Public Speaking Final
What does dialogic ethics provide?
Dialogic ethics provides a framework for understanding the relationship between communication and ethics as it provides principles for facilitating ethical communication in public speaking contexts.
Why should you vary your rate, pitch and volume during a speech?
1. Use vocal variety to fit your topic and evoke emotion in the audience. 2. Different rates, pitches, and volumes can indicate different tones and emotions in your speech.
What three issues do speeches on questions of fact typically address?
1. What is observed or known. 2. How the observations are made. 3. Whether new observations have changed what people once thought of as fact.
What does in mean that language is ambiguous?
1. Words have multiple meanings. 2. Denotative meanings refer to formal meaning, such as what is found in dictionaries. 3. Connotative meanings are based on people's experiences. 4. Individuals have their own meanings for words and the concepts those words stand for.
What is a panel discussion?
A discussion in which a moderator asks questions of experts on a topic in front of an audience.
What is a round table discussion?
A discussion in which an expert participants discuss a topic in an impromptu format without an audience present.
What is an oral report?
A report in which one member of a group presents the group's findings.
What is videoconferencing?
A small group presentation in which individuals at multiple physical locations interact in real time orally and visually, using video and high speed computer technology.
What is a speech of introduction?
A speech of introduction is a short speech that introduces a person to an audience. -> Prepare the audience for the main speaker and the occasion. -> Research the speaker as you would any topic. -> Make a connection between the main speaker and the audience.
What is the difference between denotative meanings and connotative meanings?
Denotative meanings are the definitions you find in dictionaries whereas connotative meanings are the personal associations individuals have with a particular word.
What is ethical communication?
Ethical communication addresses the moral dimensions of speaking and listening.
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is the belief that our cultural view of the world is superior to anyone else's cultural view. Ethnocentrism must be avoided in communication situations. Ethnocentrism influences our evaluations of other speakers' competence and credibility. Ethnocentrism can prevent us from questioning societal and cultural practices that promote discrimination against people.
The persuasiveness of a speech addressing a question of fact relies on the speaker's ability to present sound, credible evidence. What provides this evidence?
Facts and statistics provide the foundational evidence for speeches on questions of fact.
How do public speaking students become better listeners?
One goal of public speaking class is to learn how to listen reciprocally, which is listening to others with full attention and an open mind and they do the same with you.
Using traditional visual and audio media.
There are many types of visual and audio media -> Prepare the images you want to display well in advance
How do public speaking students adapt to diverse audiences?
They learn strategies for getting to know their audiences.
What is the narrative pattern for informative speeches?
This pattern emphasizes the dramatic unfolding of events.
What is Extemporaneous speaking?
This style of speaking requires careful research, organization and rehearsal before delivery. It provides maximized connection with your audience, and the chance of achieving your purpose.
What are Tributes and Eulogies?
Tributes and Eulogies honor people for something they have done, who they were, where they have been, or where they are headed. -> Emphasize emotion in an appropriate manner. -> Inspire the audience, as well as praise the person being honored.
What is a symposium?
A presentation format in which each member of a group presents a speech about a part of a larger topic.
What is an attitude?
An attitude is how a person feels about something.
Beliefs flow from an individual's ____?
Standpoint
What should the speaker always keep in mind?
The general purpose.
What are proofs?
The types of support a speakers uses for a specific audience and occasion.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence is composed of five steps that encourage speakers to focus on audience outcomes while organizing ideas. What are these five steps?
1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action
Video clips can elicit an emotional response from the audience, and improve their ability to recall aspects of your speech. What are some important things to keep in mind when using video clips?
1. Be sure the video clip will contribute something truly important to your speech. 2. Keep the clip short! Less than 10% of overall speech time. 3. Treat the video as in integral part of your speech. 4. Embed the video within your digital slides. 5. Make sure the video is not offensive. 6. Cite the source of the video clip. 7. Be sure the clip is legitimate.
What does if mean that language is arbitrary?
1. Because there is no direct connection between a word and what it represents, different groups of people have different words that stand for the same things. 2. There is a direct link between the object that led to you thought, and the words you choose to express that thought. 3. There is no direct link between the object itself and the words you choose.
What are the organizational patterns for speeches on questions of fact?
1. Choose a pattern for a persuasive speech consistent with you specific purpose and thesis. 2. Arrange your main points in a chronological, spatial, topical, or cause-and-effect pattern.
What strategies are proven to work for attention getters?
1. Cite a surprising fact or statistic to call attention to your topic. 2. Tell an emotionally arousing but brief human-interest story. 3. Tell a joke to introduce the topic and get the audience interested. 4. Use the information you have collected about your audience. 5. Ask a question that you would want your audience to answer or consider.
