Public Speaking (Ch. 8,9,10) speech 2

mode

the number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

paraphrase

to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

internal summaries

remind listeners of what they have just heard

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

1) to let the audience know you are ending the speech 2) to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea (restate your main points)

2 main objectives of conclusion

1) expert testimony 2) peer testimony

2 major kinds of testimony

1) when the wording of a quotation is obscure or cumbersome 2) when a quotation is longer than two or three sentences

2 situations when paraphrasing is better than direct quotation

1) mean 2) median 3) mode

3 basic statistical measures

1) examples 2) statistics 3) testimony

3 kinds of supporting materials

1) are the statistics representative? 2) are statistical measures used correctly? 3) are the statistics from a reliable source?

3 questions to evaluate statistics

1) when they are brief 2) when they convey your meaning better than you can 3) when they are particularly eloquent, witty, or compelling

3 situations when quotations are most effective

1) keep main points separate 2) try to use the same pattern of wording for main points 3) balance the amount of time devoted to main points

3 tips for preparing main points

1) brief example 2) extended example 3) hypothetical example

3 types of examples

1) keep an eye out for possible concluding materials as you research and develop the speech (look for things to end your speech when researching for the body of your speech) 2) conclude with a bang 3) don't be long-winded, keep it brief 4) don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

4 tips for the conclusion

1) quote or paraphrase accurately 2) use testimony from qualified sources 3) use testimony from unbiased sources 4) identify the people you quote or paraphrase

4 tips for using statistics

1) transition 2) internal preview 3) internal summary 4) signpost

4 types of connectives

1) summarize your speech 2) end with a quotation 3) make a dramatic statement 4) refer to the introduction

4 ways to reinforce the central idea

1) get the audience's attention and interest 2) state/reveal the topic 3) relate the topic to the audience 4) establish credibility and goodwill 5) preview the body of the speech (main points)

5 main objectives of the introduction

1) use examples to clarify your ideas 2) use examples to reinforce your ideas 3) use examples to personalize your ideas 4) make your examples vivid and richly textured 5) practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

5 tips for using examples

1) chronological order 2) spatial order 3) causal order 4) problem/solution order 5) topical order

5 ways to organize main points

1) keep it brief 2) be on the lookout for things to use in introduction while researching the body 3) experiment with several introductions, then determine which is best 4) don't write the introduction before writing the body 5) work out your introduction in detail 6) don't start talking too soon. wait a minute

6 tips for the introduction

1) use statistics to quantify your ideas 2) use statistics sparingly 3) identify the sources of your statistics 4) explain your statistics 5) round off complicated statistics 6) use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

6 tips for using statistics

1) state the importance of your topic 2) startle the audience 3) arouse audience curiosity 4) question your audience 5) use a quotation 6) tell a story

6 ways to get the audience's attention

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by facing step by step to a dramatic final statement

problem/solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

causal order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

a specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

mean

determined by summing all the items in a group and dividing by the number of items

internal previews

let the audience know what the speaker will take up next, but they are more detailed than transitions

from 2-5

most speeches contain __________ main points

statistics

numerical data

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

signposts

signal word, frequently just numbers, indicating exactly where you are in the speech

transitions

state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the idea the speaker is coming up to

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

5-10%

the conclusion shouldn't be more than ______ of your entire speech

10-20%

the introduction shouldn't be more than ______ of your speech