Public Health

Population-based prevention

Public-sector services that target the entire population beyond the community-level -State health insurance programs like SCHIP

Elevated

yellow

Who is considered the Father of Surveillance because he collected, analyzed, and published morbidity/mortality statistics for England and Wales from 1839 to 1879?

William Farr

This man was the leader of the Liberal Party and thought that more people should have the vote.

William Gladstone

Compliance

Willingness to follow instructions

• This man was a Liberal and wanted to help the poor. • He said 'If we see a drowning man we do not drag him to the shore. Instead, we provide help to allow him to swim ashore.' • In other words, the Liberals tried to provide some help for the poorer sections of society in order that they could help themselves.

Winston Churchill

Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum

Wir sind nie ganz krank oder ganz gesund, man hat auch wenn man krank ist noch gesunde Anteile. Dies hat eine Dynamik, man fühlt sich nicht immer gleich

Public Health

Wissenschaft und Praxis der Krankheitsverhütung, Lebensverlängerung, Förderung physischen und psychischen Wohlbefindens durch bevölkerungsbezogene Massnahmen.

Pandemic

World wide spread

Which is the only state to not have enacted limitations on indoor smoking?

Wyoming

What term describe a measure of the impact of disease in a population through years of life lost before a specific age? Additional value is placed on deaths occurring at earlier stages of life.

YPLL-Years of Potential Life Lost

1793

Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia

What is the etiology of the plague?

Yersenia pestis

Is E. coli a food borne disease?

Yes

Is the filtration process in wastewater treatment similar to that of drinking water treatment?

Yes

What is the risk of treating E. coli with antibiotics?

You increase the risk of hemorrhagic uremic syndrome

Formen der Prävention

Zeitpunkt Zielgruppe Interventionsebene Spezifität

99%

___ % of adults have had tooth decay.

66%

___ % of adults over 75 yrs of age have had root caries

Disability adjusted years

a measure for the burden of disease that takes into account premature death and loss of healthy life resulting from disabilities.

The Clean Air Act of 1970 est which governmental agency and charged it with implementing and enforcing the acts provisions? a. Environmental Protection Agency b. National Institute of Environmental Health Studies c. United States National Park Service d. Occupational Health and Safety Department

a. Environmental Protection Agency

"Unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen" is the definition for which term? a. Injury b. Trauma c. Abuse d. Negligence

a. Injury

When referring to "Levels of Inference", if a study shows an association between exposure and disease and only requires accurate measurements, you would assign which level of inference?' a. Level 1 interference b. Level 2 interference c. Level 3 interference d. Level 4 interference e. Level 5 interference

a. Level 1 interference

Which "type" of vehicle has the lowest rate of observed seatbelt usage? a. Pick-up trucks b. SUV's c. Vans d. Luxury cars

a. Pick-up trucks

This study design is generally considered the "Gold Standard," but is limited in that it is the best suited for studying ONLY one variable and is very expensive to complete. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above

a. interventional studies

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of "observational" research? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. all of the above

a. interventional studies

Public health is primarily concerned with what level of prevention? a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. personal prevention

a. primary prevention

the installation of stop signs at interchanges would be an example of which type of prevention? a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. tertiary prevention d. personal prevention e. none of the above

a. primary prevention

THE ABILITY OF A TEST TO IDENTIFY CORRECTLY THOSE WHO HAVE THE DISEASE refers to....? a. sensitivity b. specificity c. pathogenicity d. infectivity e. reliability

a. sensitivity

The national academy of science describes care that is delivered in a hospital setting, is usually in a specialty area of hospitals or "specialty" hospitals, uses more advanced techniques, staff, equipment, and is more expensive, intensive, and specialized as being what level of care? a. primary care b. secondary care c. tertiary care d. personal prevention

a. teritary care

"Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers" are all features of which theory of patient behavior? a. the health belief model b. the trans-theoretical change model c. the ecological model d. none of the above

a. the health belief model

Response

actions dealing with consequences during the disaster

Preparedness

activities conducted before disaster to improve readiness

Ethics

activity of makign choices and deciding, judging, justifying and defending those actions Moral = Ethical

Pulsating toothbrush

addiontal pulsating motion

Oscillating toothbrush

additional pulsating motion

keratoconjunctivitis

adenovirus

Advise

advise tobacco users to quit

non-communicable diseases

among leading causes of death; heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, alcoholism, and addiction. These are not infectious but are more harmful. They place heavy burdens on our health care resources.

Observational

an analytical study in which, the investigator observes the natural course of events over time while studying similar people with and without the disease. (Hypothesis)

lysozymes

antibacterial action(found in mouth) where it attacks the cell wall of bacteria (can be used as antiseptic) and naturally occuring in egg white; also known as muramidase

Medical Practice

any services or activities provided by and monitored by medical personnel such as a physician or nurse.

lassa fever (h fever)

arenavirus

Arrange

arrange follow-up care

Ask

ask about tobacco use

source of amylase

aspergillus, bacillus, rhizopus

source of cellulase

aspergillus, trichoderma

Assist

assist with the quit attempt

Third Prevention

availability of health services for follow up, transportation, therapy and education, diet/exercise recommendations, adherence to medical regiment.

Life Expectancy:

average number of years one is supposed to live in a given time (usually a different for every birth year). (not account for individual variations)

A blood alcohol concentration of .10 means that there is one part of alcohol per _____ parts of blood? a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 10,000 d. 100,000

b. 1,000

Which group has the lowest death rates? a. Non-drinkers b. Those who have 1-2 drinks per day c. Those who have 4-5 drinks per day d. those who have already survived a PH2 course at CCC

b. 1-2 drinks per day

What are considered to be the "normal" ranges for BMI? a. 14-17.9 b. 18-24.9 c. 25-29.9 d. 30-34.9

b. 18-24.9

What would be the predicted maximum heart rate for a 37 year old person? a. 196 b. 183 c. 176 d. 153

b. 183

Which of the following is the standard definition of "binge drinking"? a. 3+ drinks per sitting males and 2+ per sitting females b. 5+ drinks per sitting males and 4+ per sitting females c. Drinking until the person has slurred speech of obvious motor impairments d. Drinking that affects a person's ADL's or relationships

b. 5+ for males and 4+ for females

What is the leading cause of "accidental deaths" in the US a. Drowing b. Auto accidents c. Firearms d. Being forced to sit through 45 hours of PH material

b. Auto accidents

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a "Criteria Pollutant" as identified by the EPA? a. Sulfur Dioxide b. Carbon Dioxide c. Particulate Matter d. Ground Level Ozone

b. Carbon Dioxide

What are the top two risk factors for suicide (list two)? a. Prior suicide attempt b. Depression c. Exposure to domestic violence d. Substance abuse e. Exposure to a boring PH class

b. Depression d. Substance Abuse

This type of depression is a less severe form which involves long term chronic symptoms that do not disable a person, but prevent them from functioning well or feeling good a. Major Depression b. Dysthymia c. Bipolar d. Seasonal Affective Disorder

b. Dysthymia

This man is considered the "father" of modern epidemiology, and was most well known for his study of the cholera epidemic in the Broad Street area of England? a. Sir Austin Bradford Hill b. John Snow c. Samuel Crumbine d. Andrew Semmelweis

b. John Snow

Which state has the highest rate of suicide? a. Minnesota b. Nevada c. California d. Washington

b. Nevada

Which of the following has the greatest influence on whether or not children will drink alcohol? a. Peers b. Parents c. Advertising d. Siblings

b. Parents

Which condition is NOT generally placed in the triad of disease which comprise Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease? a. Emphysema b. Pneumonia c. Asthma d. Chronic Bronchitis

b. Pneumonia

The proportion of a defined population that has a disease at a specific point in time, is an indicator of the relative burden of a disease, and is a function of incident cases and existing cases is referred to as? a. Pandemic b. Prevalence c. Vector rated d. Incidence

b. Prevalence

Mandating the use of seat belts and air bags to reduce injuries as a result of automobile accident is an example of what type of preventative effort? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Occupational Prevention

b. Secondary

This person was responsible for identifying the 9 characteristics that help us define relevancy when trying to determine causation. a. Jason Bartlett b. Sir Austin Bradford Hill c. John Snow d. Samuel Crumbine e. Andrew Semmelweis

b. Sir Austin Bradford Hill

Which of the following is not a standard medication used in the treatment of depression? a. MAO inhibitors b. Statin medications c. Tricyclics d. SSRI's

b. Statin medications

A similar "statement" and checklist system was developed to help standardize reporting of observational studies. It is known as.....? a. The STARD statement b. The MOOSE protocol c. The CONSORT statement d. The STROBE statement e. The Cochrane collaboration

b. The MOOSE protocol

"A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." Which organization is responsible for this definition and what are they trying to define? a. The APHA definition of Public Health b. The WHO definition of Health c. The ACA definition of Innate intelligence d. The American Psychology Association definition of Sanity

b. The WHO definition of Health

Both the national institute on alcohol abuse and a large British study showed the lowest overall mortality rates in which population? a. Non-drinkers b. Those who has 1-2 drinks per day c. Those who had 4-5 drinks per day d. Those who has 1-2 drinks per week

b. Those who had 1-2 drinks per day

Which state has the LOWEST rates of alcohol related traffic fatalities a. Nevada b. Utah c. Wisconsin d. Connecticut

b. Utah

What type of study design will give you Odds ratios? a. interventional studies b. case control studies c. cohort studies d. None of the above are correct

b. case control studies

The proportion of a defined population that has a disease at a specific point in time, is an indicator of the relative burden of a disease, and is a function of incident cases and existing cases is referred to as....? a. pandemic b. prevalence c. vector rate d. incidence rate

b. prevalence

The ability of a screening test to determine those who DO NOT have the disease refers to.....? a. sensitivity b. specificity c. pathogenicity d. infectivity e. reliability

b. specificity

"Organized community efforts aimed at the prevention of disease and the promotion of health" a. mission b. substance c. organized framework d. core functions e. funding mandates

b. substance

bacillus cereus enteritis

bacillus cereus

What is the major component of digester tanks that break down organic portions of sewage?

bacteria

Crude Rates

based on entire population; can be misleading if variation based on age

Primary prevention

behaviors that increase healthy well being, and avoid particular disease. Example: To go on a walk daily to avoid obesity, or regular check ups to avoid any health problems, or risk.

Vital Statistics

births, deaths, specific diseases, marriages, divorces, adoptions records maintained permanently by appropriate local governmen

Second Prevention

blood pressure check ups, lifestyle changes, family support, low salt/cholesterol diet

Guarded

blue

Aliens

born in & owing allegiance to another; limited time

steapsin

breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids in pancreas

pepsin

breaks protein into small peptides in stomach (pepsis means digestion)

Effective brushing

bristles apically @ 45 degree angle toward gums Bristles into sulcus Press lightly short strokes @ least 10 strokes

How is bacteria killed in wastewater treatment?

by adding chlorine to the water as is done in drinking water treatment

Which of the following exceeds the standard measure for a "serving" of alcohol a. 12 oz of beer or wine cooler b. 8 oz of malt liquor c. 12 oz of wine d. 1.5 ox of 80 proof liquor

c. 12 oz of wine

The CDC declared this to be the "single most important preventable risk to health in the developed world and an important cause of premature deaths worldwide" a. Sedentary lifestyle b. Auto accidents c. Smoking d. High Fructose Corn Syrup

c. Smoking

According to Haneline, what occupation has the highest rate of homicides? a. Police Officers b. Late Night Clerks c. Taxi cab drivers d. Non-police security guards

c. Taxi cab drivers

You are looking at a study that lists the "P" value as being .9...? a. you can assume that the data is significant as it is very close to the "Null" value of 1 b. Statisticians agree that 90% is a statistically significant variance from normal c. The "P" values accepted by statisticians is generally .05 or less, and this data is not reliable. d. the "null" value of these studies is generally 0 and the data shows definite correlation.

c. The "P" values accepted by statisticians is generally .05 or less, and this data is not reliable.

The consolidated standards of reporting trials appeared in the mid-1990's was developed and published to help authors improve the reporting of parallel group randomized studies. It is commonly referred to as.....? a. The STARD statement b. The MOOSE protocol c. The CONSORT statement d. The STROBE statement e. The Cochrane collaboration

c. The CONSORT statement

According to Dena Bravata and her study of pedometers at Stanford University, what was the most striking finding of her study? a. Pedometers appeared to have little effect on exercise habits b. Pedometers actually appeared to reduce the amount that people walked by 500 steps c. Those who use pedometers averaged almost 2,500 steps more than those who did not use them d. Inconvenience and resultant non-compliance cause data results that were statistically unreliable

c. Those who used pedometers averaged almost 2,500 steps more than those who did not use them

This study design uses patients who have a disease of interest and matches them with individuals who are as much alike with the exception of suffering from the disorder/disease that you are studying" a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above

c. case control studies

The initials MMWR refer to this government issued report. a. More men work really hard report b. mortality monthly workforce report c. morbidity and mortality weekly report d. monthly mortality works report

c. morbidity and mortality weekly report

The three "core functions" of public health include all but which of the following? a. assessment b. policy development c. social justice d. assurance

c. social justice

Establishing funding for rural ambulance services, acute trauma centers at hospitals, and brain injury rehabilitation centers would be an example of what type of preventative effort? a. primary preventative effort. b. Secondary preventative efforts c. tertiary preventative efforts d. occupational prevention

c. tertiary preventative efforts

if a study investigating the possible relationship of an exposure to a disease shows a relative risk (risk ratio) of a .48 you might infer that.....? a. the exposure is definitely related to the disease being studied. b. the exposure shows no relationship to the disease as .5 is the "null" value c. there appears to be a protective or negative association BT exposure and risk d. the values are insignificant because they are not at the .05 level or below.

c. there appears to be a protective or negative association BT exposure and risk

Prevalence Rates

calculated by dividing all cases (old and new) by total population; useful for chronic illnesses

Notifiable Diseases

can become epidemic and are requested by CDC

Cultural Competence

capacity of individuals to exercise interpersonal cultural sensitivity. (individual level)

Long term care

care for chronic conditions, personal care; nursing homes, mental or emotional handicaps, geriatric day care.

communicable disease

caused by biological agents or their products; transmissible to a host. Example: HIV, caused by a host.

Acupuncture

chinese poking

What is added to the water in storage that kills pathogens?

chlorine

Rotary toothbrush

circular rotation in 1 direction

What is the filtration step?

clear water passes through filters to help remove even smaller particles

botulism

clostridium botulinum

perfringens enterotoxemia

clostridium perfringens

Cao gio

coining or coin rubbing

NPCR + SEER cover

collecting data for the entire US population

Scrub-Brush Technique

combination of Bass, Vibratory + Circular

Organic substance

complex carbon-containing substance; often produced by a living organism

Medical + dental ethics

considered more case-based and clinical

Buffers

control pH

Experimental

controls the intervention; more likely to use lab animals then humans. Mostly used to determine the effectiveness of a vaccine or therapeutic drug. It is tested on animals first to predict safety and effectiveness.

rennin

conversion of liquid milk to solid particles in stomach

nucleases

conversion of nucleic acids to nucleotides and nucleosides in pancreas

Ptyalin

convert starch into simple soluble sugars found in mouth (to maltose or dextrin)

amylase

convert starch to soluble sugars(found in mouth)

lactase

converts lactose to glucose and galactose in small intestine

maltase

converts maltose to glucose in small intestine

isomaltase

converts maltose to isomaltose in small intestine

trypsin

converts proteins to basic amino acid in pancreas

sucrase

converts sucrose to disaccharides and monosaccharides in small intestine

chymotrypsin

convertys protein to aromatic amino acids in pancreas

Spiral

corkscrew or curved

What is considered by law enforcement officials to be the standard level of intoxication (legally impaired) as indicated by breathalyzer analysis? a. .80 b. .01 c. .10 d. .08

d. .08

How long does it take after quitting smoking before the rates of cardiovascular disease are similar to that of a non-smoker? a. 1 yr b. 5 yrs c. 10 yrs d. 15 yrs

d. 15 yrs

What are the current recommendations for activity levels according to the CDC and the American College of Sports Physicians? a. 30 min of moderate activity at least 2 days per week b. 50 min of mild activity at least 3 days per week c. 10 min of mild activity every day (7) of the week d. 30 min of moderate physical activity 5-7 days per week

d. 30 min of moderate physical activity 5-7 days per week

What is the lifetime prevalence of LBP? a. 32% b. 56% c. 73% d. 85%

d. 85%

When you look at research that is describing "risk differences" between two groups, you can infer that there is "no significant difference" when the number arrived at is...? a. Greater than 1 b. Less than 1 c. Equal to 1 d. Equal to 0 e. None of the above

d. Equal to 0

When referring to non-radicular back pain with common degenerative changes, what can be said about the efficacy of fusion surgery versus other treatment methods? a. Spinal fusion is the treatment of choice in almost every case b. Manual spinal mobilization was far superior to fusion therapy in all trials c. Acupuncture was far superior to both manual spinal manipulation and fusion surgery d. Fusion was no more effective than "intensive rehabilitation"

d. Fusion is no more effective than "intensive rehabilitation"

# of New cases of a disease occurring in the population during a specific time period...divided by # of persons at risk of developing the disease during that specific period of time a. Pandemic b. Prevalence c. Vector rate d. Incidence

d. Incidence

Fetal alcohol syndrome occurs in roughly 1-2 births per 1,000. Which ethnic group has the highest rates of FAS births? a. Non-Hispanic whites b. Asian c. Black/ African-American d. Native American

d. Native American

This form of depression affects primarily women, affects roughly 2% of the population, is more common in northern latitudes and is often treated by using light therapy? a. Major Depression b. Dysthymia c. Bipolar Disorder d. Seasonal Affective Disorder

d. Seasonal Affective Disorder

This is the best study design when attempting to determine the temporal relationship of exposure to disease development. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above

d. cohort studies

This type of study design determines the exposure levels of individuals in a group and follows that group over a long period of time. a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. none of the above

d. cohort studies

What type of study design will give you relative risk measures? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies

d. cohort studies

The persistent occurrence of disease by region (the usual and expected rate of a disease) a. epidemic b. syndemic c. pandemic d. endemic e. academic

d. endemic

# OF NEW CASES OF A DISEASE OCCURRING IN THE POPULATION DURING A SPECIFIC TIME PERIOD....DIVIDED BY...# OF PERSONS AT RISK OF DEVELOPING THE DISEASE DURING THAT SPECIFIED PERIOD OF TIME....? a. pandemic b. prevalence c. vector rate d. incidence e. none of the above

d. incidence

What do the letters represent in the term "IRB" when referring to studies performed using federal funding and involving human research participants? a. investigational reporting board b. institutional reporting bulletin c. infectious reporting bulletin d. institutional review board

d. institutional review board

This term refers to the aggregation of two or more diseases in a population in which there is some level of positive biological interaction that exacerbates the negative health effects of any or all the diseases. a. pandemic b. prevalence c. epidemic d. syndemic e. none of the above

d. syndemic

Cause Specific Rates

death rate for a specific disease (# of deaths divided by total population); can also calculate for a specific population

gastric lipase

degradation of butter fat in stomach

pancreatic amylase

degradation of carbohydrates to simple sugars in pancreas

carboxypeptidase

degradation of proteins to amino acids in pancreas

gastric amylase

degradation of starch in stomach

elastases

degrade the protein elastin in pancreas

pancreatic lipase

degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol in pancreas

Proportional Mortality Rates

describes relationship between deaths from specific cause and deaths from all causes

Incidence & Prevalence

descriptions about health status in a particular area. Helpful in understanding if a population is doing well.

Health Disparities

differences by gender, race/ethnicity, education, income, disability, location, or sexual orientation Differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality and burden of diseases Racial differences in quality of care Differences in access to care Difference that is AVOIDABLE

Disability

disability is a state of decreased functioning associated with disease, disorder, injury, or other health conditions, which in the context of one's environment is experiences as an impairment, activity limitation, or participation restriction.

Which type of study is considered to have the "highest level" of statistical power, and is listed at the top of the evidence pyramid? a. case studies b. interventional studies (RCT's) c. Case Control Studies d. Cohorts Studies e. Meta Analyses

e. Meta Analyses

The use of screening tests is appropriate when? a. the disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality b. treatment is available for the disease c. the impact of the disease can be minimized before symptoms develop d. the prevalence of pre clinical disease is high e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is considered to be a valid epidemiologic study method? a. interventional studies b. cross sectional studies c. case control studies d. cohort studies e. all of the above

e. all of the above

In 1988 a study conducted by the Institute of Medicine called, "the future of public health" refocused attention on the importance of public health and re-examined the definition of public health. They gave a four part definition that included all but which of the following? a. mission b. substance c. organizational framework d. core functions e. funding mandates

e. funding mandates

Public health surveillance

effective preparedness and response rely on monitoring disease patterns, investigating individual case reports, and using epidemiological and laboratory analyses to target public health intervention and strategies -illness outbreaks -national surveillance -statewide surveillance -local surveillance

Community Empowermen

enable people to solve their own health problems

Unauthorized Immigrants

entered without permission.

Thimerosal

ethylmercury preservative

the criteria of causation

factors that should be considered when deciding whether an association between a disease and possible risk factor might be one of causation. Different factors: strength, temporality, biological plausibility, and consistency.

