Public Health test 1 (chapters one through three)
The difference between primary and secondary prevention of disease is
Primary prevention focuses on control of causal factors, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and treatment of disease.
Health care expenditures in the US increased from $12.7 billion in the 1950s to over $2.5 billion in 2010. About what proportion of the gross national product was spent on health care in 2010?
16%
The list of major obstacles to global public health progress includes all of the following except: A: Population growth and poverty in underdeveloped countries B: Inadequate government organization and financing of health programs C: Climatological differences across the globe D: Maldistribution of resources
C: Climatological differences across the globe
Which of the following was in the top five causes of death in both 1900 and 2000? A: tuberculosis B: accidents C: heart disease D: diabetes
C: heart disease
A physician fills out a death certificate as follow: IMMEDIATE CAUSE OF DEATH-pulmonary embolism DUE TO-deep venous thrombosis DUE TO-pancreatic cancer. She notes that a liver biopsy was performed prior to death. In the U.S. vital statistics, this death would be recorded as due to A: pulmonary embolism B: deep venous thrombosis C: pancreatic cancer D: complication of liver biopsy
C: pancreatic cancer
Factors shaping health policy in the United States include all of the following EXCEPT: A: federalism B: pluralism C: socialism D: incrementalism
C: socialism
Appropriate considerations for implementation of a screening test include all the following EXCEPT: A: cost of screening test B: burden of suffering C: the physician's familiarity with the disease D: potential adverse effects of screening test E: efficacy of treatment
C: the physician's familiarity with the disease
The Report on the Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts---perhaps the most outstanding treatise in the history of American public health---was written by: a) John Snow b) Edwin Chadwick c) Lemuel Shattuck d) W.H. Frost
c) Lemuel Shattuck
Which of these important public health figures from the 19th century advanced the argument that the factors contributing to fatal diseases should be identified as the official causes of death? a) Edwin Chadwick b) Lemuel Shattuck c) Willian Farr d) John Snow
c) William Farr
Which of the following does not represent an important achievement of public health in twentieth century America? a) fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries b) control of infectious diseases c) prevention of bio-terrorism threats d) decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke
c) prevention of bio-terrorism threats
In which form of justice are collective actions leading to the assumption of additional burdens often necessary in order to assure the fair distribution of societal benefits? a) Market justice b) Judicial justice c) Social justice d) Individual justice
c) social justice
Which of these essential public health services is a component of the assessment core function?
diagnosing and investigating health problems and health hazards in the community
Private insurance in the US pays for more than one half of all national expenditures True or False
false
The majority of the uninsured population in the US in 2010 fall below 100% of the federal poverty level.
false
What are considered the 3 Ps of most important determinants of health worldwide?
population, poverty, and pollution
Which of the following is not a mortality-based indicator of health status in a population?
prevalence rate
Immunizations fall into what category of disease prevention
primary prevention
The approximate percentage of all health and medical care expenditures in the US spent on clinical preventable and public heath services
under 5%
Which of the following is the best source of information on adult and infant mortality?
vital statistics
The CDC argues that the current focus of the U.S. health system is on "Tertiary prevention." According to the Stock and Flow diagram above, that focus would be most likely to produce which of the following outcomes? (A) Minimize overall prevalence of the disease or condition in the population (B) Minimize overall financial expenditures for treatment of the disease or condition (C) Minimize the cost of lost wages from the disease or condition (D) Minimize or delay mortality from the disease or condition
(D) Minimize or delay mortality from the disease or condition
A country with a rapidly growing population has the following characteristic: A: 40%-50% of the population is less than 15 years old. B: a crude birth rate of 20 to 30 C: high doubling time D: a low migration rate
A: 40%-50% of the population is less than 15 years old.
Key demographic trends that will impact public health and the future need for programs and services include all of the following except: A: Shrinking US population and greater utilization levels of health care services by men than women B: The aging population and the influence of the Baby Boom generation C: Declining younger population and changes in the family unit D: Greater racial and ethnic diversity
A: Shrinking US population and greater utilization levels of health care services by men than women
A measure of health status that attempts to gauge the social impact of various diseases and conditions by adjusting for differences in the age of the population affected is: A: Years of potential life lost B: Crude mortality rate C: Prematurity rate D: Index of leading economic indicators
A: Years of potential life lost
What major public health intervention strategy has the purpose of eliminating or reducing exposure to harmful factors by modifying human behavior? A: heath promotion B: disease prevention C: health monitoring D: environmental scanning
A: heath promotion
Immunizations fall into what category of disease prevention? A: primary prevention B: secondary prevention C: tertiary prevention D: none of the above
A: primary prevention
The world population is currently estimated to be growing at a rate such that the time required for the population to double is about: A: 15 years B: 35 years C: 70 years D: 105 years E: 140 years
B: 35 years
Medical services (including clinical preventive services such as immunizations and screening tests) account for what share of the 30-year increased life expectancy achieved for Americans between 1900 and 2000? A: 1 year B: 5 years C: 15 years D: 25 years
B: 5 years
Which of the following best describes predicted changes in disease burden in the year 2020? A: Ischemic heart disease will decrease B: Mental illness will account for a larger proportion. C: Deaths due to tobacco will decrease D: The HIV epidemic will account for most of the increase.
