Public Speaking Exam 1

During an Interview

- Dress appropriately, be on time - Repeat purpose of interview - Set up recorder - Keep interview on track - Listen - Don't overstay welcome

Kinds of Testimony

- Expert - Peer

Statistics

Numerical data

6 major factors of "demographic audience analysis"

1. age 2. gender 3. religion 4. sexual orientation 5. racial ethical and cultural background 6. group membership

Demographic Audience Analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Situational audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Speech of presentation

Main purpose of a speech of presentation is to tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award.

Quotation vs Paraphrasing

word for word vs. restated

4 causes of poor listening

1. Not concentrating 2. Listening too hard 3. Jumping to conclusions 4. Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

4 types of informative speeches

1. Objects (Legos, Susan B. Anthony) 2. Processes (writing an effective resume) 3. Events (Boston Marathon) 4. Concepts (sustainability)

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.

List and briefly explain the Four (4) Kinds of Listening

1) appreciative (pleasure or enjoyment) 2) empathetic (provide emotional support) 3) comprehensive (to understand the message) 4) critical (evaluate the message)

First Step of Speechmaking

Choose a topic

3 major supporting materials

Examples, Statistics, Testimony

Appreciative Listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

4 kinds of Listening

appreciative empathetic comprehensive critical

Types of Graphs

- Line (changes in statistics) - Pie (simple distribution) - Bar (comparisons)

Before an Interview

- Define purpose of interview - Decide who to interview - Arrange the interview - Decide if you are recording the interview - Prepare questions

Guideline for preparing visual aids

- Prepare in advance - Keep simple - Make sure large enough for audience to see - Use a limited amount of text - Use fonts, color, images effectively - make sure there is a backup plan (i.e. handouts)

After the interview

- Review notes - Transcribe notes so that the format is the same as the rest of the research the materials

4 tips for doing research

- Start early - Make preliminary bibliography - Take notes efficiently - Digest materials as you the materials

Citing source orally (in a speech)

- The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing. - The author or sponsoring organization of the document. - The author's qualifications - The date on which the document was published

Guidelines for speech of introduction

- be brief - be accurate - adapt remarks to occasion - adapt remarks to main speaker - adapt remarks to audience - create anticipation for main speaker

Ways a speaker can adapt to an audience before and during a speech

1) Adaptation before the speech 2) Adaptation during the speech

Scale question

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

Testimony

Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

6 ways to deal with nervousness

1) Acquire experience 2) Prepare 3) Think positively 4) Visualize a successful presentation 5) Remember most nervousness is not visible 6) Don't expect perfection

Criteria for evaluating Internet Documents

1) Author identified? 2) Author an expert? 3) If not an expert, is the author objective? 4) If no author, can the sponsoring organization be identified? 5) Is the sponsoring organization expert and objective? 6) Does document have a copyright and publication date? 7) Is the date of the article recent?

3 types of examples

1) Brief example (specific) 2) Extended example (story, narrative) 3) Hypothetical example (imaginary)

3 purposes of a speech of introduction

1) Build enthusiasm for main speaker 2) Build enthusiasm for main topic 3) Establish a welcoming climate

6 guidelines of informative speaking

1) Don't overestimate the audience 2) Relate subject to audience 3) Don't be technical 4) Avoid abstractions 5) Personalize ideas 6) Be creative

Guidelines for Central Idea

1) Expressed in a full sentence 2) Should not be a question 3) Should avoid figurative language 4) Should not be vague

2 guidelines for preparing a speech

1) Focus your topic 2) Developing your topic

Similarities between public speaking and conversation

1) Ideas are organized 2) Message is tailored to audience 3) Story is told for maximum impact 4) Adapt to listener feedback

5 Library Resources

1) Librarian 2) Catalogue 3) Reference Works 4) Newspapers and Periodical Databases 5) Academic Databases

6 Visual Aids

1) Objects and models 2) Photographs and Drawings 3) Graphs 4) Charts 5) Video 6) Speaker

Different ways to Brainstorm

1) Personal inventory 2) Clustering 3) Internet Search

Differences between public speaking and conversation

1) Public speaking is more highly structured 2) Public speaking requires more formal language 3) Public speaking requires a different method of delivery

5 different traits of "situational audience analysis"

1) Size 2) Physical setting 3) Disposition toward the topic 4) Disposition toward the speaker 5) Disposition toward the occasion