Appearing credible to your audience is key to your success. What are the four dimensions of speaker credibility?
1. Competence 2. Trustworthiness 3. Dynamism 4. Sociability
What are some steps to prepare to research your topic?
1. Determining what you know about a topic and how you found out about it is the first step in developing a plan to researching your topic. 2. The information sources you access when preparing a speech should reflect the diversity that you gain when learning about and respecting other's viewpoints. -> therefore you should identify multiple perspectives and sources such as journals, magazines, and newspapers.
What are ethics of persuasive speaking?
1. Ethical persuasive speakers do not attempt to deceive or manipulate the audience. 2. Persuasive speakers must meet the National Communication Association's standards of ethical communication. 3. Ethical speakers support freedom of expression, appreciate the diversity of perspectives, and tolerate opposing viewpoints.
How do you use evidence effectively?
1. Evidence is the supporting materials that provide the foundation for your claims. 2. Logical appeals, or LOGOS, can be the most persuasive type of appeals when presented well. 3. Appeals to speaker credibility can be highly effective depending on how the audience views the speakers ETHOS. -> Your audience must perceive you as likable to sociable. 4. Emotional appeals, or PATHOS, rely on emotional evidence and stimulation of feelings to influence the audience. 5. Appeals to cultural believes, or MYTHOS, rely on the values and beliefs embedded in cultural narratives or stories to influence an audience.
Brainstorming is an effective strategy for selecting a speech topic. During brainstorming you should..?
1. Generate as many ideas as possible. 2. Write down every idea - whatever comes to mind. 3. Avoid evaluating your ideas. 4. Be as creative and imaginative as possible.
What does it mean that language is active?
1. Language is constantly evolving. 2. New inventions create new words. 3. Specific events change the meanings of words. 4. Communicators continually alter the meanings of words.
Aristotle identified three types of proofs, what are they and what to they refer to?
1. Logos: refers to rational appeals based on logic, facts, and analysis. 2. Pathos: appeals occur when speakers appeal to our emotions. 3. Ethos: appeals are based on the speakers credibility or character.
How do messages pass from senders to receivers?
1. Messages pass from a sender through a channel, or mode of communication to a receiver or receivers. The channel might be a person, telephone, text message, or web cam. 2. Receivers respond to sources with feedback. 3. Communication in the interactional model is two-way, with messages going back and forth between the source and the receiver.
Supporting materials provide the substance of your speech. What are the several types of supporting materials available to the public speaker?
1. Narratives draw the audience into the message. 2. Examples make ideas more concrete and personalize the topic. 3. Definitions explain or describe what something is. 4. A speakers testimony relies on an individual's opinion or experience related to a particular topic. 5. Facts and statistics are typically used when making a logical appeal.
Developing your conclusion is equally important to the success of your speech what are the four steps to a conclusion?
1. Once you present your main points, you are ready to wrap up your speech. 2. Review your main points. 3. Reinforce your purpose. 4. Provide closure.
What is audience-centered language?
1. Part of analyzing your audience involves identifying language that is appropriate for them. 2. Use visual language to give your speech force and help your audience visualize your ideas. a. Similes b. Metaphors c. Parallelism d. Rhymes e. Alliteration f. Antithesis
How do you define persuasion?
1. Persuasion embodies the concept of success. 2. Persuasion relies on language, images, and other means of communication to influence people's attitudes, beliefs, values, or actions.
Persuasive speakers take on the role of promoter or proponent, and advocate a particular view on a topic they want the audience to adopt.
1. Persuasive speakers voice a clear position on that topic. 2. Persuasive speeches address three types of questions; fact, value, and policy.
What are the three steps to preview your main points
1. Preview in the introduction what will be said in the body of the speech. 2. Present the main points and sub-points in the body. 3. Review the main points in the conclusion.
How do you use reasoning effectively?
1. Reasoning provides the bridge between the claim and the evidence. 2. Deductive reasoning argues from a general principle to a specific instance or case. 3. Speakers use inductive reasoning when they support a claim with specific instances or examples. -> Inductive reasoning asks the audience to accept a general claim based on a few cases, or even just one case. 4. Speakers use analogical reasoning when they compare two similar objects, processes, concepts, or events and suggest that what holds true for one also holds true for another.
When evaluating your research materials, what three evaluation criteria should be applied as you locate information for your speech?
