public speaking

What things should you include when you quote or paraphrase?

The source the author/organization the authors qualifications and the date

35. Very briefly, list the four major informative speech types. What is one thing to remember about the types?

about objects, processes, events, or concepts

9. What is a central idea? What is residual message? When do you write your central idea? Give an example of one.

central idea: A short statement that describes what you will actually talk aboutThe most specific description of your speech. write this after your research. Residual message: what do you want your audience to ultimately remember

21. What are the five strategic organization techniques? Which are best for informative speeches? Which are best for persuasive speeches?

chronological (informative), spatial (informative), cause and effect (pers), problem-solution (pers), topical (both)

27. What is an attention grabber? Which one is the most important? Why? Be familiar with all of them and be able to recognize them or give examples of them.

relate, importance (significance using numbers or historical significance), startle arouse curiosity *Detail an odd situation or set of statements question quote story

What is a transition? Give an example of one. How is it different from an internal preview? Give an example of one.

-A transition is a word or phrase that indicates that you have finished one thought to begin another. An example of a transition would be reminding the audience of what they just heard and hint at what they're going to hear next. A transition is different from an Internal Preview because an internal preview is a more detailed statement that previews the next section, unlike a transition where only a short phrase is used. An example of an Internal Preview is also reminding the audience of what you just talked about and then say something like a list, for example, "Now lets hear a list of conclusions....."

42. Wolpram alpha

42. WolphramAlpha is a search engine that computes knowledge and calculates things. You can search for facts, data, and it can calculate answers. WolphramAlpha is good for gathering and generating quantitative info in graphical form. It is extremely powerful but complicated. Wikipedia is a good place to start your search. It is good for finding sources that will provide information for your topic.

13. What is a frame of reference? How is it used during speech preparation?

A frame of reference is, by definition, the total of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people have the same frame of reference. The frame of reference effects how a person takes in and processes the speaker's message. Differing frames of reference amongst all people make it extremely important that the speaker adjusts and adapts their speech and message to the frames of reference in the audience. This is known as being "audience centered". By being audience centered, you are gearing your speech toward relating to your audience through their frame of reference.

22. What are stock phrases? Give examples. What do you use in place of them?

Aim to avoid these (it's hard!):Alright, next, so, okay, etc. Instead use one of four connectives: transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, or signposts

44. Describe the differences between examples, extended examples, and hypothetical examples.

An example is a specific case used to represent and idea, person, experience, etc. Brief examples are only mentioned and not explained. Extended examples lengthy examples that are often narratives or anecdotes. They are typically vivid and dramatic. Finally, hypothetical examples describe an imaginary situation.

24. What is an internal summary? When do you use them? Give an example.

An internal summary is a statement that describes everything you've discussed so far. These are used when the topics you are discussing are either complex or contain a lot of information - this helps keep the audience on track and avoids confusion. An example of this is "Let's take a moment to recap everything we've discussed so far. First, we have seen that owning a pet can benefit your emotional health by reducing loneliness, stress levels, and anxiety levels. Second, we have seen that owning a pet can also improve physical health including a lower resting heart rate and blood pressure. Now, we will learn...."

6. What are the two best ways for selecting a topic (references 2.1 - where to start)?

Are you persuading, informing, commemorating? Speaking will be easiest if you can use your own knowledge and experience

audience centered?

Audience centered means keeping the audience foremost in mind at all steps. Gaining a desired response is what you should strive to do instead of striving to present your goals as an individual. For example, don't give a speech that is a brain dump of your feelings about the topic. Give a speech that will mean something to the people listening.

12.) Considering a classroom audience, how can authenticity become problematic?

Authenticity is problematic when you do not take into account how your audience (students) feel about your topic. One example of not being authentic is just plainly plagiarizing information from a website and claiming it as your own ideas. When one person gives a speech, it must be their own original work. By understanding your audience inside and out, you will have a better chance at engaging and influencing them. Some degree of respect should be directed towards your audience in order to maintain authenticity. A presenter will grow only if he/she takes work seriously.

