Public Speaking Final Exam UF

What are the three different types of credibility? How do they differ from one another?

*Initial*- high advantage but could be destroyed during the speech resulting in low terminal credibility *Derived*- *Terminal*- will effect your initial credibility for your next speech

The Visualization Step

-*Show benefits of your plan8 by helping them to visualize your plan. -You want to help your audience look into the future and see the potential benefits of your plan. In this step, use *vivid imagery to show how your audience will benefit* if your plan is implemented -You must be sure that the visualization step is REALISTIC and that what you describe is attainable.

Identify and explain the strategies a speaker can take to boost her or his credibility when speaking to persuade.

-*explain competence* by directly telling audience your credentials -*establish a common ground* with audience by connecting yourself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience -*speaking with genuine conviction* good delivery and speaking techniques

Speeches of presentation

-Are given when someone receives a gift or an award -These speeches explain why the recipient is receiving the award. -This includes explaining the purpose and criteria and purpose of the award.

Speeches of introduction

-Introduces the main speaker to the audience -Builds enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker -Generates interest in the speaker's topic -Creates a welcoming climate -Helps boost the mains speaker's credibility -Usually around 2-3 minutes long. -Conventionally, *names are saved till the end of the speech*.

Commemorative Speeches

-Pay tribute to a person, group, institution, or an idea. -The purpose of this speech is to inspire the audience and/or to have them admire the person/group/thing being praised. -Feelings centric

When you give a persuasive speech of value, what do you need to justify to the audience?

-Require the audience judgment based on a person's beliefs about right and wrong, good or bad, etc. -need specific purpose, central idea, and main points -"To persuade my audience that they have a civic obligation to join Teach For America after graduating college." -To persuade my audience that a national sales tax is an equitable way to help reduce the national debt."

What is important to a persuasive speech?

-Research -Without sources, what you say is just your opinion. -Quoting out of context, misrepresenting sources and statistics, and showing only part of a story are unacceptable.

The Satisfaction Step

-Satisfy the need by *providing a solution to the problem*. -This is the step where you present your plan or solution and show your audience how and why it will work. Means of doing this include: ---Concisely and completely explain your plan ---Demonstrate how this plan will solve the problem ---give examples showing that this plan has worked effectively and is a PRACTICAL solution ---use facts, figures, and the testimony of experts to support your claim. ---*Address objections* to your solution

Speech based on a question of fact

-Seek to persuade an audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts of an issue. -"To persuade my audience that there is a serious shortage of participants in the Teach for America program." -"To persuade my audience that a major source of new revenue is needed to reduce national debt"

The Action Step

-The "Conclusion" of your speech. -The purpose of the action step is to translate the desire created in the visualization step into overt action. -This is the step where you will make a *call to action*. Tell your audience what you want them to do TODAY, and then tell them how they can do it. Don't make the action step too long or involved.

The Attention Step

-The first thing to do is gain the attention of the audience. -This is step is now the "Intro" of your speech. -To gain favorable attention, you will use methods similar to the attention getting methods you use in informative speeches.

Analyzing your audience by asking 3 questions

-These can address what opinions your classmates have on your topic, what background knowledge your classmates may or may not have on the topic, or anything else that you want to know about your audience. -This is to help you pinpoint your target audience and allow you to better tailor your topic to them. -questions are specific

When planning a speech of introduction, what considerations should you make for audience?

-aim is to make this audience want to hear this speaker on this subject -if the speaker is not well known you must establish their credibility by telling the audience background on the speaker's main achievements and explaining why he/she is qualified to speak on the topic

What ethical considerations must speakers make when planning persuasive speeches?

-goals are ethically sound and can defend them if they are questioned or challenged -study the topic thoroughly so you wont mislead audience with false or twisted information -seek out all sides of an issue

What is the target audience?

-the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

in a persuasive speech on question of policy what do you generally seek from the audience?

1. Gain passive agreement 2. Motivate immediate action from your listeners

What should happen at each step of ANSVA?

Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization Action

What are the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker?

Competence:how an audience regard's a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject Character:how an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness and concern for the well being of the audience

What considerations must be made for audience when speaking to persuade? In particular, what considerations should be made to persuade a skeptical audience?

Considerations when speaking to persuade include *credibility, evidence, reasoning, and emotions* (pg 326). Skeptical Audience need: *Oral citations, expert testimony, mental dialogue, strong evidence*.

Positive visualization approach

Describe how the situation will be if your plan is implemented and carried out.

Negative visualization approach

Describe the negative situation that will occur if your plan is not carried out. From the need step, select the most unpleasant aspects of the current situation and discuss how they will continue and worsen if your idea is rejected.

Speeches of acceptance

Give thanks for a gift or award -Should: --Thank the people giving the award --Acknowledge the people who helped the recipient win the award. Brevity, Humility, and Graciousness

What is the difference between logical reasoning and logical fallacy?

Logical reasoning is analysis based upon evidence while logical fallacy is an error in reasoning which doesn't rely on proven evidence.

What is Monroe's motivated sequence?

