker
Defined as the number of live-born infants who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births
Infant Mortality
A disease caused by a microorganism that enters the body and grows/multiplies there is known as an?
Infectious disease
Endemic
Infectious disease permanently present in a population, because there is always a sufficient reservoir of susceptible people e.g. common cold viruses or malaris in Africa.
Vaccine-preventable diseases
Infectious diseases that can be prevented from occurring, or reduced to a low incidence rate, by vaccination programmes that include a sufficiently high proportion of a population; globally, the term generally includes diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio and tuberculosis.
Which rule originated from the Tuskegee study and involves telling study participants about the positive and negative aspects of being in the study, as well as the purpose of the study?
Informed Consent
Genetics
Inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring. through genes in sperm and egg cells
Anti-Halitosis
Inhibit production of volatile sulphur
Public health strategies
Initiatives to improve the health of the whole population either by preventing disease (e.g. through vaccination programmes, legislation and inspection to ensure adequate sanitation and water purity, housing standards and food safety, controlling pollution and dealing with community outbreaks of infectious disease), or by promoting health through public policies to educate communities, sustain living standards and provide access to health-promoting facilities.
SES part of socio cultural factors
Inner city conditions, medical accessibility ,psychological stress
Health Care Delivery System COMPONENTS
Institutions/Structure Functions Education/Personnel Economics/Funding Reimbursement Target Populations
Bismarck Model
Insurance system financed by employers/employees Health insurance plans cover everyone (No Profit) Doctors/Hospitals are private Government Regulations ie) GERMANY
Principlism
Integrated theory used by health care professional Uses ethical principles = common language Principles are not ordered *Autonomy *Nonmaleficience *Beneficience *Justice *Veracity *Fidelity *Avoidance of killing *Gratitude and reparation
What is a generic term used in public health to describe a program or policy designed to have an impact on a health problem?
Intervention
What is the term of an epidemiologic study in which the impact of some intervention on one group of subjects is compared with the effect of a placebo on a control group?
Intervention study
What was the PH shortfall with "public nuisance" laws, prior to EPA?
Intervention was Reactive, after sickness occurred
Assurance
Interventions or treatment that are applied by health professionals to address health concerns or problems that exist in the community or local environment.
Where is the effluent discharged after treatment?
Into natural water sources
Infection
Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body's natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system
Define Infection.
Invasion of the body by a pathogen
Ultraviolet radiation
Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of ultraviolet radiation. Also called UV radiation.
What is a Syndrome?
Is collection of signs, symptoms and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition. For example, malaise, loss of helper T cells, diarrhea, weight loss, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis characterize AIDS.
Portal of exit
Is the site from where microorganisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection.
Portal of entry
Is the site where microorganisms enter the host and cause disease/infection.
Define Epidemiology.
Is the study of the location, course, and transmission of diseases within populations.
What major points of the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 do we need to know?
It says that all red meat slaughtered for retail must be inspected at the federal or state level
1796
Jenner and small pox vaccine
What group of people were most blamed for the causing the Bubonic Plague?
Jews
Who is considered the Father of Epidemiology?
John Snow
• In 1831-1832, 1848, 1853 and 1866 there were cholera epidemics that killed many people. • In 1854 this man proved there was a link between cholera and the water supply (this was before Pasteur published his Germ Theory in 1861). • He did lots of research, including going from house-to-house interviewing people, to build up a detailed picture of a cholera outbreak around Broad Street, London. • He plotted the deaths onto a map and noticed that they centred around a particular water pump. • He removed the handle of the water pump, and the deaths stopped. It later emerged that a nearby cesspool had a cracked lining, and its contents had seeped into the drinking water.
John Snow
• This man was the Chief Engineer on London's Metropolitan Board of Works and created the extensive network of sewers under central London. • These made a huge impact on the health of Londoners and the bulk of the system remains in use today. • The system channeled the waste through miles of sewers into a series of main intercepting sewers, which slowly transported it eastwards so that it could be pumped into the tidal Thames.
Joseph Bazalgette
Influenza, Hept B, and Rabies are what type of vaccine?
Killed or Fractionated Viral
T Cell
Killer cells attack cells directly; secrete cytokines that enhance cellular responses to Antigens; secrete toxins that kill antigen-bearing cells; secrete growth inhibiting factors that prevent cell growth.
Sterilization
Killing of all microorganisms
Cardiovascular disease
Kills more Americans than next five causes combined
Dental Provider Barriers
Knowledge/quality of evidence, conflicting recommendations, lack of time, attitudes, value of interventions, disorganized dental records
___________ was the site of an emergency response by the EPA because it posed a significant chemical fire hazard to the area
Knoxville College
In order to prove that a given infectious agent causes a given disease, what must a scientist must satisfy?
Koch's postulates: 1. The suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host. 4. The same pathogen must be re-isolated from the diseased host. Note: Certain circumstances can make the use of Koch's postulates difficult or even impossible.
Verstehbarkeit
Kognitive Fähigkeit einer Person Informationen klar, strukturiert und in sich schlüssig aufzunehmen (Ich verstehe, dass ich Diabetes habe und was es bedeutet)
Krankheit
Krankheit meint das Fehlen des vollständigen psychischen, physischen und seelischen Zustands. Die Lebensvorgänge in Organen oder im Gesamten Organismus bzw. das seelische und psychische Empfinden ist gestört
Mass Screening
Large-scale or whole population
Community six part of physical factor
Larger community greater range of health problems, greater number of heal resources
What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms?
Late
Metal responsible for Depressing IQ in children under age six, because it is easily absorbed and interferes with organ development
Lead
Homes built before the 1940s are more likely to have _________
Lead-based Paint
Top 2 ___________ of Death: 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer
Leading Causes
Laissez-Faire
Leaving things alone and not interfering
Factors influencing Health Care Delivery
Licensing/Training expectations of professionals Delayed implementation of research Changing patterns of disease Financial incentives/socio-demographic changes International affairs-globalization
Years of potential life lost:
Life expectancy minus age at death (current life expectancy is 75) the number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 75.
1900 life expectancy
Life expectancy was age 47
What is the etiology of listeriosis?
Listeria monocytogenes
Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Polio are what type of vaccines?
Live Attenuated Viral
There are 42 known antibiotic resistant genes from antibiotic treated _________ found in the human gut, contributing to clinical antibiotic resistance
Livestock
19th century
Living conditions in Europe unsanitary, U.S. Experiences westward expansion, rigged individuals, government approach to health hands off, lassiez faire
Local Environmental factors associated with enamel defects
Local acute mechanical trauma, Local irradiation, Electrical burn, Local infection
Local authorities
Local councils with the power to improve conditions in a local area
Health Determinants are types of ___________, because they can be Internal (inherited or learned), or External (characteristics of place of living/work)
Locus of Control (self-efficacy)
What type of data format is used by environmental scientists, because it skews data up so that no zero concentration is allowed?
Log-normal Distribution
Detergents
Loosen debris *Sodium lauryl sulfate, Sodium N-lauryl sarcosinate
• This man was the leader of the Conservative Party and did not think more people should have the vote. • However, he did not want the Tories to be seen as a party that was against reform. • He introduced a bill that gave lots more men the vote. • This bill became the 1867 Reform Act.
Lord Derby
• In 1861 this man published his 'Germ Theory'. He proved the air contains living micro-organisms, which can cause decay and infection. • This finally disproved 'spontaneous generation' theory, and the idea that disease was spread by miasma. • Not everyone believed him, and it was a while before his discovery had an impact on public health reforms.
Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory
Louis Pasteur's idea that some diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs)
Very Sensitive Screenings will have High or Low False Negatives?