37. What does it mean to avoid abstraction? Describe 3 methods for avoiding abstraction.

Avoid Abstraction meaning= To avoid abstraction means to personalize your ideas/attempting to adapt to the audience's knowledge about the topic. Creativity is essential when aiming to meet your objectives. 3 methods= 1.) Make things concrete by using descriptions, specific nouns, and vivid details. 2.) Use comparisons to avoid abstraction. 3.) Use contrasts to avoid abstraction.

40. What are Boolean operators?

Boolean operators include an index of syntax that expands or constrains your search parameters. [AND] will include only search results that contain both sides of the operator [NOT] will exclude any results containing what succeeds the operator [*] will include any results where the attached word has prefixes or suffixes

25. What are signposts? Give two examples. Why do questions make for good signposts?

Defined: a briefstatement that indicates where the speaker is in the speech or focuses attention on key ideas Lastly it can be a question:Who do you know that suffers from this?

5. What is ethnocentrism? Why is it a problem in speeches?

Defined: the belief that your culture is the default—the standard, perhaps even superior to all others Cons: prejudice and hostility toward those with different racial, ethnic, religious, of cultural groups

8. What is a specific purpose? What are the general rules when writing them? Give an example of a bad one and a good one.

Defined: what you hope to accomplish in your speech Should be a single phrase that states 1) what you want to say and 2) what you want to audience to know Not sentence fragmentNot a question

assume ignorance

Do not assume that audience knows what you're talking about

11. What is pandering? Why is it problematic?

Do not compromise your beliefs, Do not be devious or unethical. You're not tricking them, you're meeting them in the middle

45. When are examples most useful? How do you make them the most impactful? Why is representativeness important?

Examples are most useful when you need to support your ideas, and make them more impactful. You make them the most impactful when you make them personal, therefore more believable. Also, examples are more impactful in they represent to majority of the audience. Representativeness is important because you want the examples to reach the audience and therefore reinforce your ideas.

30. How do you maximize the impact of your introduction?

First you want to make sure to grab the audiences' attention, then there are seven ways to maximize the introduction. Relate to the audience using vivid language or relating to their experience Show the audience the significance of your topic, which can be done by numbers or historical significance Startle the audience with an intriguing or flashy numbers or bait-and-switch Arouse curiosity uses detail sets of statements or odd situation Ask a question Quote someone else Tell a story, use vivid narrative that introduces the importance

3. What are the 6 categorical methods for controlling nerves?

Gain experience with the task, prepare, think positively, use visualization, know that people can't see nerves, and don't expect perfection.

15. What are the three major demographic things to keep in mind when assessing audience psychology? For each one, what should you do to avoid offending your audience?

Gender: gender attitudes are much more egalitarian than ever beforeRemember, roles are becoming increasing less specific Religion: religion (and politics) is a very sensitive topic and the US is the among the most religiously diverse nationsDon't assume a certain religion by default Sexual orientation: like gender, attitudes about sexual orientation are becoming more egalitarian (the US in particular)Default to partners rather than spouse

4. What are the 6 speech "hacks" for controlling nerves?

Get good restUse your muscles to relieve tension Take a few deep, slow breaths right before you speakDeliver the introduction/conclusion extremely wellTalk to/use your audienceUse visual aids

34. What is the goal of an informative speech? What must an informative speech be?

Goal: to convey knowledge and understanding—not to advocate a cause Must be: accurate, clear, and made meaningful/interesting

7. What is a general purpose? What are the types?

If to inform: you act as a teacher or lecturerYou aim to convey info clearly, accurately, and interestinglyIf to persuade: you act as an advocate You support a cause and aim to change the attitudes or actions of others

How should we consider bias when searching for information (i.e., how common is it)? Which types of sources are the most biased?

In our world, everything has a bias, whether it be large or small. This does not mean there are no good sources out there, it just means that you just have to be aware of this when searching for sources. Almost all news sources lean either to the left or right politically. You should stay away from ones that are extremely far to either side, such as Fox News or CNN. However, there are some unbiased news sources, such as "The Economist" or "Military Times". Also, be weary when going to different websites. Sites that end in .edu or .gov are great because they are far less biased than for example a .org website. If it is .org, that means it is an organization of people who have come together with a common goal, making it biased.