B: Mental illness will account for a larger proportion.
Which of the following is not considered one of the 3 Ps or most important determinants of health worldwide? A: Population growth B: Personal responsibility C: Pollution D: Poverty
B: Personal responsibility
Early detection of disease and interventions to reverse, halt, or at least slow the progression of a condition, often performed when disease is not yet symptomatic, is a description of: A: primary prevention B: secondary prevention C: tertiary prevention D: none of the above
B: secondary prevention
Healthy People 2010 categorizes U.S. health issues according to: A: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention B: morbidity and disability in regions of the U.S. C: life stages of development and health problems from infants to elderly D: health promotion, protection, and prevention
D: health promotion, protection, and prevention
Principal findings of the United States Preventive Services (USPS) Task Force include all the following EXCEPT: A: acute care visits are an appropriate setting for preventive services B: interventions that address personal health behavior are among the most effective C: more data and research are necessary to assess the effectiveness of various preventive services D: screening tests should be applied uniformly
D: screening tests should be applied uniformly
Which lifestyle factor has been reported to be the most important single preventable cause of death in the U.S.? A: alcohol B: substance abuse C: stress D: tobacco
D: tobacco
The Cholera epidemic of 1954 afflicted poverty stricken individuals more than affluent individuals. True or False
False
The Public Health Code of Ethics is an exhaustive set of health principles that should be held by people in the public health discipline. True or False
False
In the united states, the national health promotion of disease prevention agenda is known as?
Healthy people
Public health authorities argue that the current focus of the US health system is on tertiary prevention. Such a focus would be most likely to produce which of the following outcomes
Minimize or delay mortality from a disease or condition.
The two largest categories of expenditures for the national health expenditures in the US are:
Physicians and hospitals
What are two over-arching goals of Healthy People 2010?
To increase quality and years of healthy life and to eliminate health disparities
Which two lifestyle factors have been reported to be the most important cause of preventable mortality in the US?
Tobacco use and exercise/diet
Based on your examination of Internet web sites, which of these organizations is most closely affiliated with local public health agencies across the U.S.? a) NACCHO b) ASTHO c) APHA d) CDC
a) NACCHO
What major public health intervention strategy has the purpose of eliminating or reducing exposure to harmful factors by modifying human behavior?
disease prevention
By the year 2025, non-Hispanic whites will comprise less than one-half of the of the total US population.
false
Which of the following measures of health has the greatest potential for prevention of disease in the US?
modification of personal health and behavior
The best single predictor of poor health in a community is
poverty
When a person is healthy, without signs and symptoms of disease, illness, or injury, the level of prevention most appropriate would be: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. No prevention is needed
primary prevention
What major public health intervention strategy has the purpose of eliminating or reducing exposure to harmful factors by modifying human behavior?
promotion
Principal findings of the United States Preventive Services (USPS) Task Force include all the following except
screening tests should be applied uniformly
Which one of these has the fundamental responsibility to determine the health status and the health needs of the people within its jurisdiction, determine to what extent these needs are being effectively met by effective measures currently available, and take steps to see that the unmet needs are satisfied?
state and local health departments
The total level of health expenditures for health and medical care services in the United States for 2008 is likely to be closest to which of these figures? A: 750 million dollars B: 750 billion dollars C: 2.5 trillion dollars D: 7.5 trillion dollars
C: 2.5 trillion dollars
When reviewing world infant mortality rates, the U.S. ranks closest to: A: lowest among all countries B: one of the lowest ten countries C: 20th to 30th lowest country D: 100th lowest country
C: 20th to 30th lowest country
Health care expenditures in the United States have increased from $12.7 billion in 1950 to $2 trillion in 2006. About what proportion of the gross national product was spent on health care in 2006? A: 6 percent B: 10 percent C: 12 percent D: 16 percent E: 20 percent
D: 16 percent
Which of the following health measures has the greatest potential for prevention of disease in the U.S.? A: Environmental modification B: Genetic counseling C: Immunization D: Modification of personal health behavior
D: Modification of personal health behavior
The World Health Organization (WHO) definition of good human health includes: A: Physical and social well-being B: Mental and physical well-being C: Mental and social well-being D: Physical, mental, and social well-being
D: Physical, mental, and social well-being
All of the following comparisons of the U.S. and Canadian health care systems are true EXCEPT A: the percentage of the GNP devoted to health care is higher is the US B: the percentage of people who are uninsured is higher in the U.S. C: fees for physician services per capita is higher in the U.S. D: The relative quantity of physician services is greater in U.S. than in Canada. E: net incomes of physicians are higher in the U.S.