Refugees

flees another area to seek protection (political asylum, war, famine or environmental disaster

Sub-acute:

following acute, skilled nursing, home health

Mycelia

fungi that form visible masses(molds or mushrooms)

What is considered "improper storage temperature"?

greater than 40 degrees F

Tooth Erosion

hard dental tissue chemically etched away by acid *Extrinsic acid = ingested (food, beverages, meds) *Intrinsic acid = internal (stomach)

Digestive enzyme

help to breakdown polymeric macromolecules into small building block, which are required by our body to maintain healthy life

hepaB (serum hepa)

hepadnaviridae

epstein barr

herpesviridae

Infant mortality rate

highest among AA because lack of prenatal and low birth weight babies

Validity

how accurate representation of phenomenon *Content *Construct *Criterion

why rates are important

how much a factor is affecting what population and can lead to why and where

Construct Validity

how well a measurement conforms to theory

phospholipase

hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and lipophilic substances in pancreas

Dye

improve appearance *Titanium Dioxide (opacity), FD&C dyes 1 + 5

Multicultural

incorporating and appreciating perspectives of multiple racial and ethnic group (cultural pluralism)

Face Validity

instrument appears to be assessing the desired phenomenon

Restorative care:

intermediate follow up including surgical postoperative care; home health, rehabilitation facilities, halfway houses

gelatinase

is a proteolytic enzyme that allows degradation of gelatin and collagen present as proteoglycans in meat in stomach

What is accomplished during the aerating process?

it dissolves gases released from water

How do you define a food borne disease outbreak?

it is considered an outbreak when 2 or more persons share similar symptoms

Disinfectants

kills organisms externally in a 1:10 solution of bleach and water

What is a floc?

large group of adhered particles due to the coagulation process

Oral Health Education

learning opportunities to facilitate VOLUNTARY adaptations of behavior

How many ppb of HAA are allowed?

less than 60 ppb

How many ppb of TTHM are allowed?

less than 80 ppb

Disparities attributed to

lifestyle—higher incidence smoking late diagnosis—lower screening in colorectal & breast access to health care

What are buboes?

lymph nodes

betaine

maintains cell fluid balance as osmolytes(found in mouth)

Symptoms of Chlamydia

malaise, chills, fever, and systemic symptoms. They have a genital primary lesion with lymph node enlargement in the genital and rectal areas. They have a gram-negative bacteria

Specific Rates

measure for a specific population or for a specific disease

Reliability

measure is reproducible *Internal consistency (cronbach's alpha) *Stability (inter- and intra- observer reliability)

Predictive Validity

measure to predict future ocurrence

Criterion-related Validity

measurement correlates with external criterion

Sampling Validity

measurement incorporates all/most of phenomenon

Mitigation

measures employed before an incident occurs to minimize damage

source of catalase

micrococcus, aspergillus

Immigrants

migrate for permanent residence; better life

Minority Health

morbidity and mortality of American Indians/Alaska Natives, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, Black Americans, and Hispanics in the U.S.

Mortality Stats

most reliable indicator of a population's health status

Health Equity

motivates efforts to eliminate disparities between groups

Motivation

must come from self

What other agents besides Tuberculosis are capable of producing granulomas?

mycotic agents, fungi, foreign bodies, higher bacteria(mycoplasma)

What is the mortality rate of the septicemic form of the plague?

near 100%

Water

needed to form paste

Specificity

negative result when someone who doesn't have disease is tested *True Negative

Reasons health care providers do not report

not knowing standards for collection failing to ask lack of access to info by clinical staff Bias analysis from different systems (results in over or under rep)

Illness

not merely referring to the physical presence or diagnosis of a disease state. May exist without a physical manifestation of disease.

Health

not merely the absence of disease but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being

Mortality

number of deaths during a specific time

Morbidity Rates & Populations

number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator -Incidence rates -Prevalence rates

formula for IR

number of new cases of a disease in the population during specified time. / number of persons exposed to risk of developing the disease during that time x 100,000 or whatever the population factor is.

Incidence

number of newly diagnosed cases

Public health: alternate definition

one of the efforts organized by society to protect, promote, and restore the people's health. It is the combination of sciences, skills, and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the involved emphasize prevention of disease and health needs of the population as a whole (Last 1995)

Surveillance

ongoing systematic collection of data for planning & public health practice *Track trends, define magnitude, identify new hazards & risk factors, target iterventions, evaluate prevention/intervention

High

orange

WHO

organization that shaped community health, located in Geneva ,largest international health agency, 94 countries have delegates to the WHO financed by member nation

Hispanic

origin is an ethnicity (nurture-nationality, culture, ancestry, language, beliefs), not a race (nature-physical appearance, such as skin color)Persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central American, or South American descent, or some other Spanish origin

What material is used in pipes to prevent corrosion control?

ortho/polyphosphate

What foods are especially important as sources of Norwalk viral infection?

oysters and clams

What term describes the probability that an observed effect could have occurred by chance if there had actually been no real effect?

p value

Sulcular/Bass Technique

partly on tooth + gum 45 degree into gums

Agents of disease infection

pathogens bacteria viruses

Sensitivity

positive result when someone with disease is tested *True positive

ACP

precipitates + grows on tooth to speed up remineralization

Dental Public Health

preventing & controlling dental disease through organized community effort

Primary Prophylaxis

preventing development of disease

Lifetime Risk

probability of developing or dying of cancer

Predictive Value

probability of having the disease Determined by sensitivity and specitivity and prevalence

Health Promotion

process enables individuals/communities to increase control of health determinants and improve their health (educational, organizational, economic, political + environmental support)

Cultually-based

programs and messages that use culturally-derived values and beliefs. intended to engage and motivate behavior change.

bromelaine

proteolytic enzyme derived from pineapples, anti-inflammatory agent, tenderizes meat(found in mouth)

Buproprion

psychotropic

Chantix

psychotropic

Active Surveillance

public health officials initiate contact with physicians, labs, and hospitals

What is a prominent clinical sign associated with the septicemic form of the septicemic form of the plague?

purple skin patches due to DIC

Dimensions of cultural competency

race & ethnicity sex/gender ability socio-economic status (SES) sexual orientation nationality religion veterans 1st generation college rural/urban age language legacy non-traditional students

Factors contributing to disparity

race/ethnicity is complicated and cannot fully explain all disparity

Bacilli shape description

rectangular or rod shaped

Severe

red

Secondary Prevention

regular HIV testing, regular medical visits, nutritional counseling and lifestyle changes, health education and personal counseling.

First Prevention-

regular exercise, diet, balanced lifestyle, medical check ups, availability of food markets

Mild Abrasive

remove debris + stain *Calcium Carbonate, Silica gels, Aluminum oxides, Magnesium carbonate, Phosphate salts, Silicates

rotavirus

reoviridae

orbivirua (colorado tick fever)

reovirus

Outbreak

same as epidemic. used to reduce sensationalism.

What are the filters made of?

sand, gravel, and charcoal

Epidemiology

scientific analysis of disease etiology, patterns of infection, and disease prediction among the general population. -investigation seek to determine what is causing the disease, how the disease is spreading, and who is at risk of the disease.

Selective Screening

selected high risk groups in the population (may still be large scale)

What is another term for wastewater?

sewage

What is the aerating step in wastewater treatment?

sewage is shook and exposed to air

Primary Prevention-

sex education in schools and homes, abstinence, condom, and dental dam use.

Acute

short term intense medical care may require hospitalization, emergency or urgent care centers, output/input surgical centers, hospitals

How is scum removed?

slow moving rakes skim the scum off the surface of the wastewater

Humanitarian Argument

sound tooth > filled tooth Healthy teeth > prosthetic replacements

Attack Rates

special incidence rate for a particular disease and outbreak (ie, sick on the airplane); can help determine cause or source

Secondary

specialized care and mgt for special conditions; located in physician offices and hospitals

Coccus

spherical or round

Lipolytic enzyme

split fats to fatty acid and glycerol

nucleolytic enzyme

split nucleic acids to nucleotide

Proteolytic enzyme

split proteins into amino acid

staphylococcal enteritis

staphylococcus aureus

Health

state of complete physical, mental + social well-being (not just absence of disease)

Tertiary care:

subspecialty, psychiatric hospital, chronic disease facility

H1n1

swine flu

Tertiary prevention

that which is done to control progression or "cure the disease"(limits physical and social consequences) complete lifestyle change.

1965- t

the debate on government v private began, Medicare & Medicaid,

Incidence rates (IR)

the direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time -The rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.

Bio-terrorism emergencies

the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins to produce death or disease in humans, animals or plants

Modifiable

the lifestyle and behavioral factors over which an individual has some control. Example: diet, commitment to daily exercise, and decisions about smoking, drinking and other drug use.

What is scum (as defined in wastewater treatment)?

the lighter material that floats on top of the water - grease - oils - plastics - soaps

Health adjusted life expectancy-

the number of HEALTHY life expected, on an average, in a given population.

Prevalence Rate (PR)

the number of cases present at a particular period of time -the total number of cases that do exist at a particular period of time.

What is the coagulation step?

the process in which materials that passed through the intake screens are removed

What is effluent?

the wastewater returned to nature after it is treated

Public health

the well-being of the whole community

How long did outbreaks of the plague last until in history?

till the end of the 19th century

Where did some Jews flee for sanctuary? Why?

to Poland by invitation of Casmir the great (his wife was Jewish)

What is the major purpose of wastewater treatment plants?

to decrease the amount of waste in water so that nature can handle it when the water is returned to nature

What is the major goal of wastewater treatment?

to remove as much suspended solids from water before returning the remaining water back to nature

Ayurveda

traditional Indian medicine

Fungi characteristics

unicellular(yeasts) or multi cellular(Mushrooms) 10-100 micrometers; Some mold visible masses. some for mycotoxins that may be lethal

USPHS

united states public health service

Population-based prevention

usually but not limited to public-sector services that target the entire population beyond the community-level.

Morbidity and Mortality Rates

vary greatly based on age, sex, race, ethnicity; leading cause of death a vary for these groupings

How is the pneumonic form of the plague spread?

via aerosol

Elevated threat

warns of credible terrorist threat against the US

Imminent threat

warns of credible, SPECIFIC & IMPENDING terrorist threat against the US

What is the storage step?

water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir

How did people avoid those that were sick?

went to the countryside

Age Adjusted Rates

when adjusted based on age

Once infected, how long is it before death occurs in the bubonic form of the plague?

within a week of infection

What is the etiology of Norwalk viral infection?

you know this

What are diseases called that are transferred from animals to humans?

zoonoses or zoonotic diseases

Bedeutsamkeit / Sinnhaftigkeit

Überzeugung, dass alle Lebensaufgaben, denen man sich stellen muss, sinnvoll sind und dass es sich lohnt sich dafür zu engagieren.

What are some Biogenic pollutants?

• Bacteria, molds, pollens, insect parts and waste (dust mites), animal dander • Cause allergic reactions, illness • Help control with Relative humidity

What are some Critical Pollutants?

• Carbon monoxide • Carbon dioxide • Sulfur dioxide • Nitrogenoxide • Hydrocarbons • Suspended particles

Cholera

• Cholera is a bacterial infection of the intestine. • Symptoms include large amounts of watery diarrhea, vomiting and muscle cramps. • Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration. This can lead to death. • Cholera is spread mostly by water and food that has been contaminated with human faeces containing the bacteria.

How are diseases transmitted from animals to humans?

• Direct contact with the animal (Brucellosis) • Waste products (Hantavirus) - Inhaling feces from soil. • Arthropod vector (plague)

Epidemics

• Diseases such as cholera, typhoid and typhus spread rapidly, killing lots of people

Population

• During the early 19th century, there was a large growth in Britain's population due to a fall in the death rate. • This led to overcrowding and poor living conditions.

What was the 1990 Amendments to the clean air act?

• Emission standards for 190 toxic chemicals • Established taxes on toxic chemical emissions • Tightened automobiles emission standards

What are some examples of Virulence Factors?

• Extracellular enzymes • Toxins • Antiphagocytic factors • Exotoxins • Endotoxin

What are the levels in the National Air Quality Index?

• Green - good • Yellow - moderate • Orange - unhealthy for sensitive individuals • Red - unhealthy • Purple - Very unhealthy Maroon - Hazardous

What are the different types of Symbiosis?

• Mutualism - both members benefit (Bacteria in gut) • Parasitism - a parasite benefits while the host is harmed • Commensalism - one member benefits while the other is relatively unaffected

Overcrowding

• Overcrowded terraced housing led to poor living conditions. • Government reports of the time indicated people sleeping as many as six to one bed. • There were frequent epidemics.

Urbanisation

• People moved from the countryside to urban areas in search of work in the new factories. • By 1850, over 50% of Britain's population lived in either a town or a city. • This led to poor living conditions.

What are some examples of Direct Contact transmission?

• Person to person by body contact • Horizontal spread • Vertical spread

Sanitation

• Sanitary conditions in cities were filthy. • Local governments did not think it was their job to fix things. • The cities did not have proper waste disposal systems or sewers, and people threw rubbish and sewage directly into the streets. • The burning coal of the factories coated cities in a layer of grime and polluted the air. • Water supplies were polluted by waste.

How are diseases transmitted via droplet?

• Sneezing • Coughing • Exhalation

What are the major sources of air pollution in U.S?

• Transportation • Electrical power plants fueled by oil and coal • Industries

Typhoid

• Typhoid fever/typhoid is a bacterial infection. • Symptoms begin six to thirty days after exposure. • Symptoms include a high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches and a skin rash. • Without treatment symptoms may last weeks or months. • Other people may carry the bacteria without being affected but can still spread the disease.

Typhus

• Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria. • Humans catch it from parasites such as lice, fleas and ticks. • Symptoms include fever, chills, headache and a rash. • If left untreated, typhus can be fatal.

What are the Health Effects in humans of Toxic Air Pollutants?

• UV-b linked to skin cancer including melanoma • Cataracts • Suppression of the immune system

What are some examples of Toxic Air Pollutants?

• benzene (found in gasoline) • perchloroethylene (emitted from dry cleaning facilities) • methylene chloride (solvent and paint stripper) • Most originate from human-made mobile sources (cars, trucks, etc.) and stationary sources (factories, refineries, power plants) • Includes natural sources such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires.

What are the Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants in animals?

• toxic pollutants disrupt the endocrine system • decreased fertility • decreased hatching success • damaged reproductive organs • altered immune systems

Percentage in Texas

•Texas 70% white •Houston 50% white •43% Hispanic or Latino origin •Directive 15—rules for classifying race and ethnicity

1- Health is more than health care 2- Health is tied to distribution of resources 3- Racism imposes a health burden 4- Choices made are shaped by choices available 5- High demand and Low control causes Chronic Stress 6- Chronic stress is toxic 7- Economical and Political inequality are detrimental 8- Social policy s health policy 9- Health inequalities are not natural 10- All pay the price for poor health

"10 Things to Know about Health"

Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: In a clear, strong and personalized manner, urge every tobacco user to quit

"Advise" to quit

Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: If willing, Follow-up starting after 1 week of quitting If not willing, Address tobacco dependence and willingness at next visit

"Arrange" follow-up

Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: Identify and document tobacco use status every time

"Ask" about tobacco use

Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: Is the tobacco user willing to make a quit attempt at this time?

"Assess" willingness to quit

Which 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence is referred to?: If willing, Offer medication/counseling and help them quit If not willing, Provide intervention to increase future quit attempts

"Assist" in quit attempt

Innate Immunity

"First Line" defense; provides <90% of protection from harmful microorganisms reponds within minutes.

Secondary prevention

"Once risk occurs". Once risk is identified, in order to forestall more serious outcomes. It is a way to intervene the process before symptoms begin. Example: diagnosed with diabetes, therefore will cut down on sugar intake before insulin requirements. (Once risk is confirmed, habits change)

_______ was a pool of money from oil and chemical company taxes to pay for cleaning up hazardous waste sites

"Superfund"

The Smokey Mountain Smelters Aluminum Recycler was a PH threat because the _______ released Ammonia, Pesticides, and PCBs, which nearby communities were exposed to

"dross"

Before the EPA was established, environmental issues were addressed through laws on __________

"public nuisance"

Define Symbiosis.

"to live together"

Case Fatality Rates

% of cases that result in death during a specific time; measured severity

• Rowntree conducted a further study of poverty in York in 1936 under the title 'Poverty and Progress'. • He found absolute poverty among the working class in York had decreased by 50% since his first study. • However, as he changed his definition of the poverty line from his earlier study this is not a direct comparison. • In this study he included allowances for some items which were not strictly necessary for survival, these included newspapers, books, radios, beer, tobacco, holidays, and presents. • He showed that the causes of poverty had changed considerably in a few decades. • In the 1890s, the major reason for primary poverty was low wages (52%). • In the 1930s unemployment accounted for 44.53% and low wages only 10%.

'Poverty and Progress'

• Rowntree published his research in 'Poverty, a Study of Town Life' in 1901. • He said that people needed around 21s per week to live. If their income was less than this, they did not have enough money to pay for the essential things they needed (rent, food, clothing, etc.) • He said that people who tried to survive on less than 21s per week (around 30% of people) lived below what he called the "Poverty Line". • He said that most people could not help being poor. They were simply not paid enough to live on. However, he said that large families were the main cause of poverty in York.

'Poverty, a Study of Town Life'

. Diabetes

(24 million) 2 ½ times higher in AA and Am. Ind; 2 times higher among Hispanics;

IgM

(5-10%) First antibody to increase upon antigens entering the body.

IgA

(5-10%) Found in body secretions and in the mucosa linings of the bronchial tract and the GI tract. First line of defense against point of entry invasion of body.

Factors contributing to disparity

(SES) considered the most influential single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality

Define Endemic.

(a) Disease or other occurrence that is constantly present in a population. It is confined to that area.

Define Sporadic.

(b) When only a few scattered cases occur.

Define Epidemic.

(c) Whenever a disease occurs at a greater frequency than normal for a population or area

Define Pandemic.

(d) Is an epidemic occurring on more than one continent.

Children from low income families experience:

*Greatest amount of oral *More untreated cavities *80% dental caries in 25% of children Less likely to access care + fewer dental visits Less sealants

Thylstrup-Fejerskov (TF) Index

*Teeth are DRIED *only 1 surface scored

Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF)

*Teeth are NOT dried *No Fluorosis - Confluent pitting with dark brown stain

Medicare: Part B

*benefits* -physician visits & supplier services -outpatient care -lab tests -medical supplies -home health

Risk Marker

*risk indicator -an attribute that is associated with an increased probability of occurrence of a disease or other specified outcome and that can be used as an indicator of this increased risk.

Describe the Carbon Dioxide method:

- 60% CO2 and atmospheric air are used on the animals - animals lose consciousness in 25 seconds - an expensive method

What are some of the vehicles that transmit disease?

- Airborne (aerosol 1 meter) - Waterborne - Fecal-oral - Food-borne - Body Fluids

How are the materials coagulated?

- Alum and other chemicals are added to the water - this causes suspended materials to adhere to each other

Name different agents that can cause food poisoning:

- Bacteria - Viruses, prions - Toxins - Protozoa - Parasites

Salutogenesiisches Modell nach Antonovsky

- Beschäftigt sich mit Kompetenzen und Ressourcen die dem Menschen helfen, gesund zu bleiben, beschreibt Wege, über welche Gesundheit entsteht - Weg vom Defizitdenken hin zur Suche nach dem Positiven

Foodborne infections include the following:

- Botulism - Staphylococcus toxicosis - Clostridium perfringens toxicosis - Hepatitis A viral infection - Norwalk virus infection

Methods of Humane Slaughter include:

- Captive bolts - Gunshot - Carbon Dioxide - Electrical - Kosher Slaughter

What are sources of listeria?

- Contaminated vegetables - Contaminated dairy products - Cold cuts

What are the clinical signs of food borne campylobacter?

- Diarrhea - Abdominal pain

What are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

- Diarrhea - Headaches - Abdominal pain - Vomiting - Fever

Bedeutung für die Pflege

- Eigene Haltung primär reflektieren (pathogenetisch, salutogenetisch) - Es geht über eine Erweiterung der pflegerischen Haltung - Gesundheit ist kein produzierbares Gut, es muss ermöglicht werden, wir müssen sie hüten und pflegen - Pflegende sollen Umstände für Gesundheit schaffen - Ressourcenorientiertes Denken - Patient ist Experte für seine eigene Gesundheit (PP begleitet und berät) - Patient zur Selbstverantwortung und Eigeninitiative befähigen - Grundsätzlich das Kohärenzgefühl bei den Patienten stärken

What is the portal of entry into the human body?

- Entry site of pathogens into human body - Respiratory tact - Digestive tract - Urinary tract - Genital tract - Through skin

What percentage of the population was lost in France, Spain, Britain, and Germany?

- France and Spain lost 75-80% - Britain and Germany lost 20%

Vier Komponenten des Modells

- Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum - Stressoren - Widerstandsressourcen - Kohärenzgefühl

Methoden der Prävention

- Gesundheitsaufklärung - Gesundheitsberatung - Gesundheitserziehung - Gesundheitsbildung

Ziele Public Health

- Gesundheitsförderung - Prävention - Epidemiologie (Verteilung der Gesundheitszustände) - Personale und soziale Ressourcen aktivieren - Arbeitsmedizin

What are the clinical signs of listeriosis?

- Headaches - Vomition - Delirium - Abortion

The "Inspection Legend" is given when these 5 categories are met:

- Healthy animals (must be slaughtered) - Disease free animals - Clean meat - Truthfully labeled - No adulteration or harmful drugs

When do Opportunistic pathogens cause disease?

- Immune system is suppressed - Normal microbial antagonism is affected by certain changes in the body, such as consumption of antibiotics - Normal microbe is introduced into an abnormal area of the body, such as when fecal matter is deposited at the entrance to the urethra.

What must be included on the food label?

- Ingredients - Inspection legend (on meat products) - Use by or sale by date - Country of origin - Misc items

What are the three different types of "inspection marks"?

- Inspection mark on carcass (beef, pork, lamb, and goats) - Inspection mark on processed beef, pork, lamb, and goats - Inspection mark on raw and process poultry

Pathogenese

- Leidenschaft, Sucht, Erntstehung - Beschreibt Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Krankheit mit den beteiligten Faktoren - Beschreibt Entstehung von Krankheit

What factors prior to the outbreak contributed to the major plague outbreak forming the perfect storm for an outbreak to occur?

- Little ice age after years of warm weather causing famine - the killing of many animals, most notably cats - rats took over Europe

Widerstandsressourcen

- Materielle (finanzielle Absicherung) - physische (Immunsystem) - soziale (Einbindung in soziale Netzwerke) - Kognitive (Intelligenz und Wissen) - Emotionale (Lebenseinstellung, Selbstvertrauen) - Makrostrukturelle Faktoren (Präventionen)

Einflussfaktoren auf Gesundheit

- Physische - Psychische - Soziale - seelische - gesellschaftliche - umgebungsabhängige - emotionale - wirtschaftspolitische - soziokulturelle

What are the three different forms of the plague?