1. Reliability: information must be reliable; it must be credible and fit with what other experts have concluded, and the source must be an authority on the topic. 2. Validity: information must be valid, and can be tested by examining the author's conclusions. 3. Currency: information must be current and up to date.
What are the organizational patterns for speeches on questions of policy?
1. Speakers must clearly articulate why the change must occur and what should be done. 2. The problem-solution pattern presents a need or problem and then shows how to solve it. -> Using the problem-solution pattern successfully requires clearly establishing the problem's existence. 3. The problem-cause-solution pattern of organization extends the problem solution pattern by adding an additional step: the cause of the problem. 4. Getting the audience to believe a problem exists provides the foundation for the remainder of a speech using the problem-cause-solution pattern. 5. Monroe's motivated sequence encourages speakers to focus on audience outcomes when organizing ideas. -> This also requires speakers to identify and respond to what will motivate the audience to pay attention.
Public speaking students learn how to organize ideas and information so that listeners can follow and understand the speakers message. What are two ways they do this?
1. Speakers use transitions and outlines while developing their speeches. 2. organizing your ideas prior to speaking can give the ideas greater impact with an audience.
What are organizational patterns for speeches on questions of value?
1. Speakers usually arrange their main points in a chronological, spatial, or topical pattern. 2. Choosing the appropriate organizational pattern influences your ability to convince the audience.
What are the three types of speeches?
1. Speeches to inform, attempt to describe, explain, or demonstrate something and are designed to increase the audience's knowledge about a topic. 2. Speeches to persuade, attempt to reinforce, or change the audience's beliefs, attitudes, opinions, values, and behaviors. 3. Speeches to entertain or seek to provide enjoyment to the audience.
Arguments include two types of claims: premises and conclusions what are these?
1. The conclusion is the primary claim or assertion a speaker makes. 2. A premise gives a reason to support a conclusion. 3. Arguments called enthymemes assume the audience will figure out the premise or conclusion on their own. -> An enthymeme invites audience participation as they mentally fill in the missing parts of the argument.
What are guidelines for using language in your speech?
1. The language you choose should fit the topic, occasion, and audience. 2. Choose meaningful words. -> Avoid jargon, idioms, euphemisms, slang, and cliches that listeners will not understand or will find uninteresting.
Learning public speaking skills help build confidence and manage speech anxiety. What are three ways this is true?
1. The process of habituation helps manage anxiety over time. 2. A public speaking course can provide a process of habituation grounded in positive feedback and constructive suggestions. 3. In time, the positive experiences encountered in a public speaking course can transfer to other speaking situations such as in the community or to other classes.
Effective public speakers provide brief references to their sources during their speeches. What is included in providing references?
1. The speaker should tell the audience who authored or published a piece of information. 2. Copyright laws also cover visual and audio materials, therefore, speakers must cite the source of the material just as they do with the written sources. 3. To help avoid plagiarism, keep careful records of information as you research your speech.
Written citations include bibliographic information in ____?
APA 6th edition.
What is an acceptance speech?
An acceptance speech is expected after an individual is recognized, honored, or awarded. -> A presenter of an acceptance speech should be thankful and humble. -> Listeners expect comments made when accepting an award to be brief and to the point. -> Provide a context for the award by describing activities that led to the award, or tell a story related to the occasion.
Language is____?
Arbitrary, ambiguous, abstract, and active
What is an argument?
Arguments provide support for persuasive speaker's positions on questions of fact, value, or policy. -> Argument forms the foundation of persuasion
Who in his book, Rhetoric, emphasized the importance of adapting speeches to specific situations and audiences?
Aristotle
Avoid vocalized pauses and articulate your words clearly and pronounce them correctly. Why is this important?
Articulating poorly during a speech may cause your audience to strain to understand you and may hurt your credibility.
What were some of Aristotle's concepts?
Audience-centered communication, which still holds true today. Aristotle discussed proofs, another foundation of public speaking
A value serves as a standard of ____?
Behavior
The interactional model expands on the transmission model by adding what two key elements?
Channel and feedback
What are the organizational patterns for informative speeches?
Chronological, spatial, topical, narrative, and cause and effect.
An argument makes a claim and supports it with evidence and reasoning. How do you use claims effectively?
Claims propose conclusions based on the evidence presented. -> Claims lay the groundwork for your thesis.
What is coercion?
Coercion is when a person is forced to think a certain way or feels compelled to act under pressure or threat.
What is speaker credibility?
How much the audience views the speaker as competent, friendly, trustworthy, and dynamic.
What is Impromptu speaking?
Impromptu speaking requires little to no preparation. 1. General conversation is impromptu speaking 2. Impromptu speaking is flexible, and completely spontaneous.