D: The relative quantity of physician services is greater in U.S. than in Canada.
When compared with other developed nations, the teenage pregnancy rate in the United States is A: among the lowest B: comparable to other developed countries C: decreasing more rapidly D: among the highest
D: among the highest
Which of the following was not one of the three over-arching goals of Healthy People 2000? A: increase access to preventive services B: reduce health disparities C: increase the span of healthy life D: increase immunization rates for all age groups
D: increase immunization rates for all age groups
The approximate percentage of all health and medical care expenditures in the United States spent on clinical preventive and public health services is: A: 25-30 percent B: 15-20 percent C: 5-10 percent D: less than 5 percent
D: less than 5 percent
In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was which of the following conditions? A: tuberculosis B: diphtheria C: typhoid fever D: pneumonia and influenza
D: pneumonia and influenza
Guidelines for effective patient education and counseling include all the following EXCEPT A: obtaining commitment from patients to change behavior B: involving office staff C: involving patients in selection of risk factors that require change D: using a single strategy E: monitoring progress through follow-up contact
D: using a single strategy
Two important frameworks for modern public health practice are
Ecological model and essential public health services
Major eras in the history of the American public health system were characterized by all of the following except
Edwin Chadwick's epidemiological investigations of cholera.
What are Category C biological agents?
Emerging infectious diseases and drug resistant organisms
The "police powers" that public officials rely on to enforce compliance with public health laws and regulations are based on
Inferences about the government's obligation to protect the health, safety, and welfare of its citizens
Public health was characterized as fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in which people could be healthy by
Institute of Medicine in the Future of Public Health
Public health systems and services have evolved differently in various parts of the world, as well as in the United States among the various states. Which of the following pairs best identifies the two major forces that have shaped public health activities over time and geography?
Science and social values
Major eras in the history of the American public health system were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a) Intermittent epidemics throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. b) Edwin Chadwick's epidemiological investigations of cholera. c) The development of state and local public health systems into the mid-20th century. d) The movement into the provision of medical care services after about 1950.
b) Edwin Chadwick's epidemiological investigations of cholera.
Public health was characterized as fulfilling society's interest in assuring conditions in which people could be healthy by: a) US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Healthy People 2000 b) Institute of Medicine in The Future of Public Health c) C.E.A. Winslow d) Sir Geoffrey Vickers
b) Institute of Medicine in The Future of Public Health
Which of the following had the greatest impact on average life expectancy in the US between 1900 and 2000? a) Vaccinations for infectious diseases b) Improvements in sanitation and hygiene c) Advances in medical care technology d) Health education
b) improvements in sanitation and hygiene
Compared with the situation in the US in 1900, the number of deaths due to infectious disease is: a) about the same b) much less c) much more d) about the same but caused by different pathogens, such as HIV
b) much less
Public health systems and services have evolved differently in various parts of the world, as well as in the United States among the various states. Which of the following pairs best identifies the two major forces that have shaped public health activities over time and geography? a) religion and transportation b) science and social values c) epidemics and nationalism d) capitalism and culture
b) science and social values
Which statement characterizes an important difference between public health and most other professionals. a) education and training beyond the undergrad level is not available b) large professional organizations are not available c) public health professionals work only in the public sector d) Although they come from many professionals and disciplines, their common bond is not one of a shared body of knowledge or academic preparation, but a commitment to the goals of the improved population of health
d) Although they come from many professionals and disciplines, their common bond is not one of a shared body of knowledge or academic preparation, but a commitment to the goals of the improved population of health
Based on your examination of Internet web sites, which of these federal health agencies places the greatest emphasis on prevention? a) Food and Drug Administration b) Health Resources and Services Administration c) American Public Health Association d) Centers for Disease Control
d) Centers for Disease Control
Introduction of smallpox vaccination is credited to which of these individuals? a) Virchow b) Pasteur c) Lister d) Jenner
d) Jenner
In 1900, the leading cause of death in the United States was which of the following conditions? a) Tuberculosis b) Diphtheria c) Typhoid Fever d) Pneumonia and influenza
d) Pneumonia and influenza
As a result of legislation enacted by Congress, this agency was moved out of the US Treasury Department and placed in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services). It was first established as the Marine Hospital Service in 1789. a) World Health Organization b) American Public Health Association c) National Foundation- March of Dimes d) US Public Health Service
d) US Public Health Service