- Pneumonic - Bubonic - Septicemic

Pathogenesis of a food borne outbreak include:

- Presence of pathogen - Food ingested with a concentration greater than the minimal threshold - ? (didn't get this last point in class)

How does public health use Epidemiology?

- Public health organizations use epidemiological data to promulgate rules and standards for clean potable water. - Regulate food safety standards, to prevent disease by controlling vectors and animal reservoirs, and to educate people to make healthful choices concerning the prevention of disease.

What are sources of salmonella?

- Raw eggs - Raw poultry - Raw milk - Raw meat - Raw vegetables - Contaminated food

What are some examples of non living reservoirs?

- Soil (botulinum, tetanus) - Water (parasitic eggs, bacteria, protozoa) - Food - Objects

Name some factors that contribute to outbreaks:

- Storage (large volume) - Improper storage temperature - Inadequate cooking - Improper canning - Poor sanitation - Cross contamination - Contaminated utensils

Miscellaneous items on the label can include:

- The distribution company - Organic - Gluten free - Sustainably caught (fish and animal products) - Production date

List the common worldwide infectious diseases:

- Tuberculosis - Malaria - HIV - Hepatitis B - Dengue Fever - Measles

Salutogenese

- Unverletztheit, Heil, Glück - Gesundheitsentstehung, die sich mit dem Weg von Gesundheit zur Krankheit beschäftigt - Entstehung und Erhaltung der Gesundheit

What are sources of food borne disease outbreaks?

- Water - Milk and other dairy products - Red meat, poultry, fish - Raw vegetables

What characteristics of water are known to cause corrosion?

- acidity - lack of minerals in water

Describe the Electrical method:

- an electrical charge is passed though the brain - mostly used on swine and chickens - broken backs and petechial hemorrhages may be present

Describe Kosher slaughter:

- animal is conscious - animal is shackled, hoisted, and bled

Provisions to the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 include:

- antemortem inspection - postmortem inspection - inspection legend - USDA disposal of condemned meat - control of ingredients - truthful labelling - interstate and international commerce

What happened when the rats took over Europe that contributed to the plague outbreak?

- ate and contaminated grain with feces - contaminated homes with fleas and the plague

How is Staphylococcus toxicosis prevented?

- cooking temperature greater than 140 degrees F - refrigeration - pH greater than 5.2 - under the above conditions, toxins are not produced

What are sources of Staphylococcus toxicosis?

- custards - pastries - sandwiches

What are the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?

- diarrhea - vomiting - gastroenteritis - fever

What is ozonation?

- disinfection process - breaks down organic chemicals - breaks down taste and odor compounds

How is Clostridium perfringens toxicosis controlled?

- do not give honey to neonates - proper cooking, heating, and reheating

What are sources of Hepatitis A viral infection?

- fecal-oral transmission - sexual contact - poor hygiene - improper handwashing

Provide reasons from class explaining why we should treat waste water before returning it to nature:

- fisheries - wildlife habitat - recreation - health concerns

Name sources of sewage:

- homes, businesses, industries - sinks - showers - bathtubs - toilets - washing machines - dishwashers - storm runoff

What are sources of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?

- honey - meats - spores that survive in an anaerobic environment

What is the source of Botulism?

- improperly canned foods - processed meats - grains left in an anaerobic environment

What are the major steps in the drinking water treatment cycle?

- intake - coagulation - sedimentation - filtration - storage - disinfection

What is disease?

- is a condition sufficiently adverse to interfere with normal functioning of the body, or any change from a state of health. - A person can be infected, (HIV) but not yet diseased.

Why is fine sand added to the water during the coagulation process?

- it adds weight to the floc - allows the floc to settle more readily

Describe the Captive Bolt method:

- knocks the animal unconscious through two different methods - Penetrating and non-penetrating types

What are some sources of drinking water?

- lakes - rivers - streams - underground reservoirs

Where does all the floc go once it is removed from the water?

- landfills - sanitary seres - land applications - surface discharge

What is Normal microbiota?

- live in and on the body - Most are commensal - Some are resident from birth to death - Others are transient

How does one control/prevent listeriosis?

- low pH - proper heating and reheating - prevent contamination

What are the clinical signs of Staphylococcus toxicosis?

- nausea - cramps - diarrhea

What are the clinical signs of Norwalk viral infection?

- nausea - diarrhea - vomiting - cramps

What are common areas in which Norwalk viral infection is seen/contracted?

- on cruise ships - in states with oyster harvesting (LA, AL, FL, MD) - oysters from the above states are in waters where sewage may be dumped from cruise and recreational ships - may contract from people handling food

What does the granular activated charcoal remove?

- pathogens - organic chemicals - taste and odor components

Name a few of the reasons we use intake screens when collecting water from sources:

- protects fish - prevents debris from entering into treatment plant - bottom screen prevents sedimentation from entering - screen just below surface prevents oils and floating objects from entering

What are the clinical signs of Botulism?

- respiratory paralysis - blurred vision - dysphagia - vomition - diarrhea

Name the steps in the wastewater treatment plant cycle:

- screening - pumping - aerating - removal of sludge - removal of scum - filtration - disinfection

Describe the Gunshot method:

- small firearm usually used - hollow pointed bullets are used - brains, cheek meat, and head meat are condemned

What are sources of Norwalk viral infection?

- stool (passed in an infected person's stool) - contaminated foods - contaminated water

What are some of the main points of the Human Slaughter Act of 1978?

- the animal must be rendered unconscious before slaughter - humane slaughter fro all federal and state inspected plants - imported meats must be humanely slaughtered - with-hold inspections if noncompliant

What happens to the scum once it is removed from the water?

- thickened - pumped to digesters with sludge or sent to landfills

How is Staphylococcus toxicosis diagnosed?

- toxins found in food source - culture

How does one prevent Norwalk viral infection?

- wash hands - cook shellfish

Describe the major parts of the sludge removal step:

- wastewater entes a second sedimentation tank - organic portion of sewage settles out - the organic potion is pumped out and processed in tanks called digesters

What is the sedimentation step?

- when floc settles to the bottom and clear water moves to filtration

Core functions of public health

-Assessment -Policy development -Assurance

Appraisal form

-Birth and death records -Vaccinations & immu records -Health-problems in school aged children -Laboratory tests

Appraisal form measures

-Birth and death records -vac & immunization records -Health problems in school aged children -TB cases -Lab tests performed

Public Health System

-Broad social enterprise -Interdisciplinary approach -Incorporates several dimensions: -Capacity (inputs) -Process (Practices & Outputs) -Outcomes (results) -Dimensions are measureable and recognizable.

Commonalities of definition of Public Health (Last 1995)

-Combination of sciences & skills. -Believes in health maintenance and improvement. -Involves all people. -Maintenance and improvement through collective or social actions -Serving the population as a whole.

Primary Prevention

-Deals with prevention of disease or infirmity when people are at-risk of the disease. -Interventions are specifically targeted toward a disease state. -Individuals my be at-risk for disease state.

State Reporting Form

-Demographics -Reporting of medical personnel -Listing of any disease of interest -Reporting facility -Dates of occurrence -Notes/comments

Assurance, divisions

-Departmental programs -Health interventions -Program evaluations -Quality assurance

Natural disasters

-Earthquakes, fires, wildfires

Precursor Prevention

-Factors and interventions that may prevent disease -considers societal, cultural, & systematic factors that can prevent onset of disease states -Occurs before a person is even at risk for a disease

Vaccination side effects

-Fever -Lump under the skin -Vaccines for certain diseases may have different reactions

Assessment, divisions

-Health assessment -Program evaluations -Asset planning -community diagnosis

Policy Development, divisions

-Local Laws -Federal Laws -Health policies w/in organizations

Nicotine Nasal Spray

-Start w/ 1-2doses/hr (1 dose = 2 0.5mg sprays) -Do not use more than 80sprays (40mg)/day -use 8 doses daily for 6-8 weeks

Underlying Characteristics of Public Health

-Vigilantly promoting and protecting all individual's interests -Core functions exist for the delivery of public health -Promotion of healthy conditions of all peoples regardless of age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), education, etc. -Both a health science and an art

Basic Six

-Vital statistics -Environmental sanitation -Communicable disease control -Maternal & child health services -Public health education -Public health Laboratory services

Chain of Infection Link

-a model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host. There are 6 parts to this chain pathogen- which is the disease producing agent, reservoir-the infected host, portal of exit- pathway of departure from host, transmission-the direct contact between the infected and susceptible person, indirect if it is airborne(sneeze, air), vehicle borne(Kleenex), vector borne(fly). Portal of Entry- where host is entered. (Different portals have different risk), Establishment of infection in new host-new infection, process starts all over again.

Infectious Disease

-also known and often referred to as a communicable disease.

Public health measures to prevent infectious disease

-developed countries have regulations to protect the general public from infectious disease -safe water -food safety programs -animal control programs -public health organizations -vaccination programs

Thimerosal

-no evidence to suggest it causes health problems in children or adults

Evidenced-based community preventive services

-science-based practice for public health practice. -research targets evaluations of programs, services, and interventions to assess their efficacy. -Research goes beyond simply examining health data and research -"evidence" refers to a broader application to programs and/or disease states.

West Nile

-single-stranded RNA virus -transmitted from birds by mosquitoes

Nicotine Inhaler

-start w/ 6 cart/day -may increase to 12 cart day -use for 3-12 weeks

Health Services Pyramid

-teriary -secondary -Primary health care -Population-based public health services.

disease and microbe

...

Chlamydia Characteristics

.2-1.5 gram negative transmitted via interpersonal contact or by airborne respiratory routes; most primitive of bacteria due its inability to perform metabolic activities.

Bacteria Characteristics

.2-10 micrometers; microscopic

Rickettsia

.8-2.0 micrometers long Gram Negative Divided by binary fission

Psychrophiles optimum Temp

0-20 Celsius (30-68F)

Antimicrobial

0.3% Triclosan

Spectrum of Prevention

1 Strengthen knowledge + skills 2. Promote community education 3. Educate providers 4. Foster coalitions/networks 5. Change organizational practices 6. Influence policy + legislation

How many deaths occur each year due to Malaria?

1 to 3 million

How long is the incubation time for Staphylococcus toxicosis?

1 to 6 hrs

List the four common food borne diseases discussed in class:

1) Listeriosis 2) Salmonellosis 3) E. coli HN:0157 4) Campylobacter

Professionalism

1. Education beyond usual 2. Acting to benefit others 3. Continued self improvement 4. Guidelines of conduct 5. Acting before self interest

Water purification steps in order

1. Flocculation and Coagulation 2. Sedimentation 3. Filtration 4. Disinfectation

Ozar's attempt to order principles

1. Life + Health of Patient 2. Appropriate + pain free oral function 3. Patient autonomy 4. Preferred practice values 5. Esthetic values 6. Cost

Oral Cancer Trends: 1. Men vs Women... ? 2. Age...? 3. Ethnic trend...? 4. Wisconsin...?

1. More common in men 2. Increased rates with age (peak @ 60-70) 3. Higher for black males 4. Higher incidence in northern part of state

Stages of Change Model

1. Pre-contemplation stage (not actively thinking to change) 2. Contemplation stage (begin to think about change) 3. Preparation (getting ready to change) 4. Action (change behavior) 5. Maintenance (continue behavior change) 6. Relapse

What are some examples of pathogens that cross the placenta?

1. Protozoan: Toxoplasma Gondi (Toxoplasmosis) 2. Bacteria: Treponema Pallidum (Syphilis) & Listeria Monocytogenes 3. DNA Virus: Cytomegaovirus & Panovirus B19 4. RNA Virus: HIV & Rubivirus (Measles)

What are two ways in which Locus of Control Theory in the HBM increases Self-efficacy?

1. Self-efficacy increased by previous successful attempts 2. Self-efficacy increased by seeing others be successful

What are the Six EPA Responsibilities?

1. Setting national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for criteria pollutants. 2. Ensuring the standards are met, or attained. 3. Reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides - cause acid rain. 4. Reducing air pollutants such as particulate matter, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides - cause visibility impairment across large regional areas. 5. Ensure that sources of toxic pollutants that cause or may cause cancer, other adverse human health problems or adverse environmental effects are well controlled and risks to public health and the environment are substantially reduced. 6. Limiting use of chemicals that damage the stratospheric ozone layer - in order to prevent increased levels of harmful ultraviolet radiation.

PH programs seek to provide

1. prevent epidemics 2. protect the environment, workplace, housing, food, water. 3. prevent injuries 4. promote health behaviors 5. respond to disaster 6. ensure the quality, accessibility, and accountability of health services.

How many deaths occur each year due to HIV?

1.8 million

How long is the incubation time for Botulism?

12-36 hrs, sometimes days

What is the incubation period for E. coli?

12-72 hours

When was the largest outbreak of the plague?

1348-1350 in the Europe, Mediterranean region

Steam tables should maintain a minimum temp of ____ degrees

140 F

How many Jewish communities were exterminated?

150 major communities and 60 minor communities

Poultry must be heated to____________ to prevent Salmonella.

165 F

How many calories are in 2 grams of fat?

18 calories (1g=9cal)

How many toxic air pollutants does the EPA address?

190

When was the Clean Air Act passed?

1963

primary

1st contact, prevention and early detection; pcp, public clinics, managed care organizations, community mental health centers

How many cases of Hepatitis B are there currently?

2 billion cases

Once infected, how long is it before death occurs in the pneumonic form of the plague?

2 days

How many deaths occur each year due to Tuberculosis?

2 million

Multiple screening

2 or more screening tests in combination to large groups

What is the incubation period for tuberculosis?

2-12 weeks

What is the usual recovery time from a Norwalk viral infection?

2-3 days

What is the incubation time of Hepatitis A viral infection?

2-8 weeks

Mesophiles optimum temp

20-40C (68-104F)

Percentage of minorities in the US

2010, 64% white, non-Hispanic 2050, nearly half will be composed of racial minorities

What is the usual duration of Staphylococcus toxicosis?

24 hrs (gives it the name 24 hr bug)

What is the incubation time of a Norwalk viral infection?

24-48 hrs

How many deaths occur due to Measles each year?

242,000

What Temperature is required for destroying Clostridum Botulimum

250 F

education/income of hispanics

26% poverty rate /3x as whites

cancer screening and managme

2nd leading cause of death in US 1/3 who develop will die Incidence rates & death rates highest among black Americans for lung, colon, rectum, prostate

Clonidine

2nd line Tx

What is the incubation period for Brucellosis?

2w- 2m

How often to change toothbrush?

3-4 months

In 2010, how many people were infected with HIV?

3.4 million

How many cases of Measles are there each year?

30 million

What is the fatality rate of listeriosis?

30%

How many people were killed in Europe due to the plague at the time of the worst outbreak?

30-60% 75-200 million out of 350-450 million

What is the mortality rate of the bubonic form of the plague?

30-75%

How many calories are in 1 gram of carbohydrates?

4 calories

How many calories are in 1 gram of protein?

4 calories

How long did the major outbreak of the plague last in France and Spain?

4 years

How much remaining waste is removed after secondary treatment of wastewater?

40%

Lead levels become a concern when concentration reaches _________. The Knoxville Lonsdale Steel Recycler has levels of <200 ppm around it

400 ppm

Prevalence of Dental Erosion in US kids

45.9% American Children (13-19) had erosion in at least one tooth Prevalence increases with age Underweight teens had lowest risk Overweight teens had higher risk Females significantly less erosion than males Rates of dentin exposure lower in permanent teeth

CDC report in late 1970

48percent deaths lifestyle related

How many cases of Dengue Fever are there each year?

50 million

How many people are affected by Malaria annually?

500 million

How many people are affected by Tuberculosis annually?

500 million

Thermophiles temp

55-75C (above113F)

1920 life expectancy

59.5

How thick is the granular activated charcoal in the filter?

6 ft

What is Stratospheric ozone?

6 to 30 miles above earth, contains a layer of ozone gas that protects living organisms from harmful ultraviolet radiation (UV-b) from the sun

What is the incubation period of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?

6-24 hrs

What is the amount of time does it take for tuberculosis to develop?

6-24 months

How much waste s removed in primary treatment of wastewater?

60%

How common is oral cancer in the US?

6th most common cancer 30000 new cases and 8000 deaths *Survival rates lower among Blacks

Estimated number of chemicals in cigarette smoke?

7,000

Estimated number of chemicals in cigarette smoke associated with Cancer?

70

How many calories are in 1 gram of fat?

9 calories

What percentage of wastewater is storm runoff?

90%

What is the death rate of the pneumonic form of the plague?

90-95%

Prokaryotic Cell

A Cell Lacking a true Nucleus

morbidity; mortality

A Condition/situation that is a widespread actual or potential cause of _______or _________.

Susceptible

A Person or animal not possessing sufficient resistance to a particular infectious agent to prevent contracting or disease when exposed to that agent.

Carrier

A Person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the body of persons or animals.

Fastidious Bacteria

A bacteria that has very demanding nutritional requirements; grown in lab.

Vaccine

A biologic preparation; Improves immunity to a paticular disease; resembles a disease-causing microorganism; weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins; stimulates the body's immune system.

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell containing a true nucleus:

Host

A cell that is infected by a virus or another type of microorganism

Asthma

A chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning

What is an Outbreak?

A cluster of cases occurring during a brief period affecting a specific population; may herald an epidemic.

Infectious disease

A collective term for all diseases caused by infection of a host with pathogenic microbes or multicellular parasites, regardless of whether it is communicable between people or not.

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)

A common type of change in DNA (molecules inside cells that carry genetic information) sequences between individuals. Single nucleotide polymorphisms occur when a single nucleotide (building block of DNA) is replaced with another. These changes may cause disease, and may affect how a person reacts to bacteria, viruses, drugs, and other substances. Also called SNP.

Polymorphism

A common variation or mutation in DNA.

Vector-borne diseases

A disease requiring an invertebrate intermediary (e.g. yellow fever is caused by a virus transmitted from monkeys to humans by mosquitoes).

Prion

A disease-causing agent that is neither bacterial nor fungal nor viral and contains no genetic material. A prion is a protein that occurs normally in a harmless form. By folding into an aberrant shape, the normal prion turns into a rogue agent. It then co-opts other normal prions to become rogue prions.

Pathogen

A disease-causing microbe; pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and prions.

Oncogene

A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens

Koch's postulates

A group of principles expostulated by Robert Koch, by which one could determine whether a microorganism or infectious agent caused a disease. They are: (i) the organism is regularly found in the lesions of the disease; (ii) it can be isolated in pure culture on artificial media; (iii) inoculation of the culture produces a similar disease in experimental animals; (iv) the organism can be recovered from lesions in these animals.

Vector

A living agent, usually an arthropod such as a mosquito or tick that transmits an infectious agent

Mortality

A measure of the deaths in a population at risk, either from all causes combined or from specific causes, usually expressed as a rate in the population.

Morbidity

A measure of the illness or disability experienced by a population; morbidity data are commonly based on the rate of disease episodes in the population at risk, or on the extent or duration of disability or treatment.

Antibiotic

A medication to treat or prevent infection from bacteria.

Infectious Agent

A microorganism that is capable of causing an infection or causing disease; a pathogen

When is a patient infections during the Stages of Infectious Diseases?

A patient may be infectious during every stage of disease.

Contact

A person or animal that has been in association with an infected person or animal or a contaminated environment and has had an opportunity to acquire the infection.

Host (susceptible person)

A person or other living animal, including birds and arthropods, that afford food and shelter to an infectious agent under (as opposed to experimental) conditions.

Vested Interests

A personal reason for being involved in a situation/task/venture

Integrated pest management

A pest control strategy that uses a variety of complementary strategies including: mechanical

Toxin

A poison produced by certain animals, plants, or bacteria.

Communism

A political system based on a classless society where all property and wealth is owned by members of a community.

Welfare state

A political system in which the government takes responsibility for the basic health, education and well-being of all citizens

Cultural and Linguistic Competence

A set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals, that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations

Parasite

A single-celled or multicellular organism that lives in or on the body of a larger organism (its host), deriving a benefit from this arrangement and causing harm to the host (such as fleas, lice, helminth worms and flukes).

The Budget

A statement of the financial position of the UK, with proposals for spending and taxation, presented in a speech by the Chancellor of the Exchequer

Antibody

A substance formed by the body to help defend it against infection

Endocrine disruptor

A substance in the environment that affects a hormonal process

Outbreak investigation

A systematic process using epidemiological techniques to look at the exposure-disease relationship to identify control measures to prevent reoccurance.

T-cell lymphocyte

A type of immune cell that can attack foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus. T lymphocytes can also help control immune responses. A T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called T cell and thymocyte.

B-cell lymphocyte

A type of immune cell that makes proteins called antibodies, which bind to microorganisms and other foreign substances, and help fight infections. A B lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. Also called B cell

Leukocyte

A type of immune cell. Most leukocytes are made in the bone marrow and are found in the blood and lymph tissue. Leukocytes help the body fight infections and other diseases. Granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes are leukocytes. Also called WBC and white blood cell.

Ionizing radiation

A type of radiation made (or given off) by x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter the Earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. Ionizing radiation is so-called because it has enough energy to eject an electron from the nucleus (ionize), resulting in a positive and negative charge

Pestilence

A usually fatal epidemic disease. Especially used to describe plague. The devlopement of which is often attributed to 'empire building'.

α-radiation

A very damaging but low-penetrating form of ionizing radiation. It can be stopped by a sheet of paper and cannot penetrate human skin. However, if an alpha-emitting isotope is inhaled or ingested, it will cause highly concentrated local damage.

Triangle: Communicable Disease Model

A visual representation of interrelationships among causative agent, host, and environment In this model agent is element that must be present for disease to occur. Host, is any susceptible organism invaded by an infectious agent. The environment includes all other factors, physical, biological, or social.