Low (or High False Positives)
People who live and work in areas of ___________ Status are at increased risk for Mortality, Morbidity, Unhealthy behaviors, & Reduced access to care
Low Socioeconomic
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL disparity impact
Lower life expectancy, Decreased quality of life, Loss of economic opportunities, perception of injustice
Economy part of socio cultural factors
Lower tax revenue, job loss
What is the first group of diseases that was associated with Smoking?
Lung Disease
Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Achieving healthier behavior, preventing relapse
Maintenance
An X-ray of the breasts to screen for breast Cancer is known as a?
Mammogram
Medicare: Part C
Managed Care plans -medicare advantage
1798
Marine hospital (forerunner of US public health services )
The following characteristics refer to?: Views healthcare as an economic good Free market healthcare delivery Care distributed based on ability to pay Emphasis on Individual well-being Private solutions to social problems Individual Responsibility for Health ***
Market Justice
Under which type of justice system is each individual responsible for their own health outcomes?
Market Justice
Tertiärprävention
Massnahme die durchgeführt wird, wenn sich eine Krankheit oder ein unerwünschter Zustand bereits manifestiert hat. Man rehabilitiert die Menschen um Folgeschäden oder Rückfälle zu verhindern (Palliative Betreuung, Kuren, Rehas)
Sekundärprävention
Massnahmen zur Krankheitsfrüherkennung und Krankheitseindämmung mit dem Ziel das Voranschreiten einer Krankheit einzudämmen (Krebsuntersuchungen (man gehört z.B. schon weil man Mann ist zur Risikogrupppe für Prostatakrebs), Blutdruckscreenig)
Deontological Ethics
Means are separate from the ends Emphaiss on the morality of the act
Koplik Spots, Cough, Fever
Measels
20th century Reform phase
Medical discoveries did little to improve average persons health, poor paying ,hard labor, unsafe jobs, connection between poverty and health
1950-1970
Medicare and Medicaid , increase cost of health care
MPs
Members of Parliament who can pass laws in the Houses of Parliament
Brudzinski's test
Menagitis
What has an untreated mortality rate of 70-100% and is characterized by Fever, Chills, Cranial Pressure, Muchal Rigidity, and a Postitive Brudzinski's test?
Menagitis
What are the uses of Methylene chloride?
Methylene chloride is predominantly used as a solvent in paint strippers and removers; as a process solvent in the manufacture of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and film coatings; as a metal cleaning and finishing solvent in electronics manufacturing; and as an agent in urethane foam blowing. Methylene chloride is also used as a propellant in aerosols for products such as paints, automotive products, and insect sprays. It is used as an extraction solvent for spice oleoresins, hops, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee. However, due to concern over residual solvent, most decaffeinators no longer use methylene chloride. Methylene chloride is also approved for use as a postharvest fumigant for grains and strawberries and as a degreening agent for citrus fruit.
Which Theory of Disease incorporates Toxicology, and states that substances produced by microorganisms can be inhaled and cause illness?
Miasma Theory of Disease
• This man wanted to clean up the River Thames • He was an English chemist and physicist • He wrote a letter to The Times arguing 'the whole of the river was an opaque pale brown fluid' and that the river was nothing more than 'a real sewer.'
Michael Faraday
90% of the cells in our body are _______, accounting for 1-3% of our body weight
Microbial
Microbes
Microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi and protoctists), together with viruses and infectious prions, whether pathogenic or harmless; also known as microorganisms. This umbrella term also include viruses and prions (infectious proteins) although these are not classed as organisms.
What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Drinking more than planned and Drinking as soon as awakening?
Middle/Late
Which village in Japan was made famous by the poisoning of its population in the 1950s, causing brain damage in children?
Minamata
What was the first U.S. state to enact a Clean Indoor Act (state-wide law)?
Minnesota
Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the likelihood of occurrence, or reduce the damaging effects of an unavoidable hazard; such as having earthquake resistant building codes and tornado bunkers?
Mitigation
National Health Insurance Model
Mix between Beveridge + Bismarck models Mainly private sector Government insurance program No profit ie) CANADA
What are the sources of air pollution?
Mobile Sources • Cars, buses, planes, trucks, trains Stationary Sources • Factories, power plants, smelters • Mills and refineries Other Sources • Area Sources (smaller stationary sources) • Dry cleaners, degreasing operations • Natural Sources • Windblown dust, volcanic eruptions
Healthy people 2020
Mobilize, assess, plan,implement, track
Tax
Money that has to be paid to the government from your earnings
Paul Bunnel Test
Mononucleosis
Moral Dilemma
Moral principles that exist come into contact (what values take priority?)
Moral weakness
Morals require an Action conflicts with self-interest
What is the other name for disease?
Morbidity
What is the term often used to mean illness or disease?
Morbidity
Bioethics
More applied, geared to clinical decision Considered more theoretical + philosophical
Black
More than ½ live in the southern part of USA Lower ed. Rate than whites but slightly higher than Hispanics 25% live in poverty 3x more than whites impact of slavery: forbidden treatments => underground system of treatment by untrained providers
What describes the incidence of deaths per unit of time, most often per year, in a population?
Mortality rate
Health and Societal Outcomes
Mortality, Morbidity, Quality of Life and disability, Equity
How is Dengue Fever transmitted?
Mosquitos
IgG
Most prevalent antibody in the body and increases secondary to IgM to help fight off viruses, bacteria, and toxin.
Mesophiles growth locations
Mostly on plants and animals. Also soil and water grow best normal body temps
Fever, Malaise, Testicular swelling and tenderness. Has an RNA virus. These are symptoms of what disease?
Mumps
Lymphocytes
Must be activated before a response to an antigen is possible.
What term describes contracts made between cities to ensure they help each other respond to disasters?
Mutual Aid Agreements
What are the etiologic agents for Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis, avium
What other agents produce granulomatous lesions?
Mycotic agents, fungi, foreign bodies, higher bacteria (mycoplasma etc.)
Anthrax symptoms (GI)
N/V Loss of appetite fever Abdominal pain Severe diarrhea (only sx differentiating it between GI and inhalation)
What is the primary federal agency for biochemical research, which has its own laboratories and also provides funding to biomedical scientists at universities and research centers?
NIH-National Institutes of Health
Pharmacologic treatments
NRT Sustained-release bupropion Chantix
1. Promote oral health 2. Improve the quality of life 3. Eliminate oral health disparities (equality)
National Initiatives for public dental health include:
NPRT stands for ______
National Pharmacy Response Team
NPCR
National Program of Cancer Registries *Administered by CDC
Notifiable diseases
National list of diseases that each state is required to report, but each state may have diseases of interest that they are tracking.
Which type of hazard includes hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires, etc.?
Natural
Factors that shape Dental Care
Need, Disease trends, Demand, Cost, Size of Work Force, Access to care, Quality of Care, Legislation, Technology, Emphasis on treatment or prevention, Infrastructure
Prevalence
New and pre-existing cases in a given population during a specified period
Which chemical in cigarettes causes the Addiction to smoking, through Dopamine release, and raises blood pressure?
Nicotine
Causes Gastero-intestinal Cancer
Nitrates
Do all treatment plants include filtration in their wastewater treatment?
No
Communicable disease
No longer a leading cause of death, but few are eradicated, new diseases, bioterrorism
Out of Pocket Model
No mass medical health care (rich get care, poor stay sick or die) ie) CHINA, AFRICA, INDIA, SOUTH AMERICA
Tooth Wear
Non-carious, pathological loss of tooth tissue by physical (abrasion, attrition, abfraction) or chemical (erosion) means
Reservoirs of infection
Non-human hosts of a zoonotic pathogen. Some infectious diseases (e.g. typhus) became widespread in humans only when forest habitats were cleared for grazing and agriculture, and large settled populations came into close proximity for the first time.