Monroe's Motivated Sequence is a pattern of organization that was designed to be especially effective for persuasive speeches on questions of policy that seek immediate action. -This sequence has 5 steps (ANSVA) that are designed to follow the psychology of persuasion. Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

Identify and explain the patterns of organization appropriate for a persuasive speech. (You should be able to identify the pattern from its definition as well as from examples)

Monroe's motivated sequence: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action Fact and value: Topically Policy: Problem- Solution or Problem-Cause-Solution

Persuasive speech on a question of policy

Questions of policy deal with specific courses of action, deciding whether something should or should not be done.

Different types of reasoning appropriate for a persuasive speech.

Reasoning from specific instances reasoning from principle Casual reasoning Analogical reasoning

Speeches of introduction are usually around 2-3 minutes long

TRUE

What is the purpose of speeches for special occasions?

The aim of speeches on special occasions is neither to inform nor to persuade but to fulfill the special needs of the occasion.

What is persuasion?

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.

If introducing the same person, should you prepare different speeches of introduction for different audiences?

Yes-- depending on the audience, you will want to adapt your introduction to "tell each audience what it wants to hear-- to give the kind of information that is interesting to members... same information but delivered/slanted differently."

Is it appropriate to mention losers in a speech of presentation? Why or why not?

Yes--"if the award was won in a public competition and the audience knows who the losers are, you might take a moment to praise the losers"

analogical reasoning

a speaker compares two similar cases and infers what is true for the first case is also true for the second ex: if you are good at tennis, you will probably be good at ping pong

informative speech

a speech given to inform, demonstrate, explain. various organization/ordering techniques.

Emotional appeal

aka Pathos, intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy, proud, sympathetic -appropriate reactions to questions of value or policy

bandwagon fallacy

assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. ex:Katie likes to read and would rather do that than play sports. Her friends make fun of her and tell her that reading is for nerds. Katie stops reading so much and starts to play sports more.

slippery slope fallacy

assumes that taking a first step will lead inevitably to a second step and so on down the slope to disaster. ex:We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if we do, she will want to roam the house. If we let her roam the house, she will want to roam the neighborhood. If she roams the neighborhood, she will get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in a sex slavery ring in some other country. Therefore, we should keep her locked up in the closet.

Initial credibility

credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

credibility of the speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech itself

3 types of questions

fact value policy

plan

if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem

red herring fallacy

introduces an irrelevant issue in order to divert attention from the subject under ex:When your mom gets your phone bill and you have gone over the limit, you begin talking to her about how hard your math class is and how well you did on a test today

need

is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy

The Need Step

make the audience feel a need for change -show the problems with the current situation. -Before you move to the next step the audience should be concerned about the problem and ready to hear about your proposed solution. The need should be stated clearly and illustrated with strong, credible supporting materials, such as the following ---*Detailed examples* that illustrate the need ---*Statistical data*, but don't overwhelm us with statistics! ---*Testimonials* or other forms of support to show the extent of the need

comparative advantages order

method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

problem solution order

method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem cause solution order

method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

Reasoning from principle

moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion ex: 1. all people are mortal 2. socrates is a person 3. therefore, socrates is mortal

Reasoning from specific instances

moves from particular facts to a general conclusion ex: fact 1: My PE class was easy. fact 2: My roommates PE class was easy. fact 3: My brothers PE class was easy conclusion: PE classes are easy

False cause

occurs when a speaker assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. ex:it is dark now, which makes it very dangerous. [It is not the dark that causes danger]. Drinking fresh water will keep you well. [It may contribute, but it is not the only or sufficient cause]. Money makes people arrogant. [Not all people, and not always just money]

appeal to novelty fallacy

occurs when a speaker assumes that because something is new, it is therefore superior to something that is older.

appeal to tradition fallacy

occurs when a speaker assumes that something old is automatically better than something new. ex: breaking a family tradition would be frowned upon

Hasty generalization

occurs when a speaker jumps to a conclusion on the basis of too few cases, or on the basis of atypical cases. ex: My father smoked four packs of cigarettes a day since age fourteen and lived until age sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking really can't be that bad for you.....It is extremely unreasonable (and dangerous) to draw a universal conclusion about the health risks of smoking by the case study of one man.

invalid analogy

occurs when two cases being compared are not essentially alike. ex:"No one objects to a physician looking up a difficult case in medical books. Why, then, shouldn't students taking a difficult examination be permitted to use their textbooks?" "People who have to have a cup of coffee every morning before they can function have no less a problem than alcoholics who have to have their alcohol each day to sustain them."

In which situations is Monroe's particular organization pattern most useful?

questions of policy that seek immediate action.

What is a logical fallacy?

reasoning based upon something (emotion, tradition,opinion) which is not proven evidence. An error in reasoning.

Casual reasoning

seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

either-or fallacy

sometimes referred to as a false dilemma, forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

ad hominem fallacy

substitutes an attack on the person for discussion of the real issue in dispute. ex:A lawyer attacking a defendant's character rather than addressing or questioning based on the case - in a case of theft pointing out the defendant's level of poverty.

terminal credibility

the credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech

Mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give and take between the speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

Speech to gain passive agreement

the speakers goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

the speakers goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Speaking to persuade

to convince the audience to perform an action or agree with a point.

Speaking to inform

to give the audience new information

practicality

will the speakers plan solve the problem? will it create a new and more serious problem?