Epidemic

A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease

The quality an organism possesses to produce infection A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity

A. Infectivity

ADA Seal of Acceptance vs FDA Approval

ADA tests, FDA doesn't

Patients with HIV are in the most severe phase of infection when they are said to have which condition, diagnosed by the occurrence of opportunistic infections or when CD4+ cell count drops below 200?

AIDS

Prevention of which disease is an example of effective Health Promotion, as illustrated by San Francisco targeted different social levels for intervention?

AIDS

Behavior is a function of

Ability + Motivation

Lipophilic substance

Able to dissolve, be dissolved in, or absorb lipids (fats)

Community organizing factor

Able to organize and mobilize resources. Target and intervene to problem solve

Inactive Ingredients

Abrasives, Binders, Buffers, Detergent, Dye, Flavor, Humectant, Prevervative, Thickener, Water

Social norms part of socio cultural factors

Acceptability of behavior

Criteria for a good Health Care System

Accessible, Acceptable, Effective, Efficient, Equitable, Relevant

Natrual Passive Immunity

Acquired by fetus from a mother with active immunity; Only last for six months to a year after birth.

How are Exogenous nosocomial diseases acquired?

Acquired from the health care environment, such as in air-conditioning systems, on bed rails. From that facility!!!

Natural Active Immunity

Acquired through the development of antibodies from direct contact with a pathogen developes a disease resistance/immunity.

Passive Immunity

Acquired through transfer of antibodies or activated T-cells from an immune host, and is short lived-usually lasting only a few months.

Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Modification of behavior occurs

Action

Preventative Care

Action to prevent/reduce oral health determinants or risk factors

Adherence

Active role in decision making

Community health activities

Activities aimed at protecting or improving health of a population or community

Health promotion

Activities or interventions targeting health behaviors that can improve or influence positive health outcomes

Health promotion

Activities or interventions targeting health behaviors that can improve or influence positive health outcomes -Local community clinic offers blood pressure screenings and provides weekly cooking classes

Top 2 ___________ of Death: 1. Tobacco 2. Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity

Actual Causes

Account for half of all deaths, are preventable, are targets for intervention, and caused by behavior

Actual Causes of Death (not Leading causes)

Immunity

Adaptations in an individual's immune system that lead to increased resistance to subsequent infection with a particular pathogen after initial exposure to it (whether through an acquired infection or in a vaccine). An individual is said to be immune to the pathogen if this is sufficiently strong to protect the host completely from the disease it causes.

Industrial development part of physical factor

Added resources may result in added health concerns and needed regulations

Common Risk Factor Approach (CRFA)

Address common risk factors, look at social processes putting people at risk, reduce specific disease, focus on improving conditions of those at risk +: individuals more readily influenced, policy directed at several risk factors, improves health conditions in general (whole pop & those at risk), works to reduce social inequities, aimed at risk factors that are linked to multiple diseases

What rate describes comparing two groups that differ in some important variable by mathematically eliminating the effect of that variable?

Adjusted rate

The MSA-Master Settlement Agreement from the Broad Attack on tobacco in the 1990s did not achieve regulation of the industry, but was able to restrict cigarette ____________

Advertising Venues (no TV ads or Billboards or Sports sponsorships)

A suspension of liquid particles in the air; many infectious diseases of the respiratory system are transmitted when an infected person coughs or sneezes

Aerosol

How is TB transmitted?

Aerosol, ingestion, milk, contact(cuts, abrasions)

Why is Economics, as well as job status, under the Community locus of control, which is an important health determinant?

Affects Access to Healthcare and other resources

What group has the highest incidence of oral cancer?

African-American Males

Conservative

Against change or innovation (new ideas); in favour of traditional values and customs

Patient Adherence determinants

Age, gender, mood, self-esteem, lifestyle, cognitive abilities, academic performance, socioeconomic status, perceived need for care, pain and discomfort, misunderstanding of instructions, social/family support

What is the rate calculated to reflect a standard age distribution called?

Age-adjusted rate

Medical Model

Aimed at curing disease in sick patients (USA traditionally)

Which study was conducted in California and examined the relationship between lifestyle and health, finding that those who followed five practices lived healthier and longer lives?: Avoiding smoking. Exercising regularly. Maintaining a healthy body weight. Sleeping 7 to 8 hours per night. (Ugh... have they heard of pharm school?) Limiting consumption of alcoholic drinks.

Alameda County Study

Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Vehicle accidents, Cirrhosis, Drowning, Fire/Job Injuries, & Cancer?

Alcohol Misuse

Metabolism

All biochemical activities carried out by an organism to maintain life

What is the main point we need to know about the Wholesome Poultry Produce Act of 1968?

All poultry slaughtered for retail must be inspected at the federal or state level.

Geography part of physical factor

Altitude, latitude, climate

What chemicals are added to the water in coagulation (and filtration)?

Aluminum hydroxide - Ferric hydroxide

Race

Am. Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Pacific Islander, black, white

Which agency was funded by the MSA-Master Settlement Agreement reached between the tobacco industry and the attorney generals of 46 states, in the amount of $1.7 billion?

American Legacy Foundation

Communicable disease

An Illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic products which arises through transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host, vector or the inanimate environment.

Saprophyte

An Organism that lives in dead or decaying organic matter.

Parasite

An Organism that lives on or in another living organism.

Teratogen

An agent that results in an alteration in the fetus leading to a birth defect A teratogen may interfere with growth or a specific developmental process and does not have to be also a mutagen.

Halogenated hydrocarbon

An aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms are substituted by a halogen, such as chlorine. Often these chemicals bioaccumulate

Host

An animal that has pathogenic microbes or multicellular parasites living in or on its body, or which belongs to a species that commonly harbours them.

Risk Factor

An aspect of personal behavior, lifestyle, environmental exposure, inborn, or inherited characteristic, that is based on epidemiologic evidence is know to be associated with health-related conditions.

Pandemic

An epidemic on a world wide scale e.g. the influenza in 1919 and HIV/AIDS since the mid 1980's.

Acute illness

An illness that produces disease symptoms that either kill the host or resolve quickly (within days or weeks).

Allergy

An immune system hypersensitivity to an outside substance (an allergen) that can be mild or life-threatening.

Latent infection

An infection in which the pathogens persist in or on the host's body, but without producing symptoms; during the latent period, the host may or may not be infectious (i.e. capable of transmitting the pathogens to others). An example is the herpes zoster virus (chicken pox) which can lay dormant for many years and reappear as shingles in the adult host.

Chronic infection

An infection that continues to produce disease symptoms and tissue damage over many months or years; some chronic infections (e.g. malaria) are characterised by periods of remission and relapse but the pathogen is never completely eliminated from the body.

Zoonosis

An infectious agent or parasite organism originally caused by agents that can be transmitted to humans by at least one other species of vertebrate under naturally occurring conditions. Thought to have been increased as a result of the domestication of livestock such as cattle and fowl.

Cholera

An infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhoea

Tuberculosis

An infectious bacterial disease, which most commonly affects the lungs.

Typhoid

An infectious bacterial fever characterised by red spots on the chest and abdomen, abdominal pain and, occasionally, bleeding of the intestines.

Typhus

An infectious disease characterised by high fever, skin rash and severe headache. It is spread by lice.

Epidemic

An infectious disease which occurs when a high proportion of a population is susceptible to infection with a particular infectious agent and when transmission rate is high. Large numbers are affected during a short period of time and numbers of new cases of the disease rise steeply before declining.

Diptheria

An infectious disease which usually affects the nose, throat and air passages, but can infect the skin

What is the ozone?

An inorganic molecule O₃ is a very reactive gas, and even at low concentrations it is irritating and toxic at ground level. Watch http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= k2kpz_8ntJY

Borstal

An institution for young offenders that combined prison with school

Cesspool

An underground container for the temporary storage of sewage

Miasma

An unpleasant or unhealthy smell or vapour (bad air)

Consumption

Another term for Tuberculosis

Active Ingredients

Anti Caries, Anti-Plaque, Anti-Calculus, Anti-Hallitosis, Desensitizer

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products are in high enough levels in Water to produce behavioral and physcial changes in aquatic life and contribute to _____________

Antibiotic Resistant Strain Development

Though there is a lack of research data on the effects of pharmaceuticals in the water supply, there are high enough levels in the TN River to produce behavioral and physical changes in aquatic life and contribute to ______________ development

Antibiotic Resistant strain

Stannous Flouride (SnF)

Anticaries + Desensitizer

What are Antiphagocytic factors?

Antiphagocytic factors such as hyaluronic acid capsules and chemicals that allow them to survive inside of macrophages

Mode of Transmission

Any Mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread from one source or reservoir to a person.

Infectious Agent

Any agent capable of producing infection.

Reservoir

Any person, animal, arthropod, plant, or inanimate organic material(e.g.soil) in which an infectious agent normally lives and multiplies and on which it depends for survival.

medical practice

Any services or activities provided by and monitored by medical personnel such as a physician or nurse.

Antigen

Any substance that causes the body to produce natural antibodies

Disinfection

Any treatment used on inaminate objects

Which body shape indicates a higher risk of heart disease?

Apple Shape

What are Nosocomial infections and nosocomial diseases?

Are acquired by patients or staff in health care facilities. They may be

What are Signs?

Are objectively observable and often measurable by others high temperature.

What are Symptoms?

Are subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone (pain)

Individual behavior factor

As part of the community, ex... Recycling, immunization

Provide an example of a source of Indoor Air Pollution in Building & insulation materials?

Asbestos (naturally occurring mineral fiber used as insulation and fire proofing material)

What are the 5 A's Model for treating Tobacco Use and Dependence?

Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, & Arrange

Assess

Assess readiness to make a quit attempt

Biostatistics and Epidemiology are covered under which Core Function of PH?

Assessment

What is one of the core functions of public health, by which a public health agency regularly and systematically collects, analyzes, and makes statistics on health status, needs, and epidemiology?

Assessment

the regular and systamatic assembledge and analysis of data and communication regarding the health of a community

Assessment as a core function of public health is:

What describes the relationship between 2 or more events, said to be related when they occur more frequently together than expected to, but does not imply a cause/effect relationship?

Association

Quality, Access, and a Competent Workforce are all components of which Public Health Core Function?

Assurance

What is one of the Core Functions of Public Health, ensuring that services necessary to achieve agreed-upon goals are provided, either by encouraging actions by other entities or by providing services directly?

Assurance

For agencies to educate, support and evaluate programs to ensure that the communities health needs are met.

Assurance as a core function of public health is:

According to WHO, Health Inequities are _________ Inequalities in health between groups of people within countries and between countries.

Avoidable (read carefully)

The likelihood that a given agent will cause actual symptomatic illness as ....infected = ratio of the number of ill or symptomatic over the number of int...(exposed) A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity

B. Pathogenicity

What is the most pathogenic strain of brucellosis?

B. melitensis

Name the 4 types of brucellosis and the species they affect.

B. melitensis-goats B. suis- pigs B. abortus- cattle B. canis-canis

Name the different forms of brucellosis.

B. menitensis B. suis B. abortus B canis

Name the most pathogenic form of Brucellosis.

B. menitensis in goats

The following formula is used to calculate ________: Weight in kilograms divided by Height in meters squared

BMI

Threes basic shapes of bacteria.

Bacilli Spiral Coccus

Chlamydia causitive agent

Bacteria- Chlamydia trachomatis

Gonorrhea Causitive agent

Bacteria- Neisseria gonorrhea. This is a bean or kidney shaped gram negative diplococcal bacturium also known as "gonococcus".

Syphilis causative agent

Bacteria- Treponema pallidum, a spirochete

Plague (Yersinia pestis)

Bacterial infection Incubation 2-6 days Transmitted by flea bites and break in victim's skin Does not transmit person to person (pneumonic may) Occurs as bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic

Tularemia

Bacterial infection Incubation 3-5 days Transmitted via inhalation, ingestion, contact with skin No person/person transmission

Health Belief Model

Based on TB med compliance studies Key Determinants: *Perceived Susceptibility *Perceived Severity *Perceived Benefits *Perceived Barriers *Cues to Action *Self Efficacy

Infrastructure

Basic foundation for public health activities. -consists of recognizable resources -consists of linkages and pathways connecting the resources -Used to carry out the core functions of public health *assessment *policy development *assurance

Were Public Health departments responsible for environmental protection Before or After the EPA was created?

Before

1. There must be an existing perception that the condition is a public health problem on the part of the public, the government, or public health authorities. 2. A condition/situation must exist that is a widespread actual or potential cause of mobidity or mortality.

Before something becomes a health problem what must happen?

Beliefs part of socio cultural factors

Beliefs about medicine, ethnic choices about food, violence crime health disparity

Sociocultural factors

Beliefs, economy, politics, religion, social norms, SES

Something that is not cancerous, and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body is?

Benign

Primärprävention

Beseitigung von krankheitsverursachenden Faktoren. Gesunde Menschen sollen gesund bleiben (Impfungen)

Factors contributing to disparity

Better Health = Education + Income

What describes the influence of irrelevant or even suspicious factors (confounding variables) on a result or conclusion?

Bias

What is a method of keeping subjects and researchers unaware of which subjects are in the experimental group and which are in the control group?

Binding (Double Blind studies)

Botulism

Biological toxin Incubation is 12-72 hours Transmitted via aerosol inhalation and ingestion No person to person transmission

Health Determinants

Biological, Environmental, Health Care System, Social/Lifestyle

The study of the biological basis of human health and disease is known as what field?

Biomedical science

Removing a sample of tissue that is then examined under a microscope to check for cancerous cells is known as a?

Biopsy

Statistics applied to the analysis of biological and medical data are known as?

Biostatistics

Systemic Environmental factors associated with enamel defects

Birth related trauma, chemicals, infections, malnutrition, metabolic disorders, neurologic disorders

70% of Men and 57% of women in the U.S. are overweight, which ethnic group in women is more likely to be overweight?

Black women (However, Black Men are less likely than White men to be overweight)

What group has the highest % of missing teeth

Blacks

What groups have the poorest oral health in the US?

Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians, & Alaska Natives

Immunity

Body's ability to recognize germs to prevent them from causing illness.

Patient Recomendations

Brush 3x/day Flouride toothpaste Soft bristle brush Sulcular brushing minimum of 2 min Floss 1x/day (5-7 C shaped strokes)

Which form of the plague is the most common?

Bubonic

how do bacteria reproduce

By Dividing into two equal parts.

Rickettsia transmitted

By arthropods(lice, fleas, and tick)

A measure of the severity of the disease once present A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity

C. Virulence

Single best source for health statistics in the U.S.

CDC

What is the main assessment and epidemiologic agency, directly serving the population as well as providing technical assistance to states and localities?

CDC-Center for Disease Control and Prevention

1970

CHIP

What type of virus is the Norwalk virus?

Calicivirus

What is the etiology of food borne campylobacter?

Campylobacter sp.

Facultative anaerobes

Capable of survivng both anerobic and aerobic envoirments

What are some Combustion by-products?

Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, & other particulates

Bacteria needs some form of the these elements for growth.

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, and nitrogen

A substance or agent that is known to cause Cancer is called a?

Carcinogen

Arsenic and Benzene are chemicals also found in cigarettes that are __________, alter blood clotting, and raise cholesterol

Carcinogenic

The Framingham Risk Score is now used to determine the likelihood of an individual having _________

Cardiovascular Diseases

long-term care

Care dealing with population with special needs. Care can be provided in professional health facilities or implemented in the home setting.

Long-term Care

Care dealing with populations with special needs. Care can be provided in professional health facilities or implemented in the home setting.

Limit of population size that the environment can support without being degraded

Carrying capacity

When an epidemic/outbreak occurs, what is the first step that should be taken? This is followed by: Investigating, Analyzing, Controlling, and Reporting.

Case Definition

What type of epidemiological study compares individuals affected by a disease with a group of persons who do not have the disease to identify causes?

Case control study

Under the Clean Air Act Scrubbers on Factory Smokestacks and __________ in Cars, became required?

Catalytic Converters

Challenges with classifications representing diversity of population

Categories of race are more social than biological Self-reported data can be unreliable Many have difficulty on standardized forms Many nonfederal systems do not collect racial and ethnic data

1977

Cdc studied premature deaths for 1977, 48 percent tracked to lifestyle or health behavior. Healthy people: surgeon general reports

The cycle flowing through the following: Method of Transmission, Port of Entry, Susceptible Host, Pathogen, Reservoir, and Port of Exit, is known as the?

Chain of Infection

• This man led an inquiry into poverty in London which lasted from 1886 until 1903. • He published his findings in "Life and Labour of the People in London" • He carried out interviews with poor people, doctors, teachers and priests. He also collected huge amounts of data on the way the poor people in London lived. • He argued helping the poor would stop a socialist revolution. He thought pensions in particular would have a big impact. • In 1908 the Liberal government passed the Old Age Pensions Act. He was recognised by many as one of the originators of the pension.

Charles Booth

Ideal Screening Test

Cheap + Fast Acceptable Adequate sensitivity, specificity + predictive value Adequate validity + reliability

Kills Bacteria "Internally"

Chemotherapaeutic

What is an example of an Asymptomatic carrier?

Chickenpox - Humans can be the reservoirs

Which Environmental Health Issue was successfully resolved thanks to environmental laws?

Child Lead Exposure

Where is it believed that the plague originated?

China

1854

Cholera epidemic in London, dr. John snow hypothesizes it is the water

Killed or Fractionated Bacterial Vaccines are used for what diseases?

Cholera, Meningococal, pneumooccal

Eggs, Red Meat, and Milk are foods high in ________, which contributes to CVD

Cholesterol

Where can the recommended nutritional guidelines be found?

Choosemyplate.gov (not the pyramid)

List the DNA Viruses

Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Adenoviridae, Asfarviriade, Poxviridae, Papovaviridae, Parvoviridae (CHHAAPPP)

1799

Cities formed municipal

In 1970, which law was created to protect the environment (was amended in 1977)?

Clean Air Act

Though the new requirements were costly, the Benefits of the __________ Outweigh the Costs of implementing its new regulations 30:1

Clean Air Act

What is the concern with Global Warming?

Climate is fueled by the sun. Most solar radiation is absorbed by the earth, some is reflected back into space. Atmospheric gases absorb some of the reflected radiation and reflects more still back to the earth where it warms the earth's surface in a greenhouse effect. Without the greenhouse effect the earth would be much colder and probably covered with ice.

Dean's Fluorosis Index

Clinical Appearance of 2nd most severely affected tooth in mouth -single score, severity cannot be ascertained, etc

Sources of Disparities

Clinical encounter (bias, Uncertainty, Stereotyping) Health Care System (Financing, Structure, Cultural/Language barriers) Patient characteristics (preferences, refusal of treatment, poor adherence)

How do you diagnose tuberculosis?

Clinical signs, Tb test, culture, lesions, and radiographs in human

What is the term describing the study of the effect of a treatment on two comparable, randomly selected groups (1 treated, 1 control)?

Clinical trial

What is the etiology of Botulism?

Clostridium botulinum toxin

What is the etiology of Clostridium perfringens toxicosis?

Clostridium perfringens (you better have gotten that correct)

Three Domains of Learning

Cognitive (understanding) Affective (feelings, values, motivations, attitudes) Psychomotor (skills/actions)

What term describes a study of a group of people followed over time to see how diseases develop?

Cohort study (Framingham)

Psychrophiles location

Cold ocean water or freezing temps

Community

Collective body of individuals

Process (practices & outputs)

Collective practices that are necessary to assure that the core functions and essential services of public health are accomplished. -Policies -Laws

Policy Development

Collectively deciding which remedies or interventions are most appropriate for the problems identified in a particular group, community or population (Turnock 2004)

Antibodies

Combine with an antigen-bearing agents helping to destroy them; directly attack antigens; activate other proteins to attack antigens; stimulate changes in local areas that help prevent the spread of pathogens or cells bearing foreign antigens.

Infectious diseases that spread directly from one person to another are called?

Communicable diseases

What term describes a specific group of people, often living in a defined geographical area, who share culture, values, and norms, and are arranged in a social structure according to relationships?

Community

What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Economics, Food/Water/Sanitation, Housing, Physical and Social Environment, Local Government, Primary care

Community (external)

1. It is effective upon initiation 2. It meets all characteristics of an effective solution 3. It is safe 4. It is cost-effective

Community water fluoridation is a good example of a health problem and it's solution because why?

Which Public Health component is #8 on the PH wheel, under Assurance?

Competent Workforce

. Diabetes

Complications of heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney disease, end stage renal disease

Environmental problems

Compounded by a growing worldwide population of currently seven billion

What is the fate of goats that are serologically positive for brucellosis?

Condemned

Principles of Screening

Condition = important health problem causing significant morbidity/mortality Accepted treatment Recognizable latent/early stage Agreed policy on treatment Facilities for diagnosis Economically balanced

Sanitary

Conditions that impact on health and hygiene (e.g. water and sewage)

Another factor or explanation that may affect a result or conclusion is known as a?

Confounding variable

Left un-vaccinated, Rubella can cause:

Congenital Birth Defects

What was the first U.S. state to enact Restrictions on Smoking in Restaurants (state-wide law)?

Connecticut

Utilitarian Ethics

Consequentialism Most good for the most number Outcome oriented

Inorganic substance

Considered to be of mineral, not biological, origin

Endemic

Constant presence in a population but not unexpectantly high

Indirect vehicle-borne

Contaminated inanimate materials or objects (fomites) or any substance serving as an intermediate means by which an infectious agent is transported and introduced into a susceptible host through a suitable port of entry.

What are the sources of infection for brucellosis?

Contaminated raw milk, contact with infected placenta, vaginal secretions, fetal fluids, livestock workers

Define air pollution.

Contamination of air by substances in great enough amounts to harm living organisms

Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Aware of behavior, but have barriers to change

Contemplation

What describes a group of individuals used as a standard for comparison, to see the effects of changing variables in the experimental group?

Control group

The extent to which two or more variables in an association are related, such as the extent to which one variable changes in response to change in another, is known as a?

Correlation

What term describes an economic analysis in which all costs and benefits are converted into monetary values and results are expressed as dollars of benefit per dollars spent?