Where is it believed that Norwalk viral infection originated?
Norwalk, Ohio
What is a Biological vector?
Not only transmit pathogens they also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of its life cycle
A disease that the law requires be reported to public health authorities as part of the public health surveillance system is known as a?
Notifiable disease
Formula for Prevalence Rate (PR)
Number of cases of a disease in the population during specified time / Number of persons at risk of having the disease during that time.
Rate
Number of events in a given population over time or at a given point in time used for comparison(natal
Morbidity Rates & Populations
Number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator
Morbidity Rate
Number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator -Incidence Rates -Prevalence Rates
Define Incidence.
Number of new cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. BE ABLE TO DEFINE ALL THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS
Incidence rate
Number of new cases in a population exposed over a period of time; helpful in study of acute illnesses
Cases
Number of people sick or number of deaths
Healthy People 2020 Obectives
OH-1: Reduce proportion of kids who have dental caries experience to 30% OH-3: Reduce proportion of adults with untreated dental decay to 25% OH-7: Increase proportion of kids and adults who use oral health care system to 49% OH-12: Increase proportion of kids who received dental sealants on their molars to 1.5%
Oral Cancer in Healthy People 2020
OH-6 = Increase proportion of oral cancers detected in earliest stage OH 14.1 = Increase proportion adults recieve info from dentist to quit smoking/tobacco use OH 14.2 = Increase proportion of adults who are screened for oral cancer
What is the federal agency, part of the Department of Labor, that is responsible for occupational health and the prevention of injury?
OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health Administration
Which agency was passed to prevent workers from being killed or seriously harmed at work. The law requires employers to provide their employees with working conditions that are free of known dangers. It sets and enforces protective workplace safety and health standards, provides information and training, and assistance to workers and employers
OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration
A person is considered ________ if their BMI is 30 or more
Obese
Lifestyle disease
Obesity, lack of exercise ,use of ATD
Viruses
Obligatory intercellular parasites that require a living hosts cells in order to multiply.
Phenotype
Observable characteristics resulting from interaction between an organism's genetic makeup and the environment
Naturally acquired immunitity
Occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate.
Bioaccumulation
Occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost, and is common for persistent organic pollutants.
When does Acid Rain occur?
Occurs when sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere react with water, oxygen and oxidants to form acidic compounds. Components can be dry (gas or particles) or wet in the form of rain, snow or fog.
Conservatives
One of the 2 main political parties in the 1800s. The others were the Liberals
Potassium Nitrate + SnF
Only accepted desensitizer
What is a mechanical vector?
Only passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts.
An ICS consists of a Finance section, Logistics section, Planning section, and an _______ section, consisting of the Chief and Staff
Operations ("Doers")
Infections that take advantage of opportunity when a person's immune system has been weakened by HIV are known as? At least 25 conditions are associated.
Opportunistic infections
ow does US pay for health care delivery compared to many other nations
Other developed countires utilize national health plans paid for by tax dollars. BUT US pays for health care delivery through PROVIDERS.
A sudden increase in the incidence of a disease is defined as an _______
Outbreak
A healthy BMI is considered to be below 25, a person is considered ________ if their BMI is between 25 and 29.9
Overweight
Recently there is a high prevalence among Mexican Boys (28%) and African Girls (27%) of which condition?
Overweightness (Diabetes II also being diagnosed in children)
Where do ozone holes form?
Ozone hole forms over the Antarctic each year and ozone levels fall to 70% below normal
Group of chemicals that are common environmental pllutants
PCBs-Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Polio can cause
Paralysis, Death
An organism that lives off another organism (host) but does not contribute to the welfare of the host is known as?
Parasite
PM 10 particles < 10 um (micrometers, aerodynamic diameter)
Particulate matter airborne particles, a common type of air pollution - Smaller than a human hair that can penetrate the respiratory system as far as the tracheobronchial region. These particles are also regulated by the US EPA but the focus is shifting to PM2.5.
PM 2.5 particles < 2.5 μm (micrometers, aerodynamic diameter)
Particulate matter airborne particles, a common type of air pollution - Smaller than a human hair, that can penetrate the respiratory system as far as the deep lung (alveolar region). Airborne levels of particles of this size are regulated by the US EPA. Exposure to this type of air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects including respiratory, cardiovascular, and adverse birth outcomes.
1863
Pasteur proposes germ theory, last third of century-biological period
What is any parasite that causes disease called?
Pathogen
What are Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents?
Pathogens that have a variety of traits that enable them to cause disease.
Lower abdominal Stress, Cervical Motion Tenderness. Vaginal Discharge, a history of STDs
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Antibiotics to treat Gram positive bacteria
Penecillins, cephalosporins, macrolids, lincosamides
γ-radiation
Penetrating electromagnetic waves or rays emitted from nuclei during radioactive decay, similar to x-rays. Dense materials such as concrete and lead are used to provide shielding against this type of ionizing radiation
Health Care System
People + Institutions + Resources --> Deliver Health Care Services
1. Health 2. Public health 3. Dental public health
People's Health encompasses __?
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment.
What are the Environmental Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants?
Persistent toxic air pollutants can accumulate in plants and animals magnifying up the food chain A particular concern in aquatic ecosystems where greater magnification can occur
Rapid Coughs, deep, high-pitched Respiration. Gram-Negative Bactria Stain
Pertussis AKA whooping couch
One response from pharmacy to reduce water contamination by drugs is participating in __________
Pharmaceutical Collection Programs
Improving individual health through medication, ensuring medications are used effectively and appropriately, and assuming responsibility as a citizen, are all Roles of _________ in PH
Pharmacists (promote, educate, advocate)
What is the name of the smog when air pollutants reacts with sunlight?
Photochemical smog (brown smog)
Lower SES is associated with even less _______, than people with high SES
Physical Activity
Disease
Physical or mental disease state. Manifestation of some type of physiological injury or state.
Multi dimensions of health
Physical, emotional, social, spiritual, occupational
Factors that influence health of a community
Physical, sociocultural ,community organization ,individual
An ineffective pill or agent used in a control group to gauge the effect of an actual treatment in another group, is known as a?
Placebo
Chest xray showing Lobar Infiltrates
Pneumonia
Left un-vaccinated, Measles can cause:
Pneumonia, Encephalitis, Mental Retardation, Death
Intoxication
Poisoning: the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substanc
Health Behaviors are covered under which Core Function of PH?
Policy Development
The process by which a public health agency exercises its responsibility to serve the public interest in the development of comprehensive policies by promoting use of scientific knowledge is known as? One of the core functions.
Policy Development
What is the missing basic function performed by public health agencies: Assessment, Assurance, and ______?
Policy Development
where law are planned and developed to support community issues
Policy development as a core function of public health is:
New Liberalism
Political movement that argued government had a responsibility to care for the most vulnerable in society. This would involve taxing the wealthy to pay for reforms.
Socialism
Political system based on equality and fairness rather than ownership of private property and the exploitation of workers
What is one environmental concern that is not currently being addressed properly, as not enough research to produce reliable data is occurring?
Pollution by Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products
What is considered PH Enemy (Threat) Number Two and growing?
Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity
Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Obesity, Stroke, Diabetes, & Cancer?
Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity
Which Pope associated cats with the devil, contributing to the killing of millions of cats?
Pope Gregory IX (1232)
Public Health Interventions
Population-based services that target the needs of the people. -clinical prevention -community prevention -population-based prevention
Zielgruppe
Populationsprävention, Risikogruppenprävention, Individuum
Emerson Report
Postwar plan for PH in US after WWII -recommended 50K people/LPHA *beginning of streamlining PH practice
Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: No intention to change
Precontemplation
Defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks of pregnancy
Premature birth
Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Decided on changing, have a plan to change
Preparation
Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves developing plans for the what, where, and who of an emergency event before it occurs; such as being certified by different programs?
