PVM II Final and OSCE
Musculoskeletal exam
Ambulating, palpast limps, joints, and tendons, lameness exam if needed
Unapproved euthanasia methods
Any method that doesn't induce unconsciousness before cardiorespiratory arrest
What type of parasite are foals vulnerable to?
Ascarids, present in dirt in the environment Can cause impactions if not dewormed
gravel
Ascending infection of white line
Grade 1 heart murmur
Audible at 1 valve
Grade 2 heart murmur
Audible at 2 valves
Grade 3 heart murmur
Audible at 3 valves
Grade 4 heart murmur
Audible at all 4 valves
A low parasite shedder (0-200epg) should be dewormed with what, and how often?
Avermectin 2x/yr Praziquantel 1x/yr Larvicidal 1x/yr Check FEC 2x/yr just to ensure efficacy
A high parasite shedder (>500epg) should be dewormed with what, and how often?
Avermectin 2x/yr Praziquantel 1x/yr Larvicidal 1x/yr Different class(es) of dewormer 4x/yr Check FEC 2x/yr to ensure efficacy
A moderate parasite shedder (200-500epg) should be dewormed with what, and how often?
Avermectin 2x/yr Praziquantel 1x/yr Larvicidal 1x/yr Different class of dewormer 1-2x/yr Check FEC 2x/yr to ensure efficacy
Non-penetrating captive bolt
Blunt bolt, strikes forehead with great force, causes concussion and unconsciousness
A proper blood smear should have which defined layers?
Body (thickest) Monolayer (rainbow/oil slick appearance) Feathered edge
Small strongyles
(Cyathostomes) Causes diarrhea and weight loss, and have some level of resistance to all anthelmintics
What do injectable barbituates do?
CNS depression, death occurs from respiratory arrest and myocardial hypoxia
Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata)
Can be present in baled hay Causes typhilitis Does not show up in fecals
Metacarpal III aka
Cannon bone
Which digestive structures have taenia?
Cecum (4) Ventral colon (4) Pelvic flexure (1) Dorsal colon (3) Small colon (2)
S2 heart sound
Closure of the semilunar valves, end systole and begin diastole (dub)
Distal phalanx aka
Coffin bone
Hoof wall avulsion
Complete or partial (incomplete tearing of hoof wall from foot, seriousness and prognosis related to depth of avulsion and amount of tissue removed
Thrush
Degenerate condition of the frog, black necrotic exudate and foul smell, caused by wet, unhygienic conditions
Function of small intestine in digestion
Digest carbohydrates and proteins
What is PCV used for?
Direct measurement of RBC mass Separates plasma, buffy coat (WBCs) and RBCs
Why would you NOT want to use acepromazine?
Do not use with stallions - paraphimosis
P3/coffin bone fractures
Due to single event trauma, treated with confinement, corrective shoeing, and foot cast
Bots (Gasterophilus spp.)
Eggs laid on hair of limbs, minimal pathology
Function of stomach in digestion
Enzymatic breakdown
What is EGGD?
Equine Glandular Gastric Disease (stomach ulcers on the lower glandular portion)
What is ESGD and how is it graded?
Equine Squamous Gastric Disease (stomach ulcers on the upper portion) Graded 0 (normal) to 4 (extensive lesions and deep ulceration)
What does total protein measure?
Estimates total proteins or "total solids" in g/dL using a refractometer
Function of cecum in digestion
Ferment carbohydrates and proteins from plant cell walls, breaks down cellulose
Function of descending/small colon in digestion
Forms fecal balls
Pinworms (Oxyuris equi)
From environmental contamination, causes itchiness around tail and anus
Steps to calculate medication dose
1. Find body weight in kg 2. (BW in kg/1) * (dose mg/1 kg)= dose in mg 3. (dose in mg/1)*(1 ml/100 mg)= dose in ml
How much food should horses consume?