Cost Benefit Analysis

Technical efficiency

Cost effective?

What is a type of economic analysis assessed as a health outcome per cost expended?

Cost-effectiveness analysis

The actual rate of events (births, deaths, cases of disease) in a population, without adjustment, is known as?

Crude rate

How do you diagnose E. coli?

Culture food source or feces

How does one diagnose Botulism?

Culture the food source for infection

Two-thirds of "Superfund" sites were cleaned up, but the program's shortfall was that it did not solve contamination problems completely, was more costly than expected, and its administration was ___________

Cumbersome and Confusing

The quality an organism or infectious agent possesses to cause the host .... immune response such that reinfection with the same organism confers A. Infectivity B. Pathogenicity C. Virulence D. Immunogenicity

D. Immunogenicity

Which type of cancer has shown the greatest increases in both prevalence and incidence over the last 50 years? a. Prostate b. Breast c. Colon D. Lung

D. Lung

Viral Hepatitis is NOT a:

DNA Virus

Where are most of the cases of E. coli originated from?

Dairy cows west of the mississippi

Kohärenzgefühl

Das Kohärenzgefühl beschreibt das Gefühl nach Vertrauen, das man hat, etwas verändern zu können und sich gesund zu fühlen. Vertrauen darauf genügend Ressourcen zu haben um die Lebensanforderungen zu bewältigen. Das Kohärenzgefühl ist immer dynamisch. Die Bildung ist ca. mit 30 Jahren abgeschlossen. Das Wissen über die Verfügbarkeit der generalisierten Widerstandsressourcen.

Cross sectional data

Data collected over a short period to give a 'snapshot' of disease occurrence in a specific place or region at a particular point in time; the occurrence of the disease in different places can be compared if the same data are collected at the same time point.

Longitudinal data

Data collected routinely from the same place or region at successive intervals (often annually, but at least every few years), in order to identify changing trends in the occurrence of a disease over time.

• This man was a Liberal and was convinced the government needed to intervene to try to improve the health and livelihood of people. • He opposed the Poor Law in Britain and wanted to "lift the shadow of the workhouse from the homes of the poor". • In 1908 he introduced Old Age Pensions. To pay for this he had to raise government revenues by £16 million a year. • To do this, he announced the People's Budget in 1909, which increased taxes, especially for the rich. Other measures included an increase in death duties on the estates of the rich and heavy taxes on profits gained from the ownership and sale of property.

David Lloyd George

Primary Prevention

Deals with prevention of disease or infirmity when people are at-risk of the disease.

Define Mortality.

Death; Expressed as rate of death in a given population at risk.

How to elicit motivation?

Decrease resistance (cost of acting) Increase probability of success Increase drive

SOCIETAL LEVEL disparity impact

Decreased productivity, Increased health care cost, Social inequity

Health

Defined by WHO as a "state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Balanced mind, body and spirit.

Cultural sensitivity

Degree to which cultural norms, beliefs, behavior patterns etc. are incorporated into interventions. (intervention level)

Preventing dental disease using the science and art of preventing disease and prolonging life, physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.

Dental public health means?

How are Endogenous nosocomial diseases acquired?

Derived from normal microbiota that become opportunistic while the patient is in the health care setting.

What are the primary standards?

Designed to establish limits to protect public health Including health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children and elderly

3 Phases of Disparities Research

Detect --> Understand --> Reduce

Artificially acquired immunity

Developes only through deliberate actions such as vaccination

What is a chronic disease?

Develops slowly but is continual or recurrent

Vaginal Cancer

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) - vaginal cancer in daughters

Dental Fluorosis

Diffuse Bilateral White Opacity Cause = constant exposure to high levels of fluoride during early maturation stage of enamel *Less prevalent + severe in primary teeth

Sore Throat, Nasal Discharge, Hoarseness, Malaise, and Fever with a Tenacious Gray Membrane on their tonsils and Pharynx is typically in?

Diphtheria

Direct mode of transmission

Direct and immediate transfer of infectious agents to a receptive portal of entry through which human and animal infection take place.

Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery are all components of what cycle, in their correct order?

Disaster Management Cycle

What is an acute disease?

Disease which develops rapidly but lasts only a short time, whether resolving or causing death of the host

Pathogen

Disease-causing organism

Zoonosis

Diseases and infections transmitted naturally between animals and humans (i.e.: Anthrax Rabies)

What is a latent disease?

Diseases are those in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before producing signs and symptoms

What is a Non-communicable disease?

Diseases arise from outside of hosts or from normal microbiota. Acne and tooth decay are examples.

Communicable diseases

Diseases caused by infectious agents that can be transmitted from person to person, either by direct physical contact between individuals or with body fluids, or in air, water or food, or carried by inanimate objects (fomites).

What is a subacute disease?

Diseases have durations and severities that lie somewhere between acute and chronic

Notifiable diseases

Diseases in which every identified case must be reported to a central surveillance authority; the list of notifiable diseases varies between countries, but always includes some infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS).

Regionalized/Traditional Model

Distinct tiers of care with different personnel + facilities (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary) Emphasis on primary care Patient flow across levels = regulated/orderly ie) BRITISH NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm *Continuing education, prohibition agains patient abandonment, etc

Beneficience

Do your best Maximize good Treating patients

The 1964 air pollution disaster that left 20 dead and 6,000 injured, out of a population of 14,000, occurred in which city?

Donora, PA

Motivation result of what 3 forces?

Drive (desire) Perceived probability of success Cost

Medicare: Part D

Drug Prescription Benefit

What do scientists claim increase the concern for global warming?

Due to release of certain gases to the atmosphere causing a rise in temperature - Global warming Carbon dioxide accounts for 85% of greenhouse gases in the US Methane emissions is the second largest contributor Hydrofluorocarbon (from foam production, dry cleaning, chemical and semiconductor manufacturing) Perfluorinated compounds (smelting aluminum) Nitrogen oxides (automobile exhaust) contribute to ground level ozone

What are Primary emissions (particles)?

Dust from roads or elemental carbon (soot) from wood combustion.

Health

Dynamic state that is multi dimensional

Name the 4 milkborne diseases?

E. coli B. abortus B. menitus Tuberculosis

What is the Federal agency responsible for setting, maintaining and enforcing environmental standards?

EPA

In 1992, which agency established that tobacco smoke was carcinogenic?

EPA-Environmental Protection Agency

What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Drinking for relief and Needing to consume more and more to feel drunk?

Early

Model which provides a way of considering Individual Behavior in the context of the Social Environment, including influences at the Interpersonal, Organizational, Community, and Public Policy levels

Ecological Model of Health Behavior

Which health behavior model is concerned with the surroundings of the individual, as well as his/her behavior?

Ecological Perspective

Providing Information, such as the Surgeon General's 1964 report on Smoking being unhealthy, and the FDA's recommended Dietary Allowances, are which type of PH Intervention?

Education

What are the two most effective PH Intervention types?

Education & Regulation

Health Promotion Actions

Education, Facilitation, Advocacy

Health Promotion STRATEGIES

Educational (change values) Policy (encourage adherence/discourage unhealthy behavior) Environment (make environment safe/supportive)

Lack of which type of PH Intervention is associated with the prevalence of Smoking?

Edumacation

In the 1830s this man was asked to report on the living conditions and the health of the poor. In 1842 he concluded that: • Poverty was the result of ill health, which was caused by poor living conditions, rather than laziness. • The best way of reducing the cost of the poor to the ratepayer was to improve their health by improving their living conditions. The government agreed and wanted to act but they knew that forcing local councils to use ratepayers money would be unpopular.

Edwin Chadwick

The improvement in health outcome that a strategy can produce in typical community-based settings is known as? It is also the degree to which objectives are achieved.

Effectiveness

A smoker that takes Deep breaths while smoking is categorized as an __________

Efficient Smoker

20th century

Eisenhower death led to focus on heart disease

Name the 3 disease control methods

Eliminate Disease Causing Agent Prevent the Organism from Multiplying Eliminating the reservor

Infectious diseases whose incidence in humans has increased withing the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future is known as?

Emerging infectious diseases

EIDs

Emerging infectious diseases.New, re-emerging or drug-resistant infections, which have increased significantly in human populations in the past two decades, or which threaten to increase in the future.

What term describes the usual prevalence of a disease within a given geographic area?

Endemic level

What are endotoxins?

Endotoxin, also known as lipid A, is released from the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and can cause systemic shock and other fatal effects.

After EPA creation, they became responsible for protecting human health and the environment, by __________

Enforcing Regulations

What type of bacteria is associated with E. coli?

Enteroinvasive bacteria

What can't be inactivated by heat?

Enterptoxin

Changing the ________ is more effective than changing individual behavior because it shifts to resolution rather than blaming the victims

Environment

The different levels of Social & Physical surroundings, and local/state/global environment constitute the whole ________ for the Ecological Perspective

Environment

Name the areas of Public Health mentioned in class:

Environmental (Water Quality) Food Safety (meat inspection) Zoonotic Diseases (rabies, others) Infectious Diseases (varies) Foodborne Diseases Foreign Animal Diseases

What term describes the occurrence in a community or geographic area of a disease at a rate that clearly exceeds the normally expected rate?

Epidemic

What term describes the study of populations to seek the causes of health/disease, and the distribution/determinants of disease frequency?

Epidemiology

1. Evaluate 2. Monitor health 3. Diagnose & investigate 4. Inform, educate, & empower 5. Mobilize community partnerships (ex. 911) 6. Develop policies 7. Enforce laws (ex. quarantine) 8. Link to/provide care 9. Assure competent workforce

Essential Public Health Services provided by the government are to:

Fungi

Eukaryotic organism including mushrooms, molds and yeast.

Assessment

Evaluation of a group or population of individuals (turnock 2004). Assessment also refers to evaluation of health status of a group of people or population toward determining the health or lack thereof.

________ helps prevent Heart Disease, HTN, Diabetes, Dyslipidemias, & some Cancers

Exercise

What are exotoxins?

Exotoxins that are secreted by pathogens into their environment; they include - Enterotoxins - Neurotoxins - Cytotoxins

Affordable Care Act

Expansion of Medicaid to cover people below 133% income (11-24 million more enrollees)

The treated group in a study, in contrast to an untreated group, is known as the?

Experimental group

What are the Health Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants?

Exposure at sufficient concentrations and duration increases the risk of: • cancer • damage to the immune system • neurological damage • reduced fertility • developmental problems • respiratory problems

5 Ways Cancer Develops

Exposure to carcinogen Entry of carcinogen into a cell Initiation Enhancement Disruption of Normal Body Functions

What do Extracellular enzymes do?

Extracellular enzymes that enable them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body

Which agency required that Warning Labels be placed on cigarette packaging?

FTC-Federal Trade Commission

What are Environmental hazards?

Factors and conditions which increase the risk of human injury, disease or death

Social Justice

Fair distribution of benefits and burdens of social interventions, policies, or program relative to public health. -Social services -Health services -Health policies

Justice

Fairness *Treat equals equally *Don't discriminate, fairness in billing

Which regulation by the FCC required the removal of counter-top advertising, such as by removing ads near candy displays?

Fairness Doctrine

Stressoren

Faktoren, welche auf unser Leben Einfluss haben und unser Grundgefühl stressen. - chronische Stressoren - grosse Lebensereignisse (+/-) - alltägliche Ärgernisse Die Stressoren lösen Spannungszustände aus, welche nun mit den Widerstandsressourcen und dem Kohärenzgefühl ausgeglichen werden müssen um uns auf dem Gesundheits- und Krankheitskontinuum nicht in Richtung Krankheit zu bewegen

(True or False): the chiropractic health care section of the APHA was established in 1995 after efforts by Cleveland Chiropractic College educator Rand Baird successfully overturned an earlier attempt to portray chiropractic as not only unscientific, but dangerous for patients?

False

The FDA gained the authority to regulate the tobacco industry after the MSA-Master Settlement Agreement from the Broad Attack on tobacco in the 1990s, True or False?

False

The majority of alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and only a small portion reaches the small and large intestine...

False

What term describes a mistaken identification of persons as healthy or unaffected, when they actually have the disease being tested?

False Negative

What term describes a mistaken identification of persons as affected by some disease, when they actually do not have the disease?

False Positive

True or False: Listeria prefer a warm environment to grow.

False. Listeria grow in a cold environment.

True or False: Nature doesn't remove any water waste or pollution.

False. Nature removes a small amount of water waste and pollution

True or False: The mortality rate of Botulism is low.

False. The mortality rate is high.

True or False: When using the non-penetrating captive bolt method, the brain must be condemned.

False. When using the penetrating captive bolt method, the brain must be condemned. This is because in the penetrating captive bolt method, the bolt penetrates the brain.

Americans spend more money on _________ than on Higher Education, Computers, or Cars

Fast Food (90% of children eat fast food every month)

Symptoms of Mononucleosis

Fatigue, Fever, Pharyngitis, Splenomegaly in 50% of all cases. Positive Paul Bunnell Test.

US Dental Health Care System

Fee for Service System Private + Public (Medicaid) financing

What are the 5 Cardinal Signs of Pneumonia?

Fever Cough Purulent Sputum Chills Chest Pain

1790

First U.S. Census

What was the 1970 Amendments to the clean air act?

First comprehensive nationwide approach to air pollution • Emission standards for automobiles • Emission standards for New industry • Ambient air quality standards for urban areas

20th 1918

First school of public health at John Hopkins

Appraisal form

First self-assessment tool

Classic Style Toothbrush

Flat handle, uniform thickness of length

What is the etiology of Dengue Fever?

Flavivirus

Systemic Fluoride sources

Fluoridated water, Diet, Dietary Supplement, Inadvertent swallowing (toothpaste, etc), Water + processed beverages

What are some examples of Indirect Contact transmission?

Fomite (needles, toys, coin)

Hepatitis B is not caused by?

Foodbourne Transmission by ingestion of raw shellfish.

Circular/Fones Technique

For kids

What are Secondary emissions (particles)?

Formed in the atmosphere from primary gaseous emissions Sulfate from sulfur dioxide Nitrates from nitrogen oxides

B cell

Formed in the red bone marrow; respond to antigens indirectly through the use of antibodies; as many 10 milllion to 1 billion different varaties of antibodies can be formed, each reacting to different antigens.

Readiness Stage 4

Former tobacco user >6m

What was the first chronic disease epidemiological study conducted in the U.S. about heart disease?

Framingham Study

Dispersed/Non-Traditional Model

Free flowing movement of patients Higher value on services @ tertiary level Lack of organization ie) USA

Public health

Fulfilling society's interes in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy" (IOM). Interdisciplinary approach to address health concerns and problems -Mental well-being -Physical well-being -Emotional well-being

Multi dimensions of health determined by five domains

Genetic make up, social circumstances, environmental conditions, behavioral choices, availability of quality care

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an individual or group

Modern-Style Toothbrush

Gently angled to absorb brushing load

Physical factor

Geography, environment, community size, industrial development

Community determined by

Geography, race, age, specific problem, outcome status, cyber status

Which Theory of Disease incorporates Microbiology, and states that unseen organisms cause illness?

Germ Theory of Disease

What are two theories describing how the Environment affects health?

Germ Theory of Disease & Miasma Theory of Disease

Gesundheit

Gesundheit meint den Zustand des vollkommenen seelischen, psychischen und physischen Zustands und nicht allein das Fehlen on Krankheit und Gebrechen.

Unterschied Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention

Gesundheitsförderung zielt auf einen Prozess, allen Menschen ein höheres Mass an Selbstbestimmung ihrer Gesundheit zu ermöglichen und sie damit zur Stärkung der Gesundheit zu befähigen. Die Gesundheitsprävention geht von der Salutogenese (Entstehung und Erhaltung von Gesundheit) aus. Ist unspezifisch (gesamte Bevölkerung) Die Präventionen sind Interventionen, die darauf ausgerichtet sind Gesundheit zu fördern, Krankheiten und Unfälle zu verhüten und das Fortschreiten einer Krankheit zu vermindern. Geht von der Pathogenese aus (Entstehung von Krankheit und Heilung dieser). Ist dabei spezifisch (bezieht sich auf bestimmte Risikogruppen)

What Level of Health Determinants is described?: PH Organizations, Violence, and Climate Change

Global (external)

What are 4 types of protective apparel?

Gloves, Gowns, Masks, Protective Wear.

1. Earn support from: Public Dental community Policymakers Program administrators 2. Ensure: Recruitment & professional development of dental public health personnel Collaboration with colleagues

Goals for public health include:

Purulent and Profuse genital discharge

Gonorrhea

What is the number 1 reported SCD in the US

Gonorrhea

1. CDC 2. HRSA - Health Resource Service 3. FDA - Food & Drug 4. NIDCR - National Institute for Dental Cranial Research 5. CMS - Center for Medicare/Medicaid Services

Government agencies that are involved in dental public health are:

Is tuberculosis gram + or -?

Gram +.

What is the significant clinical feature of TB?

Granulomatous lesion in the lungs, lymph nodes, gut, liver, and bone marrow

20th century

Great Depression and WWII

The "Time Critical" clean up of Smokey Mountain Smelters removed the immediate PH threat, but did not solve the issue, as ___________ contamination is still present at the site

Ground Water

What is Ground level Ozone?

Ground level or "bad" ozone is not emitted directly into the air, but is created by chemical reactions between oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of sunlight. Emissions from industrial facilities and electric utilities, motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline vapors, and chemical solvents are some of the major sources of NOx and VOC.

Which health behavior model uses Locus of Control Theory to promote behavior change?

HBM

Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers, and Cues to Action, are all components of which health behavior model?

HBM-Health Belief Model

The virus that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known as?

HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Secondary Prevention

Has disease, seeks to alleviate or lessen the symptoms of disease

Responsibility

Having a duty to carry out actions (e.g. build proper sewers)

Natural, Technological, and Human are three types of ______ which can be prevented through Mitigation

Hazards

Toothbrush Selection

Head, Handle, Bristles Manual vs Power

Beveridge Model

Health Care provided/fincance by government taxes Doctors = government employees Government controls doctors ie) CUBA

The Internal and External conditions associated with health, and the positive/negative interactions of an individual with the environment, are known as _________

Health Determinants

Defined as preventable differences in the burden of disease, injury, violence, or opportunities, in achieving optimal health, usually because of certain populations being at a social disadvantage

Health Disparity

Instruction that promotes healthy behaviors by informing and educating individuals through the use of materials and structured activities

Health Education

Defined as Avoidable (preventable) and Unjust differences between populations. For example, the more favorable your social circumstances, the better chance of enjoying good health and a longer life.

Health Inequalities (read carefully)

Defined as Systematic differences in the health status of different population groups. For example, unfair distribution of health resources, arising from social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, & work.

Health Inequities (read carefully)

Planned combination of educational, physical, regulatory, and organizational support for actions and conditions of living conducive to good health

Health Promotion

Health Promotion Outcome Evaulation Model

Health Promotion Actions --> Health Promotion Outcomes --> Intermediate Health Outcomes --> Health and Social Outcomes

Global health

Health issues that transcend boundaries, best addressed cooperatively

Health Promotion Outcomes

Health literacy, Social influence and actions, Healthy public policies + organizational practice

Not just the absence of disease but overall health, emotional, mental, physical.

Health means __?

What term describes the results of health interventions?

Health outcomes

1974

Health promotion becomes pivotal in national health policy Canada's land mark policy statement US congress passes health information and promotion act (office of disease prevention and health promotion)

Measurements of the state of health of a specified individual or population are collectively termed?

Health status indicators

Community health

Health status of a defined group, includes actions to promote and protect it

Population health

Health status of a group that has no identity or locale, prisoners college students

Reducing the amount of young adults exposed to tobacco advertising and promotion (by 1.5 million pieces) is a goal of which program?

Healthy People 2020

Intermediate Health Outcomes

Healthy lifestyles, Effective health services, Healthy Environments

Top 5 Causes of Mortality

Heart disease, Cancer, COPD, Stroke, Accidents

What is the etiology of Hepatitis A viral infection?

Hepatitis A virus (incase it wasn't obvious)

What is the most common infectious disease in the world

Hepatitis B

Very Specific Screenings will have High or Low False Negatives?

High (or Low False Positives)

β-radiation

High-energy, electrons (beta particles) emitted from certain radioactive material classified as ionizing radiation. Can pass through 1 to 2 centimeters of water or human flesh and can be shielded by a thin sheet of aluminum. Beta particles are more deeply penetrating than alpha particles but cause less localized damage

ADA Principles of Ethics + Code of Professional COnduct (ADA Code)

Hippocratic Tradition 5 sections: I. Intro (standard to which all members of profession are held) II. Preamble (patient = primary goal) III. Principles (Patient Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, Justice, Veracity) IV. Interpretation/Application (always changing) V. Index

Ethnicity

Hispanic origin, not of Hispanic origin

Binders

Hold it together *Synthetic cellulose, Carageenan, Colloids, Xanthan gum

What are some other examples of Indoor Air Pollution?

Home furnishings, Cleaning agents (VOCs), Radon gas, and Tobacco smoke

Medicare: Part A

Hospital insurance program -inpatient hospital -skilled nursing facility -hospice and home care

The Chain of Causation cycles between Host, Environment, and Agent, measures such as immunizations interrupt the cycle between Agent and ______

Host

What is the communicable disease model?

Host - Nurse Agent - HIV Environment - Hospital

Thermophiles Location

Hot springs, compost pits,.....they are heat loving microbes.

Which type of hazard includes intentional or unintentional hazards, including attacks?

Human

Social Cognitive Theory

Human behavior interaction of: 1. Personal Factors 2. Self Regulated Behavior 3. Environment

What gas is dissolved in the aeration process that causes rotten egg smell and bad water taste?

Hydrogen sulfate

What is the principle party that responds immediately to disaster?

ICS-Incident Command System

Screening

ID pre-disease abnormality, early disease, disease risk markers by a test (applied rapidly) *does not diagnose *Goal = maximize benefits + minimize harm (reduce burden of disease + reduce incidence, morbidity and mortality)

Even Small differences in _______ affect society greatly, because it causes a greater increase in the lower bracket than a decrease in the upper bracket

IQ

Which rule originated from the Tuskegee study and involves a panel of local scientists and community members that approve clinical studies before they are conducted to ensure they are proper, ethical, and that informed consent is provided to participants?