Preparedness
What describes the proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease at a specified point in time?
Prevalence
Preservatives
Prevent microbial growth *Methyl paraben, Sodium benzoate
Humectants
Prevent water loss *Glycerin, Propylene glycol, Sorbitol
Defined as activities taken by an individual believed by themselves to be healthy and prevent disease
Preventive Health Behavior
Activities that are intended to prevent the onset of a disease or injury, are known as types of?
Primary prevention
Dental Fluorosis Prevalence
Primary teeth = unknown in US 2nd molars most often and most severly affected 60.6% US not affected by fluorosis
Levels of Preventative Care
Primordial = minimize future hazards to health Primary = healthy person preventing development of disease Secondary = disease @ early/reversible stage Tertiary = Containment of disease + rehabilitation Quaternary = Mitigate/avoid results of unnecessary or excessive intervention
Prävention - Zeitpunkt
Primärprävention Sekundärprävention Tertiärprävention
20th century
Private health was not enough, new deal ,SS act, National cancer institute, CDC, polio vaccine
Operating budget
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you collect fees, in public health you have what instead?
Analysis
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete a diagnosis in public health you do what instead?
Program evaluation
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete a patient evaluation, in public health you have what instead?
Program planning
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete treatment planning, in public health you do what instead?
Survey
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you perform and exam, in public health you do what instead?
Implementation and follow through
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you provide treatment, in public health you do what instead?
public community
Private vs Public Health: In private practice you see a patient, in public health you serve who instead?
What term is a calculation of what may be expected, based on what has happened in the past under similar conditions?
Probability
Negative Predictive Value (PV-)
Probability of negative test result = no disease
Positive Predictive Value (PV+)
Probability of positive test result = has the disease
Clinical Prevention
Programs or interventions that target individuals. A program can target individuals, as well as target communities and the individuals in those communities.
What is the third type of PH Intervention that is generally accepted against drugs, but not alcohol use?
Prohibition
Education vs Promotion
Promotion not only about education, but more
Survival
Proportion of patients alive at some point
What is Attack Rate?
Proportional number of cases developing in the population that was exposed to an infectious agent.
Secondary prophylaxis
Protection taken against worsening condition
How many calories are in 2 grams of protein and 3 grams of carbohydrates?
Protein=8 (1 gram=4 cal) Carbohydrates=12 (1gram=4cal)
Antigen
Protiens and other large molecules to determine which belong to self.
Flavor/Sweetener
Provide taste *Socium Saccharin, Xylitol **NO ADA toothpaste has sugar
Health Care Resources
Providers: physicians, nurses, dentists, etc. -Specialties -Technology -Health care delivery systems: HMO's, PPO's
Prävention
Prävention geht von der Pathogenese aus, also von der Krankheit einer Person, bzw. einer Bevölkerungsgruppierung. Es sind Interventionen, welche darauf ausgerichtet sind Krankheiten und Unfälle zu verhüten oder das Fortschreiten einer Krankheit zu verlangsamen oder zu verhindern.
Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality, Morbidity, Mortality, & Median Age, are indicators of ___________
Public Health
Organized community efforts to ensure conditions in which people can be healthy, and activities undertaken to prevent, identify, and counter threats to health, are strategies of what field?
Public Health
Education, Regulation, & Prohibition are types of ___________
Public Health Interventions
Winslow defines it as The science and art of preventing disease and prolonging life, physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.
Public Health means?
Anti-Calculus
Pyrophophates (stabilize Calcium levels)
Enamel Hypomineralization
QUALITATIVE DEFECT *Colored patches *Esthetic concern
Enamel Hypoplasia
QUANTITATIVE DEFECT *Less enamel *more susceptible to caries
Environment part of physical factor
Quality of stewardship, population growth, natural resources
What PH Intervention has been most successful at reducing the Prevalence of smoking among Young People?
Raising Taxes (sounds wrong, but isn't, age restrictions ineffective)
What term describes the division of a sample into two or more comparable groups by some random method that eliminates biased selection?
Randomization
What term describes the proportion of some disease or condition in a group per unit of time?
Rate
What is the source of food borne campylobacter?
Raw, undercooked chicken
Infrastructure components
Recognizable resources include -Human Resources -Informational resources -Financial resources -Organizational resources
What is a Convalescent Carrier?
Recovered but still can be transferred
Screening Pathway
Recruit target population Screen targeted population Assess Diagnose Outcome (reduce morbidity and mortality)
Capacity (Inputs)
Refers to resources or relationships that are necessary to accomplish the core functions of public health (turnock, 2004)
Precursor Prevention
Refers to those factors and interventions that may prevent disease.
Crime Laws, Traffic Helmet/Seatbelt Laws, Restrictions on alcohol/drugs, & Age restrictions of many behaviors, are which type of PH Intervention?
Regulation
White-collar
Relates to jobs that are usually salaried and are not manual labour
What describes a comparison of 2 morbidity or mortality rates using a calculation of the ratio of one to the other?
Relative risk
What types of locations tend to have a higher chance of an outbreak?
Relatively small areas with a dense population (NYC, LA, Washington D.C.)
The Superfund process required a cumbersome Site Assessment Phase, as well as a ___________ Phase, which included evaluation of clean up options, and state/federal agency review
Remedial
Passive Surveillance
Reporting of disease by physicians, labs, hospitals (cancer registry, birth registry, etc)
Obligate anaerobes
Require an Oxygen-free enviroment.
Obligate Aerobes
Require oxygen at levels comparable to room air.
Microaerophiles
Require oxygen at levels lower than room air.
What describes a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a non-infected person, some reside in animals, food, or water?
Reservoir
Herd immunity
Resistance of a group to a pathogen due to immunity of a large proportion of the group to that pathogen
Antibiotic resistance
Resistance of microbial pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protoctists) to antimicrobial drugs using one of several molecular mechanisms, e.g. target molecule modification or replacement, antibioticinactivating enzymes, reduced permeability to the antibiotic, and low-specificity membrane pumps that expel the antibiotics from the cell.
What is the difference between Respiratory Droplet and Aerosol?
Respiratory Droplet - close by Aerosol - 1 meter away
Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves ensuring your safety and well-being in an emergency, and the use of Triage, Treatment and Transport during the emergency; such as having first aid available?
Response
Vector-borne disease
Result from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples include West Nile virus, dengue fever, viral encephalitis and malaria
What was the 1997 Amendments to the clean air act?
Revised Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards
List the RNA Viruses
Rhabodviridae (Lyssavirus) Paramyxoviridae (Paramyxovirus, Pneumovirus, Morbillivirus)
The Framingham Study found that the incidence of heart disease was increasing, as well as found the ________ associated
Risk Factors
What term describes a quantitative estimate of the degree of hazard to a population presented by some decision? Possible risks are weighed against possible benefits.
Risk assessment
Which characteristic has been demonstrated to statistically increase a person's chance of developing a disease?
Risk factor
Vibratory/Stillmans Technique
Roll toward occlual from gums
Surviellance data
Routinely collected statistics, stored in regional, national or international databases, on episodes of specified diseases, disorders or disabilities (morbidity) and on deaths from specific causes (mortality); surveillance data come from many sources, including registers of notifiable diseases, medical records, population surveys and research studies.
