Public Speaking Quiz #1
2 elements of contextual preparation for public speaking
1. Check the space beforehand 2. Be on time, even early
3 Elements of speech preparation
1. Active practice 2. Oral practice 3. repeated practice
What are the 3 misconceptions of public speaking
1. All or nothing - a mindset that if your speech falls short of "perfection" (an unrealistic standard), then you are a failure as a public speaker 2. Overgeneralization mindset - believing that a single event (such as failing at a task) is a universal or "always" event; 3. Fortune telling - tendency to anticipate that things will turn out badly, no matter how much practice or rehearsal is
Elements to get the Audiences Attention (9)
1. Anecdotes and Narratives 2. Startling Statements/ Statistic/ Fact 3. A Rhetorical Question 4. Immediate Reference to Subject 5. Reference to Audience or Appeal to Self-Interest 6. Quotation 7. Reference to Current Events 8. Historical Reference 9. Humor
What are the 6 elements of public speaking that are similar to a conversation
1. Awareness and sensitivity toward your audience 2. Exchange of explicit messages about the context; Less explicit ones about the relationship 3. A dependence on feedback 4. Face-to-face rather than mediated 5. Needs to contain highly formalized elements (intro, clear main points, supporting ideas) 6. Delivery is fluid, more energetic, and projected
What are the four steps of voice production
1. Breathing (produced by the lungs, which are largely responsible for the vocal characteristic of volume) 2. Phonation (the production of the sound in the vocal folds, which close and vibrate to produce sound for speaking as the air is exhaled over them; phonation creates pitch) 3. Resonation (a type of amplification of the sound in the larynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity, which creates the characteristic of quality) 4. Articulation produces the sounds of language others can understand and is responsible for rate and for being understood.
Ways to make your clincher strong and memorable (9)
1. Conclude with a challenge 2. Conclude with a Quotation 3. Conclude by Visualizing the Future 4. Conclude with a Question 5. Refer back to the Introduction 6. Conclude with an Anecdote or Personal Story 7. Conclude with a Reference to Audience or Audience Self-Interest 8. Informative versus Persuasive Conclusions
What is the first and second fear of public speaking
1. Fear of failure 2. Fear of public speaking
Four methods of delivery that can help you balance between too much and too little formality when giving a speech
1. Impromptu Speaking 2. Manuscript Speaking 3.Extemporaneous Speaking 4. Memorized Speaking
What are the elements of human communication
1. People 2. Context 3. Message 4. Channel 5. Noise 6. Feedback 7. Outcome
Marcus Cicero discussed the process of public speaking in a unique way, proposing that a speaker goes through the "canons (laws) of rhetoric" to create a speech. These steps are:
1. invention (creating content), 2. disposition (organization and logic of arguments), 3. style (choosing the right level and quality of vocabulary), 4. memory (actually, memorizing famous speeches to learn good public speaking techniques), and 5. delivery (nonverbal communication).
Values of public speaking
1st: public speaking is one of the major communication skills desired by employers - it involves a number of abilities such as team leadership, clear writing in business format, conflict resolution, interviewing, and listening 2nd: personal benefit - public speaking course can help you be a better, more informed, and critical listener; it can "encourage you to voice your ideas and take advantage of the influence you have 3rd: The course can attune you to the power of public speaking
What is an Anecdote
A brief account or story of an interesting or humorous event
What is a Rhetorical Question
A question to which no actual reply is expected
What is a fable
An allegorical anecdote designed to teach general life lessons
What is Public Speaking
An organized, face-to-face, prepared, intentional (purposeful) attempt to inform, entertain or persuade a group of people (usually five or more) through words, physical delivery, and (at times) visual or audio aids
What is Noise
Anything that disrupts, interrupts, or interferes with the communication process
Pauses should be _
CONTROLLED - to maintain the attention of the audience
What are the two most important aspects of Public Speaking
Confidence and Delivery
Noise can be contextualized as (3)
Contextual, Physical, and Psychological
What is Feedback
Direct or indirect messages sent from an audience (receivers) back to the original sender of the message
What are the three elements that you will want to incorporate to make your conclusion as strong as possible
Element 1: Signal the End Element 2: Restate Main Points Element 3: Clincher
Which speaking method is best for our class purposes
Extemporaneous Speaking
What other elements (excluding body) are important for strong speech production
Eye Contact, Volume, Pitch, Rate, Pauses, Vocalized
What is something you should not try
Fake eye contact methods!
What is rate
How quickly or slowly you say the words of your speech
Cons of Extemporaneous Speaking
In some cases, it does not allow for the verbal and the nonverbal preparation that is almost always required for a good speech this kind of speaking
Pros of Extemporaneous Speaking
It promotes the likelihood that you, the speaker, will be perceived as knowledgeable and credible since you know the speech well enough that you don't need to read it Your audience is likely to pay better attention to the message because it is engaging both verbally and nonverbally Allows flexibility; you are working from the strong foundation of an outline, but if you need to delete, add, or rephrase something at the last minute or to adapt to your audience, you can do so
cons of a manuscript speech
It's typically an uninteresting way to present (unless the speaker has rehearsed the reading as a complete performance animated with vocal expression and gestures) The presentation tends to be dull. Keeping one's eyes glued to the script pre-vents eye contact with the audience.