2: How can nerves be a good thing when speaking?

Nerves are a good thing because it means you are serious about your topic and that you care about your topic They can help benefit you as an effect of stage excitement Psychology social facilitation effect: If you are good at something, an audience will make you preform even better than normal

adapt prior

One can adapt before a speech by planning on how the audience is likely to respond. Have a plan for if the audience hates the speech, loves the speech, does not know anything about the topic, is very informed about the topic, and so on.

38 What are ProQuest, LexisNexis, and World News Digest examples of? What type of information can you find using them?

ProQuest, LexisNexis, and World News Digest are examples of news and periodical databases which allow users to browse and search numerous news articles for specific terms or topics. Using news articles, one can find recent or historical evidence from journalism.

49. quotes, paraphrasing

Quotes and paraphrases are used to support a points. Quotes and good when it's brief witty/eloquent/compelling and said better then you could ever say it. Paraphrasing when the words are cumbersome/complex or if the quote is more than 2/3 sentences.

16. How does audience size affect the speech type?

Rule: the larger the audience, the more formal you presentation must be

What are techniques for signaling the end of a speech? Explain the technique for each.

Simplest way: "In conclusion," My purpose has been..." or "Let me end by saying..." Harder ways would be a crescendo ending or a dissolve ending. A crescendo ending is when you change your style to a constant build. A dissolve ending is when you change your style to a calm and somber.

19. What is strategic organization?

Strategic organization is defined as putting a speech together in away to achieve a particular result with a particular audience. Choosing the right techniques for your subject matter and audience is vital to desirable results.

33. What are the techniques for reinforcing in a conclusion? Explain the technique for each.

Summary (nice and easy)Explicitly restate the central idea and main points one more time Quote (highly effective)Using the words of others sounds profound and timeless Dramatic statement (effective/tricky)Say something profound or present a startling zinger that causes people to rethink the whole speech Refer to intro (audiences like this)Aim for symmetry by quoting your intro to show the journey of your speech

48. What is testimony? When is it best to use expert testimony? When is it best to use peer testimony?

Testimony involves quotes or paraphrases used to support a point. Expert testimony should be used to build credibility and is especially useful when dealing with controversial topics. Peer testimony should be used when a personal viewpoint is required for authenticity or an emotional impact from everyday people.

What is the function of the conclusion? About how much of your speech should it constitute?

The conclusion functions to let people know that the speech is ending Reinforce the reaction you wanted from the audience to the central idea Only 5-10% of your total speech in terms of time

20. What is the first section developed when constructing a speech?

The first section developed when constructing a speech is the body. The introduction and conclusion will then follow.

26. What is the function of the introduction? About how much of your speech should it constitute?

The introduction of your speech functions to grab attention, reveal the topic, demonstrate credibility and good will, and preview the speech. It should take up about 10-20% of your total speech time.

39. What are Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar examples of? What type of information can you find using them?

They search academic research articles

51. What does it mean to be extemporaneous? Generally speaking, how do you accomplish it?

Well prepared but not memorized Comes off as casual, spontaneous, confident, knowledgeable, enthusiastic Use your toolsStrategic organization (esp. within the body), strong (memorized) start, strong (memorized) ending Consider an eager friend who wants to know moreConsider the conversation

42: What is WolframAlpha? What is it good for? What is Wikipedia good for?

WolframAlpha: Great for gathering/generating quantitative information in a graphical form Extremely powerful but complicated Wikipedia is a good place to start--yet a poor place to end at

46. What are the things to avoid when using statistics (reference Overview slide)? Why are they important?

You must ensure the source is unbiasedand current. Great for demonstrating importance/scope

dealing with egocentrism

You need to convince them to meet you halfway (you do the same)

18. Generally, how does one adapt when giving a speech?

cut/add content on the flyKnow what you can cut beforehand and what you can elaborate on Be ready to present without technologySave to the cloud and have a shoutkey ready to go so people can follow along on their devices (life saver!) Additionally, observe body language for eye contact and nodsIf you're missing these, reiterate or call attention to the screen/yourself

28. Why is establishing credibility important? How does one do this?

important when persuading