A patient comes into your office with; a fine maculopapular rash, posterior cervical and postauricular lymphadenopathy. They have severe arthralgia resulting from a togavirus
Rubella
Nutrition, Sanitation, Physical environment, Access, and Behavior are all affected by ________
SES
Which concept includes the effects of Income, Education, and Occupation as strong Determinants of Health?
SES
Higher ______ is associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity
SES-Socioeconomic Status
What is the most important predictor of Health?
SES-Socioeconomic status
What term describes a cache of pharmaceuticals maintained by the CDC, used for disaster relief responses, and that is rotated through 12 unknown locations?
SNS-Strategic National Stockpile
What is the etiology of salmonellosis?
Salmonella sp.
What was the first U.S. city to establish Non-smoking laws for the Workplace (city-wide law)?
San Francisco, Cali
Epidemiology
Scientific analysis of disease etiology, patterns of infection, and disease prediction among the general population. *what is the cause and how is it spread, who is at risk*
Checking for a disease when there are no symptoms is known as?
Screening
Allocative efficiency
Screening worthwile?
Activities intended to minimize the risk of progression of or complications from a disease or to minimize damage from an injury are known as types of?
Secondary prevention
This man studied the lives of poor people in York. He wrote two studies: • 'Poverty, a Study of Town Life' (1901) • 'Poverty and Progress' (1936) He was close friends with David Lloyd George. His influence can be seen in the Liberal reforms 1906 - 1912.
Seebohm Rowntree
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Self Actualization Self Esteem (value) Acceptance/Belonging Safety Survival
Autonomy
Self rule *Informed Consent *Confidentiality
Defined as people's sense that they are in control of their lives. High _______ is beneficial to health.
Self-efficacy
What type of screening yields Few False Negatives?
Sensitive screenings
How does ground level ozone effect the ecosystem?
Sensitive vegetation, including forest trees and plants during the growing season. • reduced tree growth • visible injury to leaves • increased susceptibility of sensitive plant species to disease • damage from insects • effects of other pollutants • competition and harm from severe weather.
What term describes the ability of a test to avoid false negatives in identifying a disease or condition in those who have it?
Sensitivity
What are the secondary standards?
Sets limits to protect public welfare Including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings
U.S. dept. of health and human services
Shaped community health, formed in 1980, division of health, education, and welfare into HHS and DOE, 24 percent
1850
Shattock report marks beginning of modern public health era; 1872, APHA founded
Health Care Safety Net Amendments of 2002
Signed by President Bush Included grants for primary dental programs
What describes there being only a small statistical probability that the same result could have been found by chance and that the intervention had no real effect?
Significance
One of the Superfund phases was a cumbersome ___________ Phase, which included evaluation of site history and ecological status, and risk assessment
Site Assessment
What are reservoirs of infection?
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection.
Politics part of socio cultural factors
Size of government
What are the Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants in plants?
Slowed growth Suggestions that marine phytoplankton are already under stress
The Risk Factors contributing to heart disease that were found by the Framingham Study include High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol, and ________
Smoking
What are the most important causes of oral cancer?
Smoking/smokeless tobacco, Alcohol, Infection with oncogenic viruses
The following characteristics refer to?: Views healthcare as a social resource Government involvement in healthcare delivery Care distributed based on need, equal access a right Emphasis on Community well-being Public solutions to social problems Collective Responsibility for Health ***
Social Justice
Defined as Emotional and practical Help provided by family and friends (it helps people cope with stress)
Social Support
The Alameda County Study falls under which Psychological Factor affecting behavior, which can buffer Stress (another factor)?
Social Support
Demographic variables
Social characteristics that are routinely recorded in population statistics, most commonly age, sex, marital status, ethnic group, occupation, educational level, income band or some other measure of material circumstances (such as 'social class' in the UK).
The ________ promoting overeating and children-targeted ads from the food industry make it difficult to change eating patterns, PH is focusing on children now
Social environment
Societal Contract
Society has to sanction the profession + recognize it for it to exist Profession must have value to society
The new Choosemyplate.gov guidelines aim to avoid Oversized portions, Increase fruits/veggies/grains/water consumption, and to Reduce _________ consumption by comparing and choosing foods with lower content
Sodium
Rate-payer
Someone who has to pay local taxes (rates)
Public Health Practice
Source of primary and secondary prevention services. Activities carried out by multiple members of the health care and public health fields.
What type of screening yields Few False Positives?
Specific screenings
The term describing the ability of a test to avoid mistaken identifications, such as false positives, is known as?
Specificity
Spezifität
Spezifische Präventionen auf eine Risikogruppe bezogen Unspezifische Prävention auf die gesamte Bevölkerung bezogen
Capsid shapes
Spherical Helical(Coiled tubes) Polyhedral(multi sided) Bullet or rod shaped
Amylotylic enzyme
Split carbohydrate and starch into simple sugars
What is the most common form of oral cancer?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Thickening agent
Stabilize formula *Mineral colloids, natural gums, seaweed colloids, synthetic cellulose
Assess Readiness to quit
Stage 1: Not ready to quit in the next month Stage 2: Ready to quit in the next month Stage 3: Recent quitter <6m Stage 4: Former tobacco user >6m
What is the etiology of Staphylococcus toxicosis?
Staphylococcus aureus toxin
What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Governance, PH System, Health System, and Health Insurance System
State/National (external)
The field of study that uses a scientific method to gather and analyze data to extract information, seek causation, and calculate probabilities is?
Statistics
What field uses a scientific method of gathering and analyzing data to extract information, seek causation, and calculate probabilities?
Statistics
List the Gram Positive Bacteria
Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Dermatophilus, Nocardia (SSCCRAMBLED N)
Mortality is increased after death of a spouse, loss of job, and other traumatic events; increasing risk of heart disease, and exacerbating which factor affecting behavior?
Stress
Defined as a psychological and emotional state of tension, occurring when it is perceived that demands exceed ability to cope
Stress (Pharm school?)
Epidemiologist
Studies disease or health related occurrence in a population
What is Environmental health?
Study and management of environmental conditions that affect our health and well-being
Epidemiology
Study of distribution and determination of health related states or events in a specific population
Viruses Characteristics
Submicroscopic Acellular 10-300 nm contain only type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid
Which law was created to protect the environment in 1980?
Superfund Act
Which of the following PH Interventions by the government was most effective in Educating the public?: - Menu Labeling - Prohibition - Surgeon General's Report - Abstinence
Surgeon General's Report
Smoking rates peaked at 42% of population in the mid-1960s as cigarettes were made available to everyone, but began declining shortly after because of the first __________________ in 1964
Surgeon General's Report (at present it is 23%)
What is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice? This is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know.
Surveillance
Reportable disease
Surveillance focuses on limited list of disease that spread easily through intimate or close contact.
SEER
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results *Provides information on cancer statistics *Collects + publishes cancer incidence & survival data
Actions such as immunizing break the chain of infection at which step by reducing the amount of people affected?
Susceptible Hosts
What are prominent lesions associated with the bubonic form of the plague?
Swellings or buboes in armpits, groin, or neck
What species is primarily humanely slaughtered with the Carbon Dioxide method?
Swine
Painless Ulcer on Genatial
Syhphillis
What is the recommended method of treatment for E.coli?
Symptomatic treatment
A 1932 study conducted in Alabama involved recruiting 400 poor, African American men with a disease. In this study, participants were guaranteed free food, treatment, and burials. The experimenters diagnosed the men with "bad blood", even though they knew the actual source of the infection and did not treat them with the appropriate antieffective drug, Penicillin. What disease did these men actually have?
Syphilis
TNM Staging
T = Size of TUMOR N = regional lymph NODE involved M = distant METASTASIS (spread of cancer)
Which agency helped Knoxville College clean up its laboratory site?