IRBs-Institutional Review Boards

High Risk Approach

Identify those at high risk, Screening used +: preventive intervention, motavtion high, avoidance for those not at risk, conserves resources, great potential benefits -: success dependent on correct ID, success pallative, local and temporary, No attempt to alter situations that cause the probelm, feasability + cost, risk labeling effects, not behaviorally adequate

What is a Communicable disease?

If they come from another infected host, or as contagious, if they are easily transmitted between hosts

What IG increase with mucosa irritation, exercise, alcoholism, and Liver Disease?

IgA

What IG is the FIRST line of defence?

IgA

What Immunoglobin Increases with Infection, Chronic Disease, Multiple Myeloma, and Rheumatoid Arthritis

IgG

What is the most prevalent antibody in the body (85%)?

IgG

Rheumatoid Factors, and Gram Negative disease active what IG?

IgM

Patient Barriers to preventative care

Ignorance, desire not to change habits, cost, social norms, adherence to preventative practices (10-60%)

Define Morbidity.

Illness; Expressed as rate of illness in a given population at risk

Religion part of socio cultural factors

Immunization ,sexuality ,abortion

What is the Nature and Sources of ozone problem?

In 1996 - scientists demonstrated that UV-b levels over most populated areas increased. • Increases associated with human activities • Use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform. • These chemicals are found in home air conditioners, foam cushions, etc.

What are some of the causes of acid rain?

In U.S. ~64% of annual SO₂ emissions and 26% of NOx emissions are produced by electric utility plants that burn fossil fuels.

What term is a measure of the number of new cases reported in a given amount of time, usually a year?

Incidence

An ICS is Adaptable, Flexible, and based on Expertise. It can be effective with just the Operations section and the ________

Incident Commander

Affordable care act

Increase health insurance coverage to 32 million people

IOM Recommendations

Increase proportion of underrepresented US racial minorities among professionals Cross cultural education integrated into professional training Increase patient's knowledge Promote consistency + equity of care Payment systems structure Enhance patient-provider communication Use of interpretation services

The time between infection of an individual by a pathogen and the manifestation of the disease it causes is known as?

Incubation period

What are the Stages of Infectious Diseases?

Incubation period - time between an infection and occurrence of the first symptoms. Prodromal period - is a short time of generalized, mild symptoms such as malaise. Illness - is the most severe stage, when signs and symptoms are most evident. Fatal diseases end at this stage. Decline - is the stage during which the patient's body gradually returns to normal as the immune response and any medical treatments vanquish the pathogen. Convalescence - the patient recovers and tissues are repaired. BE ABLE TO LABEL FOR EXAM!!!!!

Outcomes (results)

Indicators of health status, risk reduction, and quality-of-life indicators -levels of disease -number of injuries -prevalence of risk factors

Health Promotion LEVELS

Individual (Behavior change) Group (schools, family practices) Societal (change laws, cultural change, societal education)

What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Physical Characteristics (genetics), SES-Socioeconomic Status, Educational Attainment, Psychological Factors, & Behaviors

Individual (internal)

Personal health activities

Individual actions decisions that affect health of self and or immediate circle

Tertiary Prevention

Individual or community has been cured of disease state. Goal is prevention of recurrence

What is an Iatrogenic disease?

Induced by treatment such as with antibiotics or medical procedures such as surgery.

Active Immunity

Induced in the host itself by an antigen and lasts much longer , sometimes lifelong.

What is the name of the smog when sulfur dioxide and suspended particles from the burning of coal?

Industrial smog (Grey smog)

A smoker that takes Quick, Shallow breaths while smoking is categorized as an __________

Inefficient Smoker

Defined as the number of live-born infants who die before their first birthday per 1,000 live births

Infant Mortality

A disease caused by a microorganism that enters the body and grows/multiplies there is known as an?

Infectious disease

Endemic

Infectious disease permanently present in a population, because there is always a sufficient reservoir of susceptible people e.g. common cold viruses or malaris in Africa.

Vaccine-preventable diseases

Infectious diseases that can be prevented from occurring, or reduced to a low incidence rate, by vaccination programmes that include a sufficiently high proportion of a population; globally, the term generally includes diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio and tuberculosis.

Which rule originated from the Tuskegee study and involves telling study participants about the positive and negative aspects of being in the study, as well as the purpose of the study?

Informed Consent

Genetics

Inherited; having to do with information that is passed from parents to offspring. through genes in sperm and egg cells

Anti-Halitosis

Inhibit production of volatile sulphur

Public health strategies

Initiatives to improve the health of the whole population either by preventing disease (e.g. through vaccination programmes, legislation and inspection to ensure adequate sanitation and water purity, housing standards and food safety, controlling pollution and dealing with community outbreaks of infectious disease), or by promoting health through public policies to educate communities, sustain living standards and provide access to health-promoting facilities.

SES part of socio cultural factors

Inner city conditions, medical accessibility ,psychological stress

Health Care Delivery System COMPONENTS

Institutions/Structure Functions Education/Personnel Economics/Funding Reimbursement Target Populations

Bismarck Model

Insurance system financed by employers/employees Health insurance plans cover everyone (No Profit) Doctors/Hospitals are private Government Regulations ie) GERMANY

Principlism

Integrated theory used by health care professional Uses ethical principles = common language Principles are not ordered *Autonomy *Nonmaleficience *Beneficience *Justice *Veracity *Fidelity *Avoidance of killing *Gratitude and reparation

What is a generic term used in public health to describe a program or policy designed to have an impact on a health problem?

Intervention

What is the term of an epidemiologic study in which the impact of some intervention on one group of subjects is compared with the effect of a placebo on a control group?

Intervention study

What was the PH shortfall with "public nuisance" laws, prior to EPA?

Intervention was Reactive, after sickness occurred

Assurance

Interventions or treatment that are applied by health professionals to address health concerns or problems that exist in the community or local environment.

Where is the effluent discharged after treatment?

Into natural water sources

Infection

Invasion and multiplication of germs in the body. Infections can occur in any part of the body and can spread throughout the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi. They can cause a fever and other problems, depending on where the infection occurs. When the body's natural defense system is strong, it can often fight the germs and prevent infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the natural defense system

Define Infection.

Invasion of the body by a pathogen

Ultraviolet radiation

Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation that reaches the Earth's surface is made up of two types of rays, called UVA and UVB rays. UVB rays are more likely than UVA rays to cause sunburn, but UVA rays pass deeper into the skin. Scientists have long thought that UVB radiation can cause melanoma and other types of skin cancer. They now think that UVA radiation also may add to skin damage that can lead to skin cancer and cause premature aging. For this reason, skin specialists recommend that people use sunscreens that reflect, absorb, or scatter both kinds of ultraviolet radiation. Also called UV radiation.

What is a Syndrome?

Is collection of signs, symptoms and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal condition. For example, malaise, loss of helper T cells, diarrhea, weight loss, pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis characterize AIDS.

Portal of exit

Is the site from where microorganisms leave the host to enter another host and cause disease/infection.

Portal of entry

Is the site where microorganisms enter the host and cause disease/infection.

Define Epidemiology.

Is the study of the location, course, and transmission of diseases within populations.

What major points of the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 do we need to know?

It says that all red meat slaughtered for retail must be inspected at the federal or state level

1796

Jenner and small pox vaccine

What group of people were most blamed for the causing the Bubonic Plague?

Jews

Who is considered the Father of Epidemiology?

John Snow

• In 1831-1832, 1848, 1853 and 1866 there were cholera epidemics that killed many people. • In 1854 this man proved there was a link between cholera and the water supply (this was before Pasteur published his Germ Theory in 1861). • He did lots of research, including going from house-to-house interviewing people, to build up a detailed picture of a cholera outbreak around Broad Street, London. • He plotted the deaths onto a map and noticed that they centred around a particular water pump. • He removed the handle of the water pump, and the deaths stopped. It later emerged that a nearby cesspool had a cracked lining, and its contents had seeped into the drinking water.

John Snow

• This man was the Chief Engineer on London's Metropolitan Board of Works and created the extensive network of sewers under central London. • These made a huge impact on the health of Londoners and the bulk of the system remains in use today. • The system channeled the waste through miles of sewers into a series of main intercepting sewers, which slowly transported it eastwards so that it could be pumped into the tidal Thames.

Joseph Bazalgette

Influenza, Hept B, and Rabies are what type of vaccine?

Killed or Fractionated Viral

T Cell

Killer cells attack cells directly; secrete cytokines that enhance cellular responses to Antigens; secrete toxins that kill antigen-bearing cells; secrete growth inhibiting factors that prevent cell growth.

Sterilization

Killing of all microorganisms

Cardiovascular disease

Kills more Americans than next five causes combined

Dental Provider Barriers

Knowledge/quality of evidence, conflicting recommendations, lack of time, attitudes, value of interventions, disorganized dental records

___________ was the site of an emergency response by the EPA because it posed a significant chemical fire hazard to the area

Knoxville College

In order to prove that a given infectious agent causes a given disease, what must a scientist must satisfy?

Koch's postulates: 1. The suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The cultured pathogen must cause the disease when introduced into a healthy host. 4. The same pathogen must be re-isolated from the diseased host. Note: Certain circumstances can make the use of Koch's postulates difficult or even impossible.

Verstehbarkeit

Kognitive Fähigkeit einer Person Informationen klar, strukturiert und in sich schlüssig aufzunehmen (Ich verstehe, dass ich Diabetes habe und was es bedeutet)

Krankheit

Krankheit meint das Fehlen des vollständigen psychischen, physischen und seelischen Zustands. Die Lebensvorgänge in Organen oder im Gesamten Organismus bzw. das seelische und psychische Empfinden ist gestört

Mass Screening

Large-scale or whole population

Community six part of physical factor

Larger community greater range of health problems, greater number of heal resources

What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms?

Late

Metal responsible for Depressing IQ in children under age six, because it is easily absorbed and interferes with organ development

Lead

Homes built before the 1940s are more likely to have _________

Lead-based Paint

Top 2 ___________ of Death: 1. Heart Disease 2. Cancer

Leading Causes

Laissez-Faire

Leaving things alone and not interfering

Factors influencing Health Care Delivery

Licensing/Training expectations of professionals Delayed implementation of research Changing patterns of disease Financial incentives/socio-demographic changes International affairs-globalization

Years of potential life lost:

Life expectancy minus age at death (current life expectancy is 75) the number of years lost when death occurs before the age of 75.

1900 life expectancy

Life expectancy was age 47

What is the etiology of listeriosis?

Listeria monocytogenes

Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Polio are what type of vaccines?

Live Attenuated Viral

There are 42 known antibiotic resistant genes from antibiotic treated _________ found in the human gut, contributing to clinical antibiotic resistance

Livestock

19th century

Living conditions in Europe unsanitary, U.S. Experiences westward expansion, rigged individuals, government approach to health hands off, lassiez faire

Local Environmental factors associated with enamel defects

Local acute mechanical trauma, Local irradiation, Electrical burn, Local infection

Local authorities

Local councils with the power to improve conditions in a local area

Health Determinants are types of ___________, because they can be Internal (inherited or learned), or External (characteristics of place of living/work)

Locus of Control (self-efficacy)

What type of data format is used by environmental scientists, because it skews data up so that no zero concentration is allowed?

Log-normal Distribution

Detergents

Loosen debris *Sodium lauryl sulfate, Sodium N-lauryl sarcosinate

• This man was the leader of the Conservative Party and did not think more people should have the vote. • However, he did not want the Tories to be seen as a party that was against reform. • He introduced a bill that gave lots more men the vote. • This bill became the 1867 Reform Act.

Lord Derby

• In 1861 this man published his 'Germ Theory'. He proved the air contains living micro-organisms, which can cause decay and infection. • This finally disproved 'spontaneous generation' theory, and the idea that disease was spread by miasma. • Not everyone believed him, and it was a while before his discovery had an impact on public health reforms.

Louis Pasteur

Germ Theory

Louis Pasteur's idea that some diseases are caused by microorganisms (germs)

Very Sensitive Screenings will have High or Low False Negatives?

Low (or High False Positives)

People who live and work in areas of ___________ Status are at increased risk for Mortality, Morbidity, Unhealthy behaviors, & Reduced access to care

Low Socioeconomic

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL disparity impact

Lower life expectancy, Decreased quality of life, Loss of economic opportunities, perception of injustice

Economy part of socio cultural factors

Lower tax revenue, job loss

What is the first group of diseases that was associated with Smoking?

Lung Disease

Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Achieving healthier behavior, preventing relapse

Maintenance

An X-ray of the breasts to screen for breast Cancer is known as a?

Mammogram

Medicare: Part C

Managed Care plans -medicare advantage

1798

Marine hospital (forerunner of US public health services )

The following characteristics refer to?: Views healthcare as an economic good Free market healthcare delivery Care distributed based on ability to pay Emphasis on Individual well-being Private solutions to social problems Individual Responsibility for Health ***

Market Justice

Under which type of justice system is each individual responsible for their own health outcomes?

Market Justice

Tertiärprävention

Massnahme die durchgeführt wird, wenn sich eine Krankheit oder ein unerwünschter Zustand bereits manifestiert hat. Man rehabilitiert die Menschen um Folgeschäden oder Rückfälle zu verhindern (Palliative Betreuung, Kuren, Rehas)

Sekundärprävention

Massnahmen zur Krankheitsfrüherkennung und Krankheitseindämmung mit dem Ziel das Voranschreiten einer Krankheit einzudämmen (Krebsuntersuchungen (man gehört z.B. schon weil man Mann ist zur Risikogrupppe für Prostatakrebs), Blutdruckscreenig)

Deontological Ethics

Means are separate from the ends Emphaiss on the morality of the act

Koplik Spots, Cough, Fever

Measels

20th century Reform phase

Medical discoveries did little to improve average persons health, poor paying ,hard labor, unsafe jobs, connection between poverty and health

1950-1970

Medicare and Medicaid , increase cost of health care

MPs

Members of Parliament who can pass laws in the Houses of Parliament

Brudzinski's test

Menagitis

What has an untreated mortality rate of 70-100% and is characterized by Fever, Chills, Cranial Pressure, Muchal Rigidity, and a Postitive Brudzinski's test?

Menagitis

What are the uses of Methylene chloride?

Methylene chloride is predominantly used as a solvent in paint strippers and removers; as a process solvent in the manufacture of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and film coatings; as a metal cleaning and finishing solvent in electronics manufacturing; and as an agent in urethane foam blowing. Methylene chloride is also used as a propellant in aerosols for products such as paints, automotive products, and insect sprays. It is used as an extraction solvent for spice oleoresins, hops, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee. However, due to concern over residual solvent, most decaffeinators no longer use methylene chloride. Methylene chloride is also approved for use as a postharvest fumigant for grains and strawberries and as a degreening agent for citrus fruit.

Which Theory of Disease incorporates Toxicology, and states that substances produced by microorganisms can be inhaled and cause illness?

Miasma Theory of Disease

• This man wanted to clean up the River Thames • He was an English chemist and physicist • He wrote a letter to The Times arguing 'the whole of the river was an opaque pale brown fluid' and that the river was nothing more than 'a real sewer.'

Michael Faraday

90% of the cells in our body are _______, accounting for 1-3% of our body weight

Microbial

Microbes

Microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi and protoctists), together with viruses and infectious prions, whether pathogenic or harmless; also known as microorganisms. This umbrella term also include viruses and prions (infectious proteins) although these are not classed as organisms.

What stage of Alcoholism is characterized by Drinking more than planned and Drinking as soon as awakening?

Middle/Late

Which village in Japan was made famous by the poisoning of its population in the 1950s, causing brain damage in children?

Minamata

What was the first U.S. state to enact a Clean Indoor Act (state-wide law)?

Minnesota

Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the likelihood of occurrence, or reduce the damaging effects of an unavoidable hazard; such as having earthquake resistant building codes and tornado bunkers?

Mitigation

National Health Insurance Model

Mix between Beveridge + Bismarck models Mainly private sector Government insurance program No profit ie) CANADA

What are the sources of air pollution?

Mobile Sources • Cars, buses, planes, trucks, trains Stationary Sources • Factories, power plants, smelters • Mills and refineries Other Sources • Area Sources (smaller stationary sources) • Dry cleaners, degreasing operations • Natural Sources • Windblown dust, volcanic eruptions

Healthy people 2020

Mobilize, assess, plan,implement, track

Tax

Money that has to be paid to the government from your earnings

Paul Bunnel Test

Mononucleosis

Moral Dilemma

Moral principles that exist come into contact (what values take priority?)

Moral weakness

Morals require an Action conflicts with self-interest

What is the other name for disease?

Morbidity

What is the term often used to mean illness or disease?

Morbidity

Bioethics

More applied, geared to clinical decision Considered more theoretical + philosophical

Black

More than ½ live in the southern part of USA Lower ed. Rate than whites but slightly higher than Hispanics 25% live in poverty 3x more than whites impact of slavery: forbidden treatments => underground system of treatment by untrained providers

What describes the incidence of deaths per unit of time, most often per year, in a population?

Mortality rate

Health and Societal Outcomes

Mortality, Morbidity, Quality of Life and disability, Equity

How is Dengue Fever transmitted?

Mosquitos

IgG

Most prevalent antibody in the body and increases secondary to IgM to help fight off viruses, bacteria, and toxin.

Mesophiles growth locations

Mostly on plants and animals. Also soil and water grow best normal body temps

Fever, Malaise, Testicular swelling and tenderness. Has an RNA virus. These are symptoms of what disease?

Mumps

Lymphocytes

Must be activated before a response to an antigen is possible.

What term describes contracts made between cities to ensure they help each other respond to disasters?

Mutual Aid Agreements

What are the etiologic agents for Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium bovis, tuberculosis, avium

What other agents produce granulomatous lesions?

Mycotic agents, fungi, foreign bodies, higher bacteria (mycoplasma etc.)

Anthrax symptoms (GI)

N/V Loss of appetite fever Abdominal pain Severe diarrhea (only sx differentiating it between GI and inhalation)

What is the primary federal agency for biochemical research, which has its own laboratories and also provides funding to biomedical scientists at universities and research centers?

NIH-National Institutes of Health

Pharmacologic treatments

NRT Sustained-release bupropion Chantix

1. Promote oral health 2. Improve the quality of life 3. Eliminate oral health disparities (equality)

National Initiatives for public dental health include:

NPRT stands for ______

National Pharmacy Response Team

NPCR

National Program of Cancer Registries *Administered by CDC

Notifiable diseases

National list of diseases that each state is required to report, but each state may have diseases of interest that they are tracking.

Which type of hazard includes hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, fires, etc.?

Natural

Factors that shape Dental Care

Need, Disease trends, Demand, Cost, Size of Work Force, Access to care, Quality of Care, Legislation, Technology, Emphasis on treatment or prevention, Infrastructure

Prevalence

New and pre-existing cases in a given population during a specified period

Which chemical in cigarettes causes the Addiction to smoking, through Dopamine release, and raises blood pressure?

Nicotine

Causes Gastero-intestinal Cancer

Nitrates

Do all treatment plants include filtration in their wastewater treatment?

No

Communicable disease

No longer a leading cause of death, but few are eradicated, new diseases, bioterrorism

Out of Pocket Model

No mass medical health care (rich get care, poor stay sick or die) ie) CHINA, AFRICA, INDIA, SOUTH AMERICA

Tooth Wear

Non-carious, pathological loss of tooth tissue by physical (abrasion, attrition, abfraction) or chemical (erosion) means

Reservoirs of infection

Non-human hosts of a zoonotic pathogen. Some infectious diseases (e.g. typhus) became widespread in humans only when forest habitats were cleared for grazing and agriculture, and large settled populations came into close proximity for the first time.

Where is it believed that Norwalk viral infection originated?

Norwalk, Ohio

What is a Biological vector?

Not only transmit pathogens they also serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during some stage of its life cycle

A disease that the law requires be reported to public health authorities as part of the public health surveillance system is known as a?

Notifiable disease

Formula for Prevalence Rate (PR)

Number of cases of a disease in the population during specified time / Number of persons at risk of having the disease during that time.

Rate

Number of events in a given population over time or at a given point in time used for comparison(natal

Morbidity Rates & Populations

Number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator

Morbidity Rate

Number of individuals who develop a disease in a given time period is the numerator, and the number of people in the population at risk for the disease is the denominator -Incidence Rates -Prevalence Rates

Define Incidence.

Number of new cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. BE ABLE TO DEFINE ALL THE FOLLOWING DEFINITIONS

Incidence rate

Number of new cases in a population exposed over a period of time; helpful in study of acute illnesses

Cases

Number of people sick or number of deaths

Healthy People 2020 Obectives

OH-1: Reduce proportion of kids who have dental caries experience to 30% OH-3: Reduce proportion of adults with untreated dental decay to 25% OH-7: Increase proportion of kids and adults who use oral health care system to 49% OH-12: Increase proportion of kids who received dental sealants on their molars to 1.5%

Oral Cancer in Healthy People 2020

OH-6 = Increase proportion of oral cancers detected in earliest stage OH 14.1 = Increase proportion adults recieve info from dentist to quit smoking/tobacco use OH 14.2 = Increase proportion of adults who are screened for oral cancer

What is the federal agency, part of the Department of Labor, that is responsible for occupational health and the prevention of injury?

OSHA-Occupational Safety & Health Administration

Which agency was passed to prevent workers from being killed or seriously harmed at work. The law requires employers to provide their employees with working conditions that are free of known dangers. It sets and enforces protective workplace safety and health standards, provides information and training, and assistance to workers and employers

OSHA-Occupational Safety and Health Administration

A person is considered ________ if their BMI is 30 or more

Obese

Lifestyle disease

Obesity, lack of exercise ,use of ATD

Viruses

Obligatory intercellular parasites that require a living hosts cells in order to multiply.

Phenotype

Observable characteristics resulting from interaction between an organism's genetic makeup and the environment

Naturally acquired immunitity

Occurs through contact with a disease causing agent, when the contact was not deliberate.