What do you need your words to be in your introduction
Memorable and attention-capturing
What are the 2 things you need to do to address public speaking anxiety
Mental and Physical preparation
Little variation of pitch leads to what
Monotone
What ELSE do you need to watch out for while conducting your speech
Objects, either on your person or otherwise
What are the two things public speaking can include
Q and A; Audience Interaction
What is volume
Refers to the relative softness or loudness of your voice
What is REALLY important for oral communication
Repetition
What are the 2 attitudes to have as an effective and ethical public speaker
Respect and Empathy
What is communication
Sharing meaning between two or more people
What is a Clincher
Something memorable with which to conclude your speech (concluding device) (makes the audience remember a speech more favorably)
What are vocalized pauses
Sometimes known as "fillers" are attempts to trick the audience to fill those pauses with sounds so that it appears that we haven't actually paused
step-by-step guide that may be useful if you are called upon to give an impromptu speech in public (7)
Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point or points you want to Thank the person for inviting you to speak. Do not make comments about being unprepared, called upon at the last moment, on the spot, or uneasy. No one wants to hear that and it will embarrass others and yourself Deliver your message, making your main point as briefly as you can while still covering it adequately and at a pace, your listeners can follow. Stay on track. Answer the question or prompt as given; resist the temptation to go elsewhere If you can, use a structure, using numbers if possible: "Two main reasons . . ." or "Three parts of our plan. . ." or "Two side effects of this drug. . ." Past, present, and future or East Coast, Midwest, and West Coast are common structures Thank the person again for the opportunity to speak Stop talking (it is easy to "ramble on" when you don't have something prepared). If in front of an audience, don't keep talking as you move back to your seat
What is Channel
The means through which a message gets from sender to receiver
What is the Goldilocks
The middle ground/ the perfect place you want to be at
Extemporaneous speaking
The presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes.
Impromptu Speaking
The presentation of a short message without advance preparation
What is an attention getter
The statement or question that piques the audience's interest in what you have to say at the very beginning of a speech
What is culture
The system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another
What do introductions and conclusions serve as
To frame the speech and give it a clearly defined beginning and end
True or False, according to most studies peoples number one fear is public speaking
True!
Cons of memorized speaking
Unless you also plan and memorize every vocal cue (the subtle but meaningful variations in speech delivery, which can include the use of pitch, tone, volume, and pace), gesture, and facial expression, your presentation will be flat and uninteresting, and even the most fascinating topic will suffer. You might end up speaking in a monotone or a sing-song repetitive delivery pattern. You might also present your speech in a rapid "machine-gun" style that fails to emphasize the most important points. If you lose your place and start trying to ad-lib, the contrast in your style of delivery will alert your audience that something is wrong. If you go completely blank during the presentation, it will be extremely difficult to find your place and keep going
What components can bring your speech vividly to life
Verbal and nonverbal
Pros of memorized speaking
When it comes to speeches, memorization can be useful when the message needs to be exact and the speaker doesn't want to be confined by notes. It enables the speaker to maintain eye contact with the audience throughout the speech. Being free of notes means that you can move freely around the stage and use your hands to make gestures. If your speech uses visual aids, this freedom is even more of an advantage.
When are Impromptu speeches most successful
When they are brief and focus on a single point.
What is manuscript speaking
Word-for-word iteration of written message
What two things from your body do you need to watch out for
Your hands and your feet
What is Symbol
a word, icon, picture, object, or number that is used to stand for or represent a concept, thing, or experience
The elements of the best attention getters are (5)
concrete (they bring up or refer to real experiences); novel (they use a material that is new or fresh to the audience); familiarity (makes the audience perk up with something comfortable and close to their experience); movement-oriented (don't spend too long in the introduction because the audience will wonder where you are headed); need-oriented (your attention getter and introduction, in general, should relate to the needs or interests of the audience).
What is Glossophobia
fear of public speaking
What is Pitch
is the relative highness or lowness of your voice, and like everything, you can have too much or too little
Common Errors to Avoid in Introductions (6)
rambling and meandering, not getting to the point; speaking to become comfortable; saying the specific purpose statement, especially as first words; choosing a technique that hurts credibility, such as pedantic (defining words like "love") or a method that is not audience-centered; beginning to talk as you approach the platform or lectern; instead, it is preferable to reach your destination, pause, smile, and then begin; reading your introduction from your notes; instead, it is vital to establish eye contact in the introduction, so knowing it very well is important; talking too fast; instead, let your audience get used to your voice by speaking emphatically and clearly
Common Errors to Avoid in Conclusions
signal the end multiple times. In other words, no "multiple conclusions" or saying "As I close" more than once; rambling; if you signal the end, end; talking as you leave the platform or lectern; indicating with facial expression or body language that you were not happy with the speech
What is Denotative
the objective or literal meaning shared by most people using the word
What is the advantage of impromptu speaking
the presentation of a short message without advance preparation
What is Decode
the process of the listener or receiver understanding the words and symbols of a message and making meaning of them
What is encode
the process of the sender putting his/her thoughts and feelings into words or other symbols
Memorized speaking
the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory
What is a disadvantage to impromptu speaking
the speaker is given little or no time to contemplate the central theme of his or her message
What is Connotative
the subjective or personal meaning the word evokes in people together or individually