TDEC-TN Department of Environment and Conservation
True or False, Influenza outbreaks have a characteristic pattern of coming into a community quickly with a peak activity occurring in the 2nd and 3rd weeks and ending in the 5th and 6th weeks?
TRUE
Which health behavior model is broken up into 5 stages of change?
TTM-Transtheoretical Model
Which chemicals in cigarettes provide the flavor, damage cilia, and irritate the respiratory tract?
Tars
The Constitution of the United States authorizes the Federal Government to do what two things related to finance, in order to regulate?
Tax & Spend
Rates
Tax paid to your local council; today it is called council tax
Which type of hazard includes utility failure, transportation failure, structural disruptions, etc.?
Technological
Which age group is most sensitive to cigarette prices, which is why states raise their taxes and use the revenue to fund tobacco control programs?
Teenagers
What populations do tobacco companies focus ads on, to replace the 2 million smokers they lose yearly to death or cessation?
Teens (age most people begin smoking) & Women (advertise weight loss)
Veracity
Tell the truth *Accurate reporting
What is Sick building syndrome?
Term describes a situation in which the air quality in a building produces generalized signs and symptoms of ill health in the building's occupants.
Race vs Ethnicity
Terms can overlap Race = Socioeconomic position, lifestyle habits, use of health services Ethnicity = Culture, language, beliefs, religion, traditions
Stench
Terrible smell
Activities intended to minimize disability caused by a disease or injury, for example rehabilitation, are known as types of?
Tertiary prevention
Jae and Neck Stiffness, Dysphagia, and Irritability with a gram positive bacterial stain is characteristic of what disease?
Tetanus
What are the treatments of brucellosis?
Tetracyclines Trimethroprim sulfur (humans)
What are the treatment options for brucellosis?
Tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfur in human
Antibiotics to treat Gram negative bacteria
Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 2nd generation or greater cephalosporins
Pathogenicity
The Ability to cause disease; microbe cable of causing infection is said to be pathogenic.
Portals of Entry
The Avenue by which pathogens gain entry into the body.
What is the layman's term for the plague?
The Black Death
Microbiology
The Branch of science concerened with the study of organisms
Endemic
The Constant presence of disease or infectious agents within a given geographic area; may also refer to a given disease within such an area.
Epidemiology
The Study of the Distribution and determinants of disease and injuries in a given population.
Define Infectivity.
The ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host
Wellness
The ability to adapt, to relate effectively, and to function near-maximum capacity and includes self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, physical fitness, stress mangement, envoirmental sensitivity, productivity, expression of emotions, self expressions
Define Pathogenicity.
The capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Resistance
The capacity of an organism to defend itself against disease.
Define Etiology.
The cause of disease - Founded by Koch
Sterile immunity
The complete elimination by the host's immune response of the pathogens responsible for an infectious disease (e.g. the influenza virus is eliminated from the body as the illness resolves).
Genome
The complete genetic material of an organis
Immunity
The condition of being protected against an infectious disease. Immunity can be caused by a vaccine, previous infection with the same agent, or by transfer of immune substances from another person or animal
1. Assessment 2. Policy development 3. Assurance
The core functions of public health are:
Cultural competency
The demonstrated awareness and integration of three population-specific issues 1. health-related and cultural values 2. disease incidence and prevalence 3. Treatment efficacy *a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enable effective work in cross-cultural situations.
Incidence rate
The direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time -The rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.
Incidence Rate
The direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time. -The IR is the rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.
Infection
The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animal.
What is Index case?
The first case of the disease in a given area or population.
Selection pressure
The forces impacting on survival and reproduction in a population of organisms in which there is variation between individuals in their ability to withstand adverse conditions or benefit from advantageous circumstances. The result of a selection pressure (e.g. infectious disease or food shortages in host populations, exposure to antibiotics or antibodies in pathogen populations) is that individuals who are best adapted to withstand it or benefit from it leave a larger proportion of offspring in the next generation, while those who are less well adapted suffer reproductive disadvantage.
Health
The general condition of body and mind
1. Prevents epidemics 2. Protects against environmental hazards 3. Prevents injuries 4. Promotes & encourages healthy behaviors 5. Responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery 6. Ensures the quality & accessibility of health services
The government's role in public health is to do what?
Government
The group with the power to make decisions and run the country. In 19th century Britain it was elected by the wealthy people.
In a slaughtered animal, what are the three main parts of the body that the veterinarian must inspect?
The head, carcass, and intestines
Population at risk
The members of a population who could develop a particular disease, disorder or disability. For many conditions the whole population is at risk since anyone could be affected, but certain conditions predominantly or exclusively affect a particular gender, age, occupation or ethnic group who are the 'at risk' population; for infectious diseases, the population at risk are those who are susceptible to the infection.
Bioactivation
The metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds into reactive , toxic compounds.
Threshold dose
The minimum dose that will produce a detectable degree of any given effect.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. Also called deoxyribonucleic acid
Chlamydial infections are:
The most common STD (4 Million per year)
Infant mortality rate
The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 births.
Incidence
The number of new cases of a disease arising in a given period, usually a year, expressed as a proportion of the population at risk (the incidence rate).
Epidemic
The occurrence in a community of region of cases of an illness.(outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy)
Carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells to cause clinical cancer
Case fatality rate
The proportion of individuals with a particular disease who die as a result of it; for an infectious disease, the case fatality rate is the death rate among those who are infected with the causative agent. This tends to fall gradually in a population over many generations.
Prevalence
The proportion of the population with a particular infection or disease at a particular point in time, or during a given period.
Define Public Health
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health
Immunlogy
The scientific study of the cells and molecules of the immune system and their actions in the body, particularly but not exclusively in response to infection.
Toxicology
The study of poisons, including the source, effect, and treatment of poisoning. It is a branch of pharmacology (the study of drugs)
Epidemiology
The study of the health of populations. Includes the collection, analysis and interpretation of data on the occurrence, distribution, potential causes and control of diseases, disorders, disabilities and deaths.
Aetiology
The study of the underlying causes of a disease.
Genetic engineering
The technology entailing all processes of altering the genetic material of a cell to make it capable of performing the desired functions , such as producing novel substances
Heavy metal
The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at industrial sites at which operations have included battery recycling and metal platin
Latency period
The time between when an exposure occurs and when its effects are detectable as an injury or illness
Incubation period
The time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.
Communicable period
The time or times during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to humans. including arthropods.
Why can the Staphylococcus toxin still be produced if the food is not heated to a high enough temperature?
The toxin is heat stable and if the temperature is not high enough the toxin will be continuously produced
Biotechnology
The use of biological processes to solve problems or make useful products.
Biotransformation
The use of enzymes in chemical synthesis to produce chemical compounds of a desired stereochemistry
Route of exposure
The way people come into contact with a hazardous substance. The most important routes of exposure to environmental agents are breathing [inhalation], eating or drinking [ingestion], or contact with the skin [dermal contact]
Labouring population
The working classes; very poor in 19th century Britain
The HBM-Health Belief Model, TTM-Transtheoretical Model, and Ecological Model, are all types of _________ affecting health behavior
Theoretical Psychosocial Factors
What is the name of the smog when warm air traps cooler air at the surface of the earth?
Thermal inversion
Community Prevention
These programs or interventions are targeted toward the entire community. The targeted unit is the entire community and not the individual.
What is the fate of this goats affected with brucellosis? What is the name of the tag given to this goats?
They are condemned. They are given Bane's tags
What is the fate of bovines infected with brucellosis?
They are culled (sent to market)
What is the fate of bovines that are serologically positive for brucellosis?
They are culled and sent to the market. (The testes of intact males are condemned)
What are Toxic Air Pollutants?