Bioaccumulation

Occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost, and is common for persistent organic pollutants.

When does Acid Rain occur?

Occurs when sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere react with water, oxygen and oxidants to form acidic compounds. Components can be dry (gas or particles) or wet in the form of rain, snow or fog.

Conservatives

One of the 2 main political parties in the 1800s. The others were the Liberals

Potassium Nitrate + SnF

Only accepted desensitizer

What is a mechanical vector?

Only passively carry pathogens to new hosts on their feet or other body parts.

An ICS consists of a Finance section, Logistics section, Planning section, and an _______ section, consisting of the Chief and Staff

Operations ("Doers")

Infections that take advantage of opportunity when a person's immune system has been weakened by HIV are known as? At least 25 conditions are associated.

Opportunistic infections

ow does US pay for health care delivery compared to many other nations

Other developed countires utilize national health plans paid for by tax dollars. BUT US pays for health care delivery through PROVIDERS.

A sudden increase in the incidence of a disease is defined as an _______

Outbreak

A healthy BMI is considered to be below 25, a person is considered ________ if their BMI is between 25 and 29.9

Overweight

Recently there is a high prevalence among Mexican Boys (28%) and African Girls (27%) of which condition?

Overweightness (Diabetes II also being diagnosed in children)

Where do ozone holes form?

Ozone hole forms over the Antarctic each year and ozone levels fall to 70% below normal

Group of chemicals that are common environmental pllutants

PCBs-Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Polio can cause

Paralysis, Death

An organism that lives off another organism (host) but does not contribute to the welfare of the host is known as?

Parasite

PM 10 particles < 10 um (micrometers, aerodynamic diameter)

Particulate matter airborne particles, a common type of air pollution - Smaller than a human hair that can penetrate the respiratory system as far as the tracheobronchial region. These particles are also regulated by the US EPA but the focus is shifting to PM2.5.

PM 2.5 particles < 2.5 μm (micrometers, aerodynamic diameter)

Particulate matter airborne particles, a common type of air pollution - Smaller than a human hair, that can penetrate the respiratory system as far as the deep lung (alveolar region). Airborne levels of particles of this size are regulated by the US EPA. Exposure to this type of air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects including respiratory, cardiovascular, and adverse birth outcomes.

1863

Pasteur proposes germ theory, last third of century-biological period

What is any parasite that causes disease called?

Pathogen

What are Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents?

Pathogens that have a variety of traits that enable them to cause disease.

Lower abdominal Stress, Cervical Motion Tenderness. Vaginal Discharge, a history of STDs

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Antibiotics to treat Gram positive bacteria

Penecillins, cephalosporins, macrolids, lincosamides

γ-radiation

Penetrating electromagnetic waves or rays emitted from nuclei during radioactive decay, similar to x-rays. Dense materials such as concrete and lead are used to provide shielding against this type of ionizing radiation

Health Care System

People + Institutions + Resources --> Deliver Health Care Services

1. Health 2. Public health 3. Dental public health

People's Health encompasses __?

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment.

What are the Environmental Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants?

Persistent toxic air pollutants can accumulate in plants and animals magnifying up the food chain A particular concern in aquatic ecosystems where greater magnification can occur

Rapid Coughs, deep, high-pitched Respiration. Gram-Negative Bactria Stain

Pertussis AKA whooping couch

One response from pharmacy to reduce water contamination by drugs is participating in __________

Pharmaceutical Collection Programs

Improving individual health through medication, ensuring medications are used effectively and appropriately, and assuming responsibility as a citizen, are all Roles of _________ in PH

Pharmacists (promote, educate, advocate)

What is the name of the smog when air pollutants reacts with sunlight?

Photochemical smog (brown smog)

Lower SES is associated with even less _______, than people with high SES

Physical Activity

Disease

Physical or mental disease state. Manifestation of some type of physiological injury or state.

Multi dimensions of health

Physical, emotional, social, spiritual, occupational

Factors that influence health of a community

Physical, sociocultural ,community organization ,individual

An ineffective pill or agent used in a control group to gauge the effect of an actual treatment in another group, is known as a?

Placebo

Chest xray showing Lobar Infiltrates

Pneumonia

Left un-vaccinated, Measles can cause:

Pneumonia, Encephalitis, Mental Retardation, Death

Intoxication

Poisoning: the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substanc

Health Behaviors are covered under which Core Function of PH?

Policy Development

The process by which a public health agency exercises its responsibility to serve the public interest in the development of comprehensive policies by promoting use of scientific knowledge is known as? One of the core functions.

Policy Development

What is the missing basic function performed by public health agencies: Assessment, Assurance, and ______?

Policy Development

where law are planned and developed to support community issues

Policy development as a core function of public health is:

New Liberalism

Political movement that argued government had a responsibility to care for the most vulnerable in society. This would involve taxing the wealthy to pay for reforms.

Socialism

Political system based on equality and fairness rather than ownership of private property and the exploitation of workers

What is one environmental concern that is not currently being addressed properly, as not enough research to produce reliable data is occurring?

Pollution by Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products

What is considered PH Enemy (Threat) Number Two and growing?

Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity

Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Obesity, Stroke, Diabetes, & Cancer?

Poor Diet & Physical Inactivity

Which Pope associated cats with the devil, contributing to the killing of millions of cats?

Pope Gregory IX (1232)

Public Health Interventions

Population-based services that target the needs of the people. -clinical prevention -community prevention -population-based prevention

Zielgruppe

Populationsprävention, Risikogruppenprävention, Individuum

Emerson Report

Postwar plan for PH in US after WWII -recommended 50K people/LPHA *beginning of streamlining PH practice

Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: No intention to change

Precontemplation

Defined as birth occurring before 37 weeks of pregnancy

Premature birth

Which stage of change of the TTM is described?: Decided on changing, have a plan to change

Preparation

Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves developing plans for the what, where, and who of an emergency event before it occurs; such as being certified by different programs?

Preparedness

What describes the proportion of persons in a population who have a particular disease at a specified point in time?

Prevalence

Preservatives

Prevent microbial growth *Methyl paraben, Sodium benzoate

Humectants

Prevent water loss *Glycerin, Propylene glycol, Sorbitol

Defined as activities taken by an individual believed by themselves to be healthy and prevent disease

Preventive Health Behavior

Activities that are intended to prevent the onset of a disease or injury, are known as types of?

Primary prevention

Dental Fluorosis Prevalence

Primary teeth = unknown in US 2nd molars most often and most severly affected 60.6% US not affected by fluorosis

Levels of Preventative Care

Primordial = minimize future hazards to health Primary = healthy person preventing development of disease Secondary = disease @ early/reversible stage Tertiary = Containment of disease + rehabilitation Quaternary = Mitigate/avoid results of unnecessary or excessive intervention

Prävention - Zeitpunkt

Primärprävention Sekundärprävention Tertiärprävention

20th century

Private health was not enough, new deal ,SS act, National cancer institute, CDC, polio vaccine

Operating budget

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you collect fees, in public health you have what instead?

Analysis

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete a diagnosis in public health you do what instead?

Program evaluation

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete a patient evaluation, in public health you have what instead?

Program planning

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you complete treatment planning, in public health you do what instead?

Survey

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you perform and exam, in public health you do what instead?

Implementation and follow through

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you provide treatment, in public health you do what instead?

public community

Private vs Public Health: In private practice you see a patient, in public health you serve who instead?

What term is a calculation of what may be expected, based on what has happened in the past under similar conditions?

Probability

Negative Predictive Value (PV-)

Probability of negative test result = no disease

Positive Predictive Value (PV+)

Probability of positive test result = has the disease

Clinical Prevention

Programs or interventions that target individuals. A program can target individuals, as well as target communities and the individuals in those communities.

What is the third type of PH Intervention that is generally accepted against drugs, but not alcohol use?

Prohibition

Education vs Promotion

Promotion not only about education, but more

Survival

Proportion of patients alive at some point

What is Attack Rate?

Proportional number of cases developing in the population that was exposed to an infectious agent.

Secondary prophylaxis

Protection taken against worsening condition

How many calories are in 2 grams of protein and 3 grams of carbohydrates?

Protein=8 (1 gram=4 cal) Carbohydrates=12 (1gram=4cal)

Antigen

Protiens and other large molecules to determine which belong to self.

Flavor/Sweetener

Provide taste *Socium Saccharin, Xylitol **NO ADA toothpaste has sugar

Health Care Resources

Providers: physicians, nurses, dentists, etc. -Specialties -Technology -Health care delivery systems: HMO's, PPO's

Prävention

Prävention geht von der Pathogenese aus, also von der Krankheit einer Person, bzw. einer Bevölkerungsgruppierung. Es sind Interventionen, welche darauf ausgerichtet sind Krankheiten und Unfälle zu verhüten oder das Fortschreiten einer Krankheit zu verlangsamen oder zu verhindern.

Life Expectancy, Infant Mortality, Morbidity, Mortality, & Median Age, are indicators of ___________

Public Health

Organized community efforts to ensure conditions in which people can be healthy, and activities undertaken to prevent, identify, and counter threats to health, are strategies of what field?

Public Health

Education, Regulation, & Prohibition are types of ___________

Public Health Interventions

Winslow defines it as The science and art of preventing disease and prolonging life, physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts.

Public Health means?

Anti-Calculus

Pyrophophates (stabilize Calcium levels)

Enamel Hypomineralization

QUALITATIVE DEFECT *Colored patches *Esthetic concern

Enamel Hypoplasia

QUANTITATIVE DEFECT *Less enamel *more susceptible to caries

Environment part of physical factor

Quality of stewardship, population growth, natural resources

What PH Intervention has been most successful at reducing the Prevalence of smoking among Young People?

Raising Taxes (sounds wrong, but isn't, age restrictions ineffective)

What term describes the division of a sample into two or more comparable groups by some random method that eliminates biased selection?

Randomization

What term describes the proportion of some disease or condition in a group per unit of time?

Rate

What is the source of food borne campylobacter?

Raw, undercooked chicken

Infrastructure components

Recognizable resources include -Human Resources -Informational resources -Financial resources -Organizational resources

What is a Convalescent Carrier?

Recovered but still can be transferred

Screening Pathway

Recruit target population Screen targeted population Assess Diagnose Outcome (reduce morbidity and mortality)

Capacity (Inputs)

Refers to resources or relationships that are necessary to accomplish the core functions of public health (turnock, 2004)

Precursor Prevention

Refers to those factors and interventions that may prevent disease.

Crime Laws, Traffic Helmet/Seatbelt Laws, Restrictions on alcohol/drugs, & Age restrictions of many behaviors, are which type of PH Intervention?

Regulation

White-collar

Relates to jobs that are usually salaried and are not manual labour

What describes a comparison of 2 morbidity or mortality rates using a calculation of the ratio of one to the other?

Relative risk

What types of locations tend to have a higher chance of an outbreak?

Relatively small areas with a dense population (NYC, LA, Washington D.C.)

The Superfund process required a cumbersome Site Assessment Phase, as well as a ___________ Phase, which included evaluation of clean up options, and state/federal agency review

Remedial

Passive Surveillance

Reporting of disease by physicians, labs, hospitals (cancer registry, birth registry, etc)

Obligate anaerobes

Require an Oxygen-free enviroment.

Obligate Aerobes

Require oxygen at levels comparable to room air.

Microaerophiles

Require oxygen at levels lower than room air.

What describes a place where a pathogen lives and multiplies before invading a non-infected person, some reside in animals, food, or water?

Reservoir

Herd immunity

Resistance of a group to a pathogen due to immunity of a large proportion of the group to that pathogen

Antibiotic resistance

Resistance of microbial pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi and protoctists) to antimicrobial drugs using one of several molecular mechanisms, e.g. target molecule modification or replacement, antibioticinactivating enzymes, reduced permeability to the antibiotic, and low-specificity membrane pumps that expel the antibiotics from the cell.

What is the difference between Respiratory Droplet and Aerosol?

Respiratory Droplet - close by Aerosol - 1 meter away

Which Disaster Management Cycle component involves ensuring your safety and well-being in an emergency, and the use of Triage, Treatment and Transport during the emergency; such as having first aid available?

Response

Vector-borne disease

Result from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding anthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples include West Nile virus, dengue fever, viral encephalitis and malaria

What was the 1997 Amendments to the clean air act?

Revised Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards

List the RNA Viruses

Rhabodviridae (Lyssavirus) Paramyxoviridae (Paramyxovirus, Pneumovirus, Morbillivirus)

The Framingham Study found that the incidence of heart disease was increasing, as well as found the ________ associated

Risk Factors

What term describes a quantitative estimate of the degree of hazard to a population presented by some decision? Possible risks are weighed against possible benefits.

Risk assessment

Which characteristic has been demonstrated to statistically increase a person's chance of developing a disease?

Risk factor

Vibratory/Stillmans Technique

Roll toward occlual from gums

Surviellance data

Routinely collected statistics, stored in regional, national or international databases, on episodes of specified diseases, disorders or disabilities (morbidity) and on deaths from specific causes (mortality); surveillance data come from many sources, including registers of notifiable diseases, medical records, population surveys and research studies.

A patient comes into your office with; a fine maculopapular rash, posterior cervical and postauricular lymphadenopathy. They have severe arthralgia resulting from a togavirus

Rubella

Nutrition, Sanitation, Physical environment, Access, and Behavior are all affected by ________

SES

Which concept includes the effects of Income, Education, and Occupation as strong Determinants of Health?

SES

Higher ______ is associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity

SES-Socioeconomic Status

What is the most important predictor of Health?

SES-Socioeconomic status

What term describes a cache of pharmaceuticals maintained by the CDC, used for disaster relief responses, and that is rotated through 12 unknown locations?

SNS-Strategic National Stockpile

What is the etiology of salmonellosis?

Salmonella sp.

What was the first U.S. city to establish Non-smoking laws for the Workplace (city-wide law)?

San Francisco, Cali

Epidemiology

Scientific analysis of disease etiology, patterns of infection, and disease prediction among the general population. *what is the cause and how is it spread, who is at risk*

Checking for a disease when there are no symptoms is known as?

Screening

Allocative efficiency

Screening worthwile?

Activities intended to minimize the risk of progression of or complications from a disease or to minimize damage from an injury are known as types of?

Secondary prevention

This man studied the lives of poor people in York. He wrote two studies: • 'Poverty, a Study of Town Life' (1901) • 'Poverty and Progress' (1936) He was close friends with David Lloyd George. His influence can be seen in the Liberal reforms 1906 - 1912.

Seebohm Rowntree

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self Actualization Self Esteem (value) Acceptance/Belonging Safety Survival

Autonomy

Self rule *Informed Consent *Confidentiality

Defined as people's sense that they are in control of their lives. High _______ is beneficial to health.

Self-efficacy

What type of screening yields Few False Negatives?

Sensitive screenings

How does ground level ozone effect the ecosystem?

Sensitive vegetation, including forest trees and plants during the growing season. • reduced tree growth • visible injury to leaves • increased susceptibility of sensitive plant species to disease • damage from insects • effects of other pollutants • competition and harm from severe weather.

What term describes the ability of a test to avoid false negatives in identifying a disease or condition in those who have it?

Sensitivity

What are the secondary standards?

Sets limits to protect public welfare Including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings

U.S. dept. of health and human services

Shaped community health, formed in 1980, division of health, education, and welfare into HHS and DOE, 24 percent

1850

Shattock report marks beginning of modern public health era; 1872, APHA founded

Health Care Safety Net Amendments of 2002

Signed by President Bush Included grants for primary dental programs

What describes there being only a small statistical probability that the same result could have been found by chance and that the intervention had no real effect?

Significance

One of the Superfund phases was a cumbersome ___________ Phase, which included evaluation of site history and ecological status, and risk assessment

Site Assessment

What are reservoirs of infection?

Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection.

Politics part of socio cultural factors

Size of government

What are the Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants in plants?

Slowed growth Suggestions that marine phytoplankton are already under stress

The Risk Factors contributing to heart disease that were found by the Framingham Study include High Blood Pressure, High Cholesterol, and ________

Smoking

What are the most important causes of oral cancer?

Smoking/smokeless tobacco, Alcohol, Infection with oncogenic viruses

The following characteristics refer to?: Views healthcare as a social resource Government involvement in healthcare delivery Care distributed based on need, equal access a right Emphasis on Community well-being Public solutions to social problems Collective Responsibility for Health ***

Social Justice

Defined as Emotional and practical Help provided by family and friends (it helps people cope with stress)

Social Support

The Alameda County Study falls under which Psychological Factor affecting behavior, which can buffer Stress (another factor)?

Social Support

Demographic variables

Social characteristics that are routinely recorded in population statistics, most commonly age, sex, marital status, ethnic group, occupation, educational level, income band or some other measure of material circumstances (such as 'social class' in the UK).

The ________ promoting overeating and children-targeted ads from the food industry make it difficult to change eating patterns, PH is focusing on children now

Social environment

Societal Contract

Society has to sanction the profession + recognize it for it to exist Profession must have value to society

The new Choosemyplate.gov guidelines aim to avoid Oversized portions, Increase fruits/veggies/grains/water consumption, and to Reduce _________ consumption by comparing and choosing foods with lower content

Sodium

Rate-payer

Someone who has to pay local taxes (rates)

Public Health Practice

Source of primary and secondary prevention services. Activities carried out by multiple members of the health care and public health fields.

What type of screening yields Few False Positives?

Specific screenings

The term describing the ability of a test to avoid mistaken identifications, such as false positives, is known as?

Specificity

Spezifität

Spezifische Präventionen auf eine Risikogruppe bezogen Unspezifische Prävention auf die gesamte Bevölkerung bezogen

Capsid shapes

Spherical Helical(Coiled tubes) Polyhedral(multi sided) Bullet or rod shaped

Amylotylic enzyme

Split carbohydrate and starch into simple sugars

What is the most common form of oral cancer?

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Thickening agent

Stabilize formula *Mineral colloids, natural gums, seaweed colloids, synthetic cellulose

Assess Readiness to quit

Stage 1: Not ready to quit in the next month Stage 2: Ready to quit in the next month Stage 3: Recent quitter <6m Stage 4: Former tobacco user >6m

What is the etiology of Staphylococcus toxicosis?

Staphylococcus aureus toxin

What Level of Health Determinants is described?: Governance, PH System, Health System, and Health Insurance System

State/National (external)

The field of study that uses a scientific method to gather and analyze data to extract information, seek causation, and calculate probabilities is?

Statistics

What field uses a scientific method of gathering and analyzing data to extract information, seek causation, and calculate probabilities?

Statistics

List the Gram Positive Bacteria

Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, Bacillus, Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Dermatophilus, Nocardia (SSCCRAMBLED N)

Mortality is increased after death of a spouse, loss of job, and other traumatic events; increasing risk of heart disease, and exacerbating which factor affecting behavior?

Stress

Defined as a psychological and emotional state of tension, occurring when it is perceived that demands exceed ability to cope

Stress (Pharm school?)

Epidemiologist

Studies disease or health related occurrence in a population

What is Environmental health?

Study and management of environmental conditions that affect our health and well-being

Epidemiology

Study of distribution and determination of health related states or events in a specific population

Viruses Characteristics

Submicroscopic Acellular 10-300 nm contain only type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid

Which law was created to protect the environment in 1980?

Superfund Act

Which of the following PH Interventions by the government was most effective in Educating the public?: - Menu Labeling - Prohibition - Surgeon General's Report - Abstinence

Surgeon General's Report

Smoking rates peaked at 42% of population in the mid-1960s as cigarettes were made available to everyone, but began declining shortly after because of the first __________________ in 1964

Surgeon General's Report (at present it is 23%)

What is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice? This is closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those who need to know.

Surveillance

Reportable disease

Surveillance focuses on limited list of disease that spread easily through intimate or close contact.

SEER

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results *Provides information on cancer statistics *Collects + publishes cancer incidence & survival data

Actions such as immunizing break the chain of infection at which step by reducing the amount of people affected?

Susceptible Hosts

What are prominent lesions associated with the bubonic form of the plague?

Swellings or buboes in armpits, groin, or neck

What species is primarily humanely slaughtered with the Carbon Dioxide method?

Swine

Painless Ulcer on Genatial

Syhphillis

What is the recommended method of treatment for E.coli?

Symptomatic treatment

A 1932 study conducted in Alabama involved recruiting 400 poor, African American men with a disease. In this study, participants were guaranteed free food, treatment, and burials. The experimenters diagnosed the men with "bad blood", even though they knew the actual source of the infection and did not treat them with the appropriate antieffective drug, Penicillin. What disease did these men actually have?

Syphilis

TNM Staging

T = Size of TUMOR N = regional lymph NODE involved M = distant METASTASIS (spread of cancer)

Which agency helped Knoxville College clean up its laboratory site?

TDEC-TN Department of Environment and Conservation

True or False, Influenza outbreaks have a characteristic pattern of coming into a community quickly with a peak activity occurring in the 2nd and 3rd weeks and ending in the 5th and 6th weeks?

TRUE

Which health behavior model is broken up into 5 stages of change?

TTM-Transtheoretical Model

Which chemicals in cigarettes provide the flavor, damage cilia, and irritate the respiratory tract?

Tars

The Constitution of the United States authorizes the Federal Government to do what two things related to finance, in order to regulate?

Tax & Spend

Rates

Tax paid to your local council; today it is called council tax

Which type of hazard includes utility failure, transportation failure, structural disruptions, etc.?

Technological

Which age group is most sensitive to cigarette prices, which is why states raise their taxes and use the revenue to fund tobacco control programs?

Teenagers

What populations do tobacco companies focus ads on, to replace the 2 million smokers they lose yearly to death or cessation?

Teens (age most people begin smoking) & Women (advertise weight loss)

Veracity

Tell the truth *Accurate reporting

What is Sick building syndrome?

Term describes a situation in which the air quality in a building produces generalized signs and symptoms of ill health in the building's occupants.