3 Guidelines for delivering a speech

1) Speak extemporaneously (using brief notes) 2) Rehearse your speech (an effortless speech requires a lot of practice) 3) Present your speech (consider gestures, eye contact, voice, and how you will deal with nerves)

7 Components of Speech Communication Process

1) Speaker 2) Message 3) Channel 4) Listener 5) Feedback 6) Interference 7) Situation

4 Categories of Speeches for special occassions

1) Speech of Introduction 2) Speech of Presentation 3) Speech of Acceptance 4) Commemorative Speech

How to become a better listener

1) Take Listening Seriously. 2) Be an Active Listener. 3) Resist Distractions. 4) Don't be diverted by Appearance or Delivery. 5) Suspend Judgement. 6) Focus your listening. 7) Develop note-taking skills

Criteria for an informative speech

1) accuracy 2) clearly 3) meaningful

3 ways to avoid abstractions

1) description 2) comparison 3) contrast

Guidelines for Ethical Listening

1. Be courteous and attentive 2. Avoid prejudging the speaker 3. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

3 types of Plagiarism

1. Global plagiarism 2. Patchwork plagiarism 3. Incremental plagiarism

3 main parts of a speech

1. Introduction (opening section) 2. Body (main section) 3. Conclusion (final section)

Guidelines for ethical speaking

1. Make sure your goals are ethically sound 2. Be fully prepared for each speech 3. Make sure speech is free of plagiarism 4. Be honest in what you say 5. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language 6. Put ethical principles into practice

Extemporaneous

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

Implications of egocentrism on public speaking

???

Speaking outine

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.

Preparation outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.

Attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.

Brainstorming

A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

Central Idea

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. Most important point.

Specific purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.

Informative Speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.

Abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Why avoid Ethnocentrism

Can lead to prejudice and hostility toward different racial, ethnic, religious, or cultural groups.

Stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Delivery cues

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.

Example of a good central idea

Example: Because college athletes in revenue-producing sports such as football and basketball generate millions of dollars in revenue for their schools, the NCAA should allow such athletes to receive a $300 monthly stipend as part of their scholarships.

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

True or False: A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding is known as a "Commemorative" speech.

False

3 questions used to obtain information about an audience

Fixed-alternative question Scale question Open-ended question

Critical Thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Difference between General and Specific purpose

General purpose sets the table for the discussion; specific purpose narrows the subject matter. Example: Today we are going to discuss effects of dieting, specifically the effects of the Keto diet.

Active Listening

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.

Why Audience-centeredness is important

Good public speakers are audience-centered. Whether speaking formally or informally, they look for creative ways to communicate their ideas and keep their audience's attention. They know the primary purpose of speechmaking is not to browbeat the audience or to blow off steam. Rather, it is to gain a desired response from listeners.

Difference between listening and hearing

Hearing is a physiological process; Listening involves paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Which of the following is NOT a similarity between Public Speaking and Conversation?

Highly structured forms of Communication

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Critical Listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

Empathetic Listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Comprehensive Listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

Speech of Acceptance

Main purpose is to give thanks for a gift or an award.

Commemorate Speech

Main purpose is to praise or celebrate a person, group, etc.

Open-ended question

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Walter cuts full quotations from three different websites, and pastes them on an outline for a speech, without citing the original sources. This would constitute an example of...

Patchwork Plagiarism

According to the textbook, the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech is to ________ your listeners.

Praise or celebrate

Fixed-alternative question

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Why Public Speaking is important

Public speaking is a vital means of civic engagement. It is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that matter in society. Public speaking offers you an opportunity to make a difference in something you care about very much.

Why are ethics important?

Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

Why should stereotyping be avoided

Stereotyping involves creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike. It's offensive.

Mean

The average value of a group of numbers

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

General purpose

The broad goal of a speech.

Example of a proper oral citation

The endangered monarch butterfly population can be seen most clearly in its shrinking migration. Michael Wines, science reporter for the New York Times, reported in the paper's January 29, 2014, issue that in only one year, the population of monarchs that migrates to Mexico for the winter shrank by 44 percent.

Median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Pros of Power Point

When used well, presentation technology is a great boon to communication.

Topic

The subject of a speech

Egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Cons of Power Point

Too often speakers allow it to dominate their talks, wowing the audience with their technical proficiency while losing the message in a flurry of sounds and images.

True or False: The branch of philosophy that deals with right and wrong in human affairs is known as "ethics."

True

Tips for using examples

Use examples to clarify, reinforce, personalize, to illustrate, and enhance an idea