Those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects such as reproductive effects, birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects.
Why are potassium permanganate and lime added to water after filtration?
To make more acidic water (hard water) less acidic (softer)
Injury Control programs, which aim to change environments, rather than individuals, are effective in _________ control (hint: actual leading cause of death)
Tobacco
What is the Actual leading cause of death in the U.S., also known as PH Enemy Number One?
Tobacco
The 5 A's are a Model for treating ___________
Tobacco Use and Dependence
Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Cancer, Cardio disease, COPDs, Burns, & Low Birth-Weight Infant deaths?
Tobacco use
What are two major products of the disinfection process that are formed after chlorine is added and can cause liver disease, kidney disease, CNS disease, and cancer?
Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) and Haloacetic acid (HAA)
Define Prevalence.
Total number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. KNOW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
Vibratory/Charters Technique
Towards occlusal/incisal edge (for recession + ortho)
What do toxins do?
Toxins can harm tissues, trigger damaging immune responses, or result in toxemia (the presence of toxins in the bloodstream).
IgD
Trace -- Response Unknown
IgE
Trace Amount. Increase upon Hypersensitivity and parasitic worms.
NOHSS (National Oral Health Surveillance System)
Tracks: *Dental visits *Flouridation status *Teeth cleaning *Caries experience *Untreated tooth decay *Oral Cancer *Complete Tooth Loss *Dental Sealants Part of Healthy People 2020
KAB Model
Traditional dental health education: Knowledge --> Attitude --> Behavior
Vaccination
Treatment with a vaccine. Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. A vaccine can help the body recognize and destroy cancer cells or microorganisms
(True of False): The APHA is the oldest, largest, most influential, and most diverse organization of health professionals in the world and was founded in 1872.
True
(True or False): Health surveys such as the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, youth risk factor behavior surveillance system, national health and nutritional examination survey are examples of case control studies and are common methods that the government uses in disease surveillance?
True
(True or False): I LOVE public health, think Dr. Bartlett is a wonderful instructor with a great sense of humor, and cannot wait for his lectures in the early morning!
True
(True or False): Poverty and Socioeconomic factors are strongly connected (10% of world's population experiences 60% of deaths from infectious disease)
True
Eating food prior to drinking will delay the absorption of alcohol and "blunt" the blood alcohol concentration curve
True
Isolate, Immunize, Treat, and Screen are all tools of Public Health, True or False?
True
Stress and Social Support are Psychological Factors affecting health behaviors, True or False?
True
The Surgeon General's 1964 report on Smoking and Health caused a significant reduction in the prevalence of smoking, True or False?
True
The following PH Core Functions are matched with their components in correct order, True or False?: Assessment ------------------------------- 1. Monitor Health 2. Diagnose & Investigate Policy Development -------------------- 3. Inform, Educate, & Empower 4. Mobilize Community Partnerships 5. Develop Policies Assurance -------------------------------- 6. Enforce Laws 7. Link to/Provide Care 8. Assure Competent Workforce 9. Evaluate 10. Research (applies to all)
True
Tobacco is indigenous to the Americas and there is no recorded historical evidence that it was cultivated or habitually used in any other continents prior to the late 1400s
True
True or False, the following Ecological Perspective model levels are correctly paired to their examples?: Intrapersonal - Psychology ("I am capable of making changes") Interpersonal - Family, friends, coworkers ("Peers support my new behavior") Institutional - School, workplace Community - Churches, organizations (Condom distribution, educational programs) Public Policy - Government regulations (Free testing)
True
True or False: Chlorine is eliminated as bacteria are destroyed.
True
True or False: Corrosion inhibitor is added to finished water.
True
True or False: Corrosion of pipes is associated with low pH and alkalinity.
True
True or False: Fish and other marine/aquatic life are susceptible to small quantities of chlorine.
True
True or False: Kosher is not humane slaughter and is exempt from the law.
True
True or False: Screening is the primary treatment process.
True
True or False: The Botulism toxins are preformed.
True
True or False: The Staphylococcus toxins are preformed.
True
True or False: The strain associated with Listeriosis is strain 4b.
True
True or False: The veterinarian makes the final decision about whether or not the animal is condemned.
True
The American Legacy Foundation used lessons learned from California's tobacco control programs, to become known as a "_________", but unfortunately its funds were funneled into other programs
Truth Campaign
Informed Consent and IRBs-Institutional Review Boards were 2 results that came out of which study?
Tuskegee Study
UnModifiable-
Unalterable and rise from one's genetic endowment. They include race, gender, personality type, age, and basic metabolic rate.
Moral Uncertainty
Uncertain if moral principle at stake
Where do you administer a TB test in cattle?
Under the tail flap
What are sources of E. coli?
Undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk, poor handwashing, water
What are the clinical signs of Brucellosis?
Undulating fever, headaches, chills, arthritis, orchitis, abortions
What is a landmark document that showed health disparities?
Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare (IOM Report - 2002) *Included role of bias & discrimination *Showed that racial and ethnic disparities in health care exist
Protozoa
Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes
18th century industrial growth
Unsafe, unhealthy workplaces , workers including children working long hours
Epidemic
Unusually high number of cases of a disease in a population
Fluorosis Risk Index
Use in analytical epi. studies Look for age-specific exposures - 2 developmentally related groups: 1. Class I - 1st year of life 2. Class II - 3-6 years of life
Self-help
Using one's own efforts and resources to achieve things without relying on others.
Name some of the resources/tactics used to accomplish Public Health:
Vaccinations, proper sanitation practices, quarantine, removal of standing water, providing clean water, regular garbage collection, sewers, and meat inspection
Competent Workforce (#8) applies to all 3 Public Health ______, which include Health, Community, & Bases for Action
Values
An animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host is known as a?
Vector
Interventionsebene
Verhaltensprävention (Raucherkampagne, Plakate, Veranstaltungen, Internetplattformen, Informationsbroschüren) - Veränderung des individuellen Verhaltens Verhältnisprävention (Verbot von Tabakverkauf an Kinder, Anbringen von Gesundheitswarnungen, Einschränkungen der Raucherzonen) - Veränderung der Lebensbedingungen der Menschen
Handhabbarkeit
Vertrauen darauf, dass sich das Leben meistern lässt: Zuversicht, dass alle Aufgaben, Hindernisse und Herausforderungen sich bewältigen lassen
Microorganisms
Very Small organisms; Usually microscopic; also called microbes; includes agae,bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses
Bacteria
Very small, simple, single-celled organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.(prokaryotic)
Sonic toothbrush
Vibrates @ high speed, creates turbulant fluid
Virtue Ethics
Virtue is wat is moral Emphasis on excellence of character Aristotle
A very small pathogen that is not capable of independent metabolism and can reproduce only inside living cells?
Virus
What describes systematically collected statistics on births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and other life events. These statistics measure progress or the lack of it, against diseases?
Vital statistics
Whole Population Approach
WHO, focus on whole population, alter social norms, no screening, may reduce or remove an existing factor or introduce something new +: potential to affect underlying causes of disease, behaviorally appropriate -: little for individual, may not be acceptable to decision makers, poor individual motivation, feasibility + cost, Benefit to risk ration not good
Zentrale Fragen des Modells
Warum Wie Was
Zentrale Frage des Modells
Was hält den Menschen gesund (Salutogenese) und nicht mehr die Pathogenese: was macht den Menschen krank.