Race vs Ethnicity

Terms can overlap Race = Socioeconomic position, lifestyle habits, use of health services Ethnicity = Culture, language, beliefs, religion, traditions

Stench

Terrible smell

Activities intended to minimize disability caused by a disease or injury, for example rehabilitation, are known as types of?

Tertiary prevention

Jae and Neck Stiffness, Dysphagia, and Irritability with a gram positive bacterial stain is characteristic of what disease?

Tetanus

What are the treatments of brucellosis?

Tetracyclines Trimethroprim sulfur (humans)

What are the treatment options for brucellosis?

Tetracyclines and trimethoprim-sulfur in human

Antibiotics to treat Gram negative bacteria

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, 2nd generation or greater cephalosporins

Pathogenicity

The Ability to cause disease; microbe cable of causing infection is said to be pathogenic.

Portals of Entry

The Avenue by which pathogens gain entry into the body.

What is the layman's term for the plague?

The Black Death

Microbiology

The Branch of science concerened with the study of organisms

Endemic

The Constant presence of disease or infectious agents within a given geographic area; may also refer to a given disease within such an area.

Epidemiology

The Study of the Distribution and determinants of disease and injuries in a given population.

Define Infectivity.

The ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host

Wellness

The ability to adapt, to relate effectively, and to function near-maximum capacity and includes self-responsibility, nutritional awareness, physical fitness, stress mangement, envoirmental sensitivity, productivity, expression of emotions, self expressions

Define Pathogenicity.

The capability of a communicable disease agent to cause disease in a susceptible host

Resistance

The capacity of an organism to defend itself against disease.

Define Etiology.

The cause of disease - Founded by Koch

Sterile immunity

The complete elimination by the host's immune response of the pathogens responsible for an infectious disease (e.g. the influenza virus is eliminated from the body as the illness resolves).

Genome

The complete genetic material of an organis

Immunity

The condition of being protected against an infectious disease. Immunity can be caused by a vaccine, previous infection with the same agent, or by transfer of immune substances from another person or animal

1. Assessment 2. Policy development 3. Assurance

The core functions of public health are:

Cultural competency

The demonstrated awareness and integration of three population-specific issues 1. health-related and cultural values 2. disease incidence and prevalence 3. Treatment efficacy *a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency, or among professionals and enable effective work in cross-cultural situations.

Incidence rate

The direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time -The rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.

Incidence Rate

The direct estimate of a probability or risk of developing a disease during a specified period of time. -The IR is the rate of new disease cases during a particular period of time.

Infection

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animal.

What is Index case?

The first case of the disease in a given area or population.

Selection pressure

The forces impacting on survival and reproduction in a population of organisms in which there is variation between individuals in their ability to withstand adverse conditions or benefit from advantageous circumstances. The result of a selection pressure (e.g. infectious disease or food shortages in host populations, exposure to antibiotics or antibodies in pathogen populations) is that individuals who are best adapted to withstand it or benefit from it leave a larger proportion of offspring in the next generation, while those who are less well adapted suffer reproductive disadvantage.

Health

The general condition of body and mind

1. Prevents epidemics 2. Protects against environmental hazards 3. Prevents injuries 4. Promotes & encourages healthy behaviors 5. Responds to disasters and assists communities in recovery 6. Ensures the quality & accessibility of health services

The government's role in public health is to do what?

Government

The group with the power to make decisions and run the country. In 19th century Britain it was elected by the wealthy people.

In a slaughtered animal, what are the three main parts of the body that the veterinarian must inspect?

The head, carcass, and intestines

Population at risk

The members of a population who could develop a particular disease, disorder or disability. For many conditions the whole population is at risk since anyone could be affected, but certain conditions predominantly or exclusively affect a particular gender, age, occupation or ethnic group who are the 'at risk' population; for infectious diseases, the population at risk are those who are susceptible to the infection.

Bioactivation

The metabolic activation of xenobiotic compounds into reactive , toxic compounds.

Threshold dose

The minimum dose that will produce a detectable degree of any given effect.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. Also called deoxyribonucleic acid

Chlamydial infections are:

The most common STD (4 Million per year)

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths in the first year of life per 1000 births.

Incidence

The number of new cases of a disease arising in a given period, usually a year, expressed as a proportion of the population at risk (the incidence rate).

Epidemic

The occurrence in a community of region of cases of an illness.(outbreak clearly in excess of expectancy)

Carcinogenesis

The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells to cause clinical cancer

Case fatality rate

The proportion of individuals with a particular disease who die as a result of it; for an infectious disease, the case fatality rate is the death rate among those who are infected with the causative agent. This tends to fall gradually in a population over many generations.

Prevalence

The proportion of the population with a particular infection or disease at a particular point in time, or during a given period.

Define Public Health

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health

Immunlogy

The scientific study of the cells and molecules of the immune system and their actions in the body, particularly but not exclusively in response to infection.

Toxicology

The study of poisons, including the source, effect, and treatment of poisoning. It is a branch of pharmacology (the study of drugs)

Epidemiology

The study of the health of populations. Includes the collection, analysis and interpretation of data on the occurrence, distribution, potential causes and control of diseases, disorders, disabilities and deaths.

Aetiology

The study of the underlying causes of a disease.

Genetic engineering

The technology entailing all processes of altering the genetic material of a cell to make it capable of performing the desired functions , such as producing novel substances

Heavy metal

The term heavy metal refers to a group of toxic metals including arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc. Heavy metals often are present at industrial sites at which operations have included battery recycling and metal platin

Latency period

The time between when an exposure occurs and when its effects are detectable as an injury or illness

Incubation period

The time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, a chemical or radiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent.

Communicable period

The time or times during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person, from an infected animal to humans. including arthropods.

Why can the Staphylococcus toxin still be produced if the food is not heated to a high enough temperature?

The toxin is heat stable and if the temperature is not high enough the toxin will be continuously produced

Biotechnology

The use of biological processes to solve problems or make useful products.

Biotransformation

The use of enzymes in chemical synthesis to produce chemical compounds of a desired stereochemistry

Route of exposure

The way people come into contact with a hazardous substance. The most important routes of exposure to environmental agents are breathing [inhalation], eating or drinking [ingestion], or contact with the skin [dermal contact]

Labouring population

The working classes; very poor in 19th century Britain

The HBM-Health Belief Model, TTM-Transtheoretical Model, and Ecological Model, are all types of _________ affecting health behavior

Theoretical Psychosocial Factors

What is the name of the smog when warm air traps cooler air at the surface of the earth?

Thermal inversion

Community Prevention

These programs or interventions are targeted toward the entire community. The targeted unit is the entire community and not the individual.

What is the fate of this goats affected with brucellosis? What is the name of the tag given to this goats?

They are condemned. They are given Bane's tags

What is the fate of bovines infected with brucellosis?

They are culled (sent to market)

What is the fate of bovines that are serologically positive for brucellosis?

They are culled and sent to the market. (The testes of intact males are condemned)

What are Toxic Air Pollutants?

Those pollutants that cause or may cause cancer or other serious health effects such as reproductive effects, birth defects, or adverse environmental and ecological effects.

Why are potassium permanganate and lime added to water after filtration?

To make more acidic water (hard water) less acidic (softer)

Injury Control programs, which aim to change environments, rather than individuals, are effective in _________ control (hint: actual leading cause of death)

Tobacco

What is the Actual leading cause of death in the U.S., also known as PH Enemy Number One?

Tobacco

The 5 A's are a Model for treating ___________

Tobacco Use and Dependence

Which Actual Cause of Death leads to Cancer, Cardio disease, COPDs, Burns, & Low Birth-Weight Infant deaths?

Tobacco use

What are two major products of the disinfection process that are formed after chlorine is added and can cause liver disease, kidney disease, CNS disease, and cancer?

Total Trihalomethane (TTHM) and Haloacetic acid (HAA)

Define Prevalence.

Total number of cases in a given area or population in a given period of time. KNOW DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE

Vibratory/Charters Technique

Towards occlusal/incisal edge (for recession + ortho)

What do toxins do?

Toxins can harm tissues, trigger damaging immune responses, or result in toxemia (the presence of toxins in the bloodstream).

IgD

Trace -- Response Unknown

IgE

Trace Amount. Increase upon Hypersensitivity and parasitic worms.

NOHSS (National Oral Health Surveillance System)

Tracks: *Dental visits *Flouridation status *Teeth cleaning *Caries experience *Untreated tooth decay *Oral Cancer *Complete Tooth Loss *Dental Sealants Part of Healthy People 2020

KAB Model

Traditional dental health education: Knowledge --> Attitude --> Behavior

Vaccination

Treatment with a vaccine. Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. A vaccine can help the body recognize and destroy cancer cells or microorganisms

(True of False): The APHA is the oldest, largest, most influential, and most diverse organization of health professionals in the world and was founded in 1872.

True

(True or False): Health surveys such as the behavioral risk factor surveillance system, youth risk factor behavior surveillance system, national health and nutritional examination survey are examples of case control studies and are common methods that the government uses in disease surveillance?

True

(True or False): I LOVE public health, think Dr. Bartlett is a wonderful instructor with a great sense of humor, and cannot wait for his lectures in the early morning!

True

(True or False): Poverty and Socioeconomic factors are strongly connected (10% of world's population experiences 60% of deaths from infectious disease)

True

Eating food prior to drinking will delay the absorption of alcohol and "blunt" the blood alcohol concentration curve

True

Isolate, Immunize, Treat, and Screen are all tools of Public Health, True or False?

True

Stress and Social Support are Psychological Factors affecting health behaviors, True or False?

True

The Surgeon General's 1964 report on Smoking and Health caused a significant reduction in the prevalence of smoking, True or False?

True

The following PH Core Functions are matched with their components in correct order, True or False?: Assessment ------------------------------- 1. Monitor Health 2. Diagnose & Investigate Policy Development -------------------- 3. Inform, Educate, & Empower 4. Mobilize Community Partnerships 5. Develop Policies Assurance -------------------------------- 6. Enforce Laws 7. Link to/Provide Care 8. Assure Competent Workforce 9. Evaluate 10. Research (applies to all)

True

Tobacco is indigenous to the Americas and there is no recorded historical evidence that it was cultivated or habitually used in any other continents prior to the late 1400s

True

True or False, the following Ecological Perspective model levels are correctly paired to their examples?: Intrapersonal - Psychology ("I am capable of making changes") Interpersonal - Family, friends, coworkers ("Peers support my new behavior") Institutional - School, workplace Community - Churches, organizations (Condom distribution, educational programs) Public Policy - Government regulations (Free testing)

True

True or False: Chlorine is eliminated as bacteria are destroyed.

True

True or False: Corrosion inhibitor is added to finished water.

True

True or False: Corrosion of pipes is associated with low pH and alkalinity.

True

True or False: Fish and other marine/aquatic life are susceptible to small quantities of chlorine.

True

True or False: Kosher is not humane slaughter and is exempt from the law.

True

True or False: Screening is the primary treatment process.

True

True or False: The Botulism toxins are preformed.

True

True or False: The Staphylococcus toxins are preformed.

True

True or False: The strain associated with Listeriosis is strain 4b.

True

True or False: The veterinarian makes the final decision about whether or not the animal is condemned.

True

The American Legacy Foundation used lessons learned from California's tobacco control programs, to become known as a "_________", but unfortunately its funds were funneled into other programs

Truth Campaign

Informed Consent and IRBs-Institutional Review Boards were 2 results that came out of which study?

Tuskegee Study

UnModifiable-

Unalterable and rise from one's genetic endowment. They include race, gender, personality type, age, and basic metabolic rate.

Moral Uncertainty

Uncertain if moral principle at stake

Where do you administer a TB test in cattle?

Under the tail flap

What are sources of E. coli?

Undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized milk, poor handwashing, water

What are the clinical signs of Brucellosis?

Undulating fever, headaches, chills, arthritis, orchitis, abortions

What is a landmark document that showed health disparities?

Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare (IOM Report - 2002) *Included role of bias & discrimination *Showed that racial and ethnic disparities in health care exist

Protozoa

Unicellular, eukaryotic microbes

18th century industrial growth

Unsafe, unhealthy workplaces , workers including children working long hours

Epidemic

Unusually high number of cases of a disease in a population

Fluorosis Risk Index

Use in analytical epi. studies Look for age-specific exposures - 2 developmentally related groups: 1. Class I - 1st year of life 2. Class II - 3-6 years of life

Self-help

Using one's own efforts and resources to achieve things without relying on others.

Name some of the resources/tactics used to accomplish Public Health:

Vaccinations, proper sanitation practices, quarantine, removal of standing water, providing clean water, regular garbage collection, sewers, and meat inspection

Competent Workforce (#8) applies to all 3 Public Health ______, which include Health, Community, & Bases for Action

Values

An animal or insect that transmits a pathogen to a human host is known as a?

Vector

Interventionsebene

Verhaltensprävention (Raucherkampagne, Plakate, Veranstaltungen, Internetplattformen, Informationsbroschüren) - Veränderung des individuellen Verhaltens Verhältnisprävention (Verbot von Tabakverkauf an Kinder, Anbringen von Gesundheitswarnungen, Einschränkungen der Raucherzonen) - Veränderung der Lebensbedingungen der Menschen

Handhabbarkeit

Vertrauen darauf, dass sich das Leben meistern lässt: Zuversicht, dass alle Aufgaben, Hindernisse und Herausforderungen sich bewältigen lassen

Microorganisms

Very Small organisms; Usually microscopic; also called microbes; includes agae,bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses

Bacteria

Very small, simple, single-celled organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane.(prokaryotic)

Sonic toothbrush

Vibrates @ high speed, creates turbulant fluid

Virtue Ethics

Virtue is wat is moral Emphasis on excellence of character Aristotle

A very small pathogen that is not capable of independent metabolism and can reproduce only inside living cells?

Virus

What describes systematically collected statistics on births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and other life events. These statistics measure progress or the lack of it, against diseases?

Vital statistics

Whole Population Approach

WHO, focus on whole population, alter social norms, no screening, may reduce or remove an existing factor or introduce something new +: potential to affect underlying causes of disease, behaviorally appropriate -: little for individual, may not be acceptable to decision makers, poor individual motivation, feasibility + cost, Benefit to risk ration not good

Zentrale Fragen des Modells

Warum Wie Was

Zentrale Frage des Modells

Was hält den Menschen gesund (Salutogenese) und nicht mehr die Pathogenese: was macht den Menschen krank.

Faeces

Waste matter discharged from the bowels

Topical Fluoride sources

Water Fluoridation, Diet, Dietary fluoride supplements, Dentrifice, Mouthrinse, Professional Application, Home gel

___________ works best when Healthy Eating is combined with Physical Activity

Weight Control

Physical, Emotional, Spiritual, Social, Intellectual, Occupational, & Environmental, are realms of _______

Wellness

The active process of becoming aware and making choices toward a healthy life is the CDC's definition of ________

Wellness

1. Not hazardous to life or function 2. Effective in reducing/preventing the disease or condition 3. Easily and efficiently implemented. 4. Potency maintained for substantial time period. 5. Attainable regardless of socioeconomic status 6. Effective immediately upon application. 7. Inexpensive and within community means.

What are the seven solutions to public health problems?

Normative Need

What doctor perceives as necessary

Perceived Need

What patient perceives as necessary

Public health

What society does collectively to assure conditions for people to be healthy

What are Secondary pollutants?

When above pollutants reacts with each other and with other atmospheric components and form: • Nitrogen dioxide • Nitric acid • Nitrates • Sulfuric acid

Descriptive Studies:

When death occurs in an unexpected or unacceptable way, epidemiologists seek to describe the extent of disease in regard to person, time, and place. These studies are designed to answer the specific questions of who, when and where

Analytic Studies

When death occurs in an unexpected or unacceptable way, epidemiologists seek to find the associations between a disease or health problem with possible risk factors. For example: one might design an analytic study to discover whether diabetes (health problem) is associated with obesity (possible risk factor), or whether cancer(health problem) is associated with cigarette smoking (possible risk factor)

The department of health and human services which is a subsidiary of the CDC.

Which government agency is most closely related to public dental health?

Which study correlated higher employment status (top administrators) with a lower risk of dying, mainly because of higher education?

Whitehall Study

Nicotine Lozenge

*dosage based on time to first cig* -first cig w/in 30 mins of waking: 4mg -first cig more then 30 mins after waking: 2mg weeks 1-6: 1 q1-2h weeks 7-9: 1 q2-4h weeks 10-12: 1 q 4-8h no more the *20*/day

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)

- Bacteria - 1-7 day incubation - Aerosol, ingestion, or cutaneous contact spreads B. anthracis - No person to person transmission

Smallpox symptoms

Fever Myalgia Pruritis Uniform rash on face, hands, feet, and extremities Delirium Abdominal pain

Tularemia Symptoms

Fever, cough, chest tightness, cutaneous lesions Rarely pleuritic pain and hemoptysis

Anthrax symptoms (inhalation)

Flu-like symptoms Nausea Chest pain (only different sx from GI) Vomiting Abdominal pain Fever Respiratory distress

Transdermal Nicotine Patch

<10 cigs/day: -step 2: 14mg x 6 weeks -step 3: 7mg x 2 weeks >10 cigs/day: -step 1: 21mg x 4 weeks -step 2: 14mg x 2 weeks -step 3: 7mg x 2 weeks

Nicotine Gum: dosing

>25 cig/day = 4mg <25 cig/day = 2mg weeks 1-6: 1 q1-2h weeks 7-9: 1 q2-4h weeks 10-12: 1 q4-8h no more the *24*/day

Nortriptyline

2nd line Tx

5 A's

ASK ADVISE ASSESS ASSIST ARRANGE

Disease with recurrent exacerbation of airway constriction, mucous secretion, causing symptoms of wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and dyspnea

Asthma

compounds in tobacco

Carbon monoxide Hydrogen cyanide ammonia benzene Formaldehyde Nicotine Nitrosamines Lead Cadmium Polonium-210

Nonpharmacologic therapies for smoking cessation

Cold turkey Unassisted tapering Assisted tapering: quit key

Chantix dosing

Days 1-3: 0.5 mg qd days 4-7: 0.5 mg bid day 8-EOT: 1 mg bid *pts should be treated for 12 weeks*

Plague (Yersinia pestis) Bubonic Treatment

Duration is 10-14 days Treatment is antibiotics (streptomycin/gentamicin) Mortality: 60% if untreated 15% if treated

Smallpox treatment

Duration is ~24 days No specific tx, preventable by vaccination Mortality rate is 30% Vaccine no longer available to general public

Tularemia Treatment

Duration ~18 days Treatment with antibiotics (streptomycin or gentamicin) Mortality: 33% untreated 4% with tx

Responsible for prevention and cleanup of water and air pollution, control of toxic substances, and environmental contaminants

EPA

Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumonic Treatment

Early antibiotics are essential (within 18 hours), streptomycin and gentamicin preferred Mortality: 50-90% if untreated 15% with tx

Aspects of human health, diseases, and injury determined by factors in the environment, study of direct effects of chemicals, physical, social, and biological agents

Environmental Health

A state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

Health

Plague (Yersinia pestis) Septicemic

Incubation 2-6 days Transmitted by bite/cut Can occur as complication of bubonic or pneumonic No person/person transmission

Plague (Yersinia pestis) Pneumonic

Incubation is 2-6 days Transmission is airborne (can be person to person, may progress from bubonic/septicemic)

Secondary Prevention

Individual already has a disease state -seeks to alleviate or lessen symptoms -seeks to stop progression

Tertiary Prevention

Individual has been cured of disease -prevention of recurrence

Bupropion SR (Zyban)

Initial treatment: 150mg qAM x 3d then... 150mg bid x 7-12 w *begin tx one week prior to starting treatment*

Anthrax symptoms (cutaneous)

Initially itching papule, progresses to: 1-3 cm ulcer Necrotic center Fever

Assurance

Interventions or treatments that are applied by health professionals to address health concerns or problems that exist in the community or local environment. -Departmental programs -Health interventions -Program evaluations -Quality assurance

LPHAs

Local public health agencies -Lead to the development of self-assessment tool, appraisal form

Anthrax treatment

Mechanical ventilation Cipro 500mg BID x60d OR Doxycycline 100 mg BID x60d Mortality: - Inhalation: 75% with tx - GI: 25-60% with tx - Cutaneous: 20% w/o, <1% with tx

NRT

Nicotine replacement therapy

Hemorrhagic Fevers Treatment

None outside of supportive care (some may respond to ribavirin) Mortality: 5-90%, depending on virus

Illness

Not merely referring to the physical presence or diagnosis of a disease state. Illness may exist without a physical manifestation of disease.

Health

Not merely the absence of disease but a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being (WHO)

Readiness Stage 1

Not ready to quit in the next month

Botulism symptoms

Paralysis Difficulty swallowing/speaking Systemic weakness Respiratory dysfunction (No fever or sensory dysfunction) Paralysis may last for weeks Mortality: 5-10% of cases

Community prevention

Programs or interventions that are targeted toward the entire community. The targeted unit is the entire community not the individual.

Clinical Prevention

Programs or interventions that target individuals. A program can target individuals, as well as target communities and the individuals in those communities

Readiness Stage 2

Ready to quit in the next month

Readiness Stage 3

Recent quitter <6m

Capacity

Refers to resources or relationships that are necessary to accomplish the core functions of public health.

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome -high fever, chills, general discomfort, body aches -10-20% required mechanical ventillation -unknown corona virus

Plague (Yersinia pestis) Bubonic Symptoms

Swollen lymph glands (called buboes) HA Fever/chills Weakness

Methods for increasing motivation

The 5 R's 1. Relevance 2. Risk 3. Rewards 4. Roadblocks 5. Repetition

Prevalence rate

The number of cases present at a particular period of time -The total number of cases that do exist at a particular period of time.

Smallpox

Viral infection Incubation is 12-14 days Person/person, airborne, clothing, and fomite transmission Eradicated (last case in 1977 in Somalia)

Hemorrhagic Fevers

Viral infections Ebola, arenavirus, filovirus Incubation 2-21 days Transmitted person/person, indirect contact, airborne in some cases

Avian Influenza A

bird flu (H5N1) -no vaccine available

Recovery

procedures that help restore business operations to normal