What are the different ways to deliver a speech?
Impromptu, Extemporaneous, Manuscript, and Memorized.
What is a forum?
Is the question-and-answer session following a group's formal presentation.
What is Manuscript speaking?
Manuscript speaking allows exact composition of the language you wish to use for your speech. It is more difficult to maintain a connection with the audience with this method.
What is memorized speaking?
Memorized speaking can be greatly effective if used for small speeches, or for sections of your speech, such as the introduction, or key transitions.
What is noise?
Noise is any interference in the understanding of a message. It may be internal to the speaker or external.
What are the different types of speech formats?
Patterns of speech organization include chronological, spacial, cause-and-effect, and problem-solution formats.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism refers to taking someone else's ideas and work and presenting them as your own, whether intentionally or unintentionally. Plagiarism violates ethical principles and is illegal. Speakers should provide oral citations, or brief references to their sources, during their speeches.
What are the difference between primary sources and secondary sources?
Primary sources express the authors' original ideas or findings whereas secondary sources are others' interpretations or adaptations of primary sources.
What is psycho-graphic information?
Psycho-graphics focus on psychological data. -> information about the audience's standpoints, values, beliefs, and attitudes.
Speeches on questions of fact ask ask____?
Questions of fact ask whether something is true or false. -> In speeches addressing questions of fact. The speaker tries to persuade an audience that something did or did not occur, or that one event caused another.
What are transferable skills?
Skills that can be transferred from one context to another.
What should you consider when selecting a topic?
Start with brainstorming 1. Consider your interests and what you know when evaluating potential speech topics. 2. The audience 3. Resource availability 4. Time 5. The setting and the type of event the speech will be given at.
True of false: Learning to become a public speaker is an opportunity to develop multiple transferable communication skills?
TRUE
True or false? Public speaking students learn how to find and use reliable information that can be useful in all aspects of life?
TRUE
What is the cause and effect pattern for informative speeches?
The cause and effect pattern shows how an action produces a specific outcome.
What is the chronological pattern for informative speeches?
The chronological pattern for informative speeches allows you to show how someone or something has developed or changed over time. -> Highlight the importance of each step in that development.
What is the introductions first element?
The introduction's first element is the attention getter, a device used to create interest in your speech. -> First impressions are important. The primacy effect is the influence of first impressions on later perceptions. -> To create an effective attention getter, consider your speech purpose, the amount of time you have to present your introduction, how creative you can be, proven techniques, and presentation media related to your topic.
The power of language rests in ____?
The power of language rests in its ability to create images in the minds of listeners. 1. The images created using language inform, persuade, and entertain audience members. 2. The words you choose to use also challenge your audience to think, reason, contemplate, feel, evaluate, and respond to what you have to say. 3. Words are symbols that trigger meanings that people have in their minds for words.
What is the spatial pattern for informative speeches?
The spatial pattern allows you to describe the physical or directional relationship between objects or places.
What is the thesis of the speech?
The thesis of the speech summarizes the plan for achieving the specific purpose.
What is the topical pattern for informative speeches?
The topical pattern divides your topic into subtopics that address the components, elements, or aspects of the topic. -> Subtopics become the main points of the speech.
What is the uninformed audience?
The uninformed audience is unfamiliar with your topic and has no opinion about it. 1. Motivate your audience to want to learn more about the topic. 2. Demonstrate your expertise on the topic and fairness in addressing all perspectives. 3. Use repetition and redundancy to reinforce your points. 4. Keep your persuasion subtle.
What are some strategies for managing speech anxiety?
VISUALIZATION- involves thinking through the sequence of events that will make up the speech in a positive, detailed, concrete, and step-by-step way. 1. Focus what will go right in your speech. 2. Visualize yourself giving a successful speech. 3. Use all of your senses to feel what will happen. RE-LABELING- occurs when you assign positive words or phrases to the physical and emotional reactions associated with speech anxiety. RELAXATION TECHNIQUES- reduce the physical symptoms of stress. COMPLETING THE PLANNING AND PREPARATION STEPS- in the speech making process will help you gain confidence and reduce speech anxiety. speech anxiety can be managed on the day of your speech prior to delivering the speech and during the speech.
The occasion usually indicates the reason for the speech. Depending on the occasion, the audience may be voluntary or captive. What is the difference?
Voluntary audiences choose to attend the event, whereas captive audiences feel they must attend the event.
Specific purposes, thesis statements, and main points for speeches based on questions of fact:
When you give a speech on a question of fact, you want the audience to believe with you or agree with you that something is true or false.