Faeces
Waste matter discharged from the bowels
Topical Fluoride sources
Water Fluoridation, Diet, Dietary fluoride supplements, Dentrifice, Mouthrinse, Professional Application, Home gel
___________ works best when Healthy Eating is combined with Physical Activity
Weight Control
Physical, Emotional, Spiritual, Social, Intellectual, Occupational, & Environmental, are realms of _______
Wellness
The active process of becoming aware and making choices toward a healthy life is the CDC's definition of ________
Wellness
1. Not hazardous to life or function 2. Effective in reducing/preventing the disease or condition 3. Easily and efficiently implemented. 4. Potency maintained for substantial time period. 5. Attainable regardless of socioeconomic status 6. Effective immediately upon application. 7. Inexpensive and within community means.
What are the seven solutions to public health problems?
Normative Need
What doctor perceives as necessary
Perceived Need
What patient perceives as necessary
Public health
What society does collectively to assure conditions for people to be healthy
What are Secondary pollutants?
When above pollutants reacts with each other and with other atmospheric components and form: • Nitrogen dioxide • Nitric acid • Nitrates • Sulfuric acid
Descriptive Studies:
When death occurs in an unexpected or unacceptable way, epidemiologists seek to describe the extent of disease in regard to person, time, and place. These studies are designed to answer the specific questions of who, when and where
Analytic Studies
When death occurs in an unexpected or unacceptable way, epidemiologists seek to find the associations between a disease or health problem with possible risk factors. For example: one might design an analytic study to discover whether diabetes (health problem) is associated with obesity (possible risk factor), or whether cancer(health problem) is associated with cigarette smoking (possible risk factor)
The department of health and human services which is a subsidiary of the CDC.
Which government agency is most closely related to public dental health?
Which study correlated higher employment status (top administrators) with a lower risk of dying, mainly because of higher education?
Whitehall Study
Nicotine Lozenge
*dosage based on time to first cig* -first cig w/in 30 mins of waking: 4mg -first cig more then 30 mins after waking: 2mg weeks 1-6: 1 q1-2h weeks 7-9: 1 q2-4h weeks 10-12: 1 q 4-8h no more the *20*/day
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
- Bacteria - 1-7 day incubation - Aerosol, ingestion, or cutaneous contact spreads B. anthracis - No person to person transmission
Smallpox symptoms
Fever Myalgia Pruritis Uniform rash on face, hands, feet, and extremities Delirium Abdominal pain
Tularemia Symptoms
Fever, cough, chest tightness, cutaneous lesions Rarely pleuritic pain and hemoptysis
Anthrax symptoms (inhalation)
Flu-like symptoms Nausea Chest pain (only different sx from GI) Vomiting Abdominal pain Fever Respiratory distress
Transdermal Nicotine Patch
<10 cigs/day: -step 2: 14mg x 6 weeks -step 3: 7mg x 2 weeks >10 cigs/day: -step 1: 21mg x 4 weeks -step 2: 14mg x 2 weeks -step 3: 7mg x 2 weeks
Nicotine Gum: dosing
>25 cig/day = 4mg <25 cig/day = 2mg weeks 1-6: 1 q1-2h weeks 7-9: 1 q2-4h weeks 10-12: 1 q4-8h no more the *24*/day
Nortriptyline
2nd line Tx
5 A's
ASK ADVISE ASSESS ASSIST ARRANGE
Disease with recurrent exacerbation of airway constriction, mucous secretion, causing symptoms of wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea
Asthma
compounds in tobacco
Carbon monoxide Hydrogen cyanide ammonia benzene Formaldehyde Nicotine Nitrosamines Lead Cadmium Polonium-210
Nonpharmacologic therapies for smoking cessation
Cold turkey Unassisted tapering Assisted tapering: quit key
Chantix dosing
Days 1-3: 0.5 mg qd days 4-7: 0.5 mg bid day 8-EOT: 1 mg bid *pts should be treated for 12 weeks*
Plague (Yersinia pestis) Bubonic Treatment
Duration is 10-14 days Treatment is antibiotics (streptomycin/gentamicin) Mortality: 60% if untreated 15% if treated
Smallpox treatment
Duration is ~24 days No specific tx, preventable by vaccination Mortality rate is 30% Vaccine no longer available to general public
Tularemia Treatment
Duration ~18 days Treatment with antibiotics (streptomycin or gentamicin) Mortality: 33% untreated 4% with tx
Responsible for prevention and cleanup of water and air pollution, control of toxic substances, and environmental contaminants
EPA
Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumonic Treatment
Early antibiotics are essential (within 18 hours), streptomycin and gentamicin preferred Mortality: 50-90% if untreated 15% with tx
Aspects of human health, diseases, and injury determined by factors in the environment, study of direct effects of chemicals, physical, social, and biological agents
Environmental Health
A state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity
Health
Plague (Yersinia pestis) Septicemic
Incubation 2-6 days Transmitted by bite/cut Can occur as complication of bubonic or pneumonic No person/person transmission
Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumonic
Incubation is 2-6 days Transmission is airborne (can be person to person, may progress from bubonic/septicemic)
Secondary Prevention
Individual already has a disease state -seeks to alleviate or lessen symptoms -seeks to stop progression
Tertiary Prevention
Individual has been cured of disease -prevention of recurrence
Bupropion SR (Zyban)
Initial treatment: 150mg qAM x 3d then... 150mg bid x 7-12 w *begin tx one week prior to starting treatment*
Anthrax symptoms (cutaneous)
Initially itching papule, progresses to: 1-3 cm ulcer Necrotic center Fever
Assurance
Interventions or treatments that are applied by health professionals to address health concerns or problems that exist in the community or local environment. -Departmental programs -Health interventions -Program evaluations -Quality assurance
LPHAs
Local public health agencies -Lead to the development of self-assessment tool, appraisal form
Anthrax treatment
Mechanical ventilation Cipro 500mg BID x60d OR Doxycycline 100 mg BID x60d Mortality: - Inhalation: 75% with tx - GI: 25-60% with tx - Cutaneous: 20% w/o, <1% with tx
NRT
Nicotine replacement therapy
Hemorrhagic Fevers Treatment
None outside of supportive care (some may respond to ribavirin) Mortality: 5-90%, depending on virus
Illness
Not merely referring to the physical presence or diagnosis of a disease state. Illness may exist without a physical manifestation of disease.
Health
Not merely the absence of disease but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (WHO)
Readiness Stage 1
Not ready to quit in the next month
Botulism symptoms
Paralysis Difficulty swallowing/speaking Systemic weakness Respiratory dysfunction (No fever or sensory dysfunction) Paralysis may last for weeks Mortality: 5-10% of cases
Community prevention
Programs or interventions that are targeted toward the entire community. The targeted unit is the entire community not the individual.
Clinical Prevention
Programs or interventions that target individuals. A program can target individuals, as well as target communities and the individuals in those communities
Readiness Stage 2
Ready to quit in the next month
Readiness Stage 3
Recent quitter <6m
Capacity
Refers to resources or relationships that are necessary to accomplish the core functions of public health.
SARS
Severe acute respiratory syndrome -high fever, chills, general discomfort, body aches -10-20% required mechanical ventillation -unknown corona virus
Plague (Yersinia pestis) Bubonic Symptoms
Swollen lymph glands (called buboes) HA Fever/chills Weakness
Methods for increasing motivation
The 5 R's 1. Relevance 2. Risk 3. Rewards 4. Roadblocks 5. Repetition
Prevalence rate
The number of cases present at a particular period of time -The total number of cases that do exist at a particular period of time.
Smallpox
Viral infection Incubation is 12-14 days Person/person, airborne, clothing, and fomite transmission Eradicated (last case in 1977 in Somalia)
Hemorrhagic Fevers
Viral infections Ebola, arenavirus, filovirus Incubation 2-21 days Transmitted person/person, indirect contact, airborne in some cases
Avian Influenza A
bird flu (H5N1) -no vaccine available
Recovery
procedures that help restore business operations to normal