1.5-3% of body weight in feed per day (15-30# food for a 1000# horse)
What dose |of pentobarbital is used for euthanasia of an average sized adult horse?
100ml IV
Which teeth are most commonly damaged or diseased?
109 and 209
What dose of thiopental is used for euthanasia of an average horse?
20-30mg/kg IV
Horse heartrate
28-40
When should you start vaccinating foals?
3-6mo
What is a normal PCV for dogs/cats/horses?
30-50%
How many teeth does an adult horse have?
36-44
How much water should horses consume?
5% of body weight per day (7 gal for a 1000# horse)
What dose of potassium chloride is used to euthanize an average horse?
50-100ml IV (must be anesthetized or unconscious first)
What is normal total protein?
6-8g/dL
How long is the jejunum of the horse?
75 feet
Horse rectal temperature
99.5-101.5
Horse respiratory rate
<20 (except in AZ they may be very hot and can be 40-60)
A fecal egg count reduction test of less than ____% suggests resistance to the anthelmintic used
<90%
Pedal Osteitis
A demineralization of the horse's coffin bone (P3) due to inflammation
What are clinical signs associated with enteritis?
Acute (proximal enteritis): fever, reflux, leukocytosis, colic that resolves with decompression Chronic/insidious (IBS, neoplasia): weight loss, panhypoproteinemia
What flu strain do horses get most commonly?
H3N8
What are haustra and where are they?
Haustra are small segmented pouches of bowel separated by haustral folds formed by muscular layer
contracted heels
Heels narrower than normal, most common in front feet, rapid occurs in feet with long-toe-low-heel conformation and with disuse
Hooves should be time shoes according to
Horse's feet - each horse is different
Triadan numbering system
Upper Right: 100s Upper Left: 200s Lower Left:300s Lower Right: 400s
Free bolt
Use in emergency or for animals that can't be restrained, bolt is not retractable, fires small projectile thru skull when pressed against forehead
S3 heart sound
Ventricular filling, not usually heard
When listening to their heart, which side is best to place your stethoscope?
left (the left has 3 valves to hear while the right side has just the tricuspid valve)
What type of WBC is pictured here
lymphocyte
What structure are you hearing when your stethoscope is in the 5th PMI space?
mitral valve
What type of WBC is pictured here
monocyte
Horses with diarrhea have an altered gut microbiota, so they have more _________ and less ________
more Fusobacteria less Clostridiales
Subsolar abscess
most common cause of acute lameness in horses, abscess between germinal and keratinized layers bacteria enter through white line break, misplaced nail, or puncture wound, must be drained
What type of WBC is pictured here
neutrophil
What area of the equine GI tract is most vulnerable to impactions?
pelvic flexure
What structure are you hearing when your stethoscope is in the 3rd PMI space?
pulmonic valve
What side is the cecum on?
right side
What side is the duodenum on?
right side
What are clinical signs associated with small intestine strangulations?
severe pain, serosanguinous belly tap
quarter crack
vertical split in hoof wall, most common hoof wall defect
Function of mouth in digestion
Mastication
Why would you use butorphanol?
Potent sedation and pain control Inhibits GI motility
Why would you use xylazine or detomidine?
Potent sedatives used to accomplish standing procedures Pain control, especially useful with abdominal pain
Grade 5 heart murmur
Precordial thrill
Function of esophagus in digestion
Transport
"Good" foot
Trick hoof wall, adequate sole depth, solid heel base, growth rings equal size at toe and heel, acceptable conformation
What structure are you hearing when your stethoscope is in the 4th PMI space?
aortic valve
What clinical signs are associated with colic?
Sweating, pawing, tachycardia, tachypnea, standing up and down, rolling, stretching, shifting, biting or looking at sides
sheared heels
asymmetry of heels due to displacement of one heel bulb, predisposed to subsolar bruising, quarter cracks, and thrush
Grade 6 heart murmur
audible with stethoscope off chest
What type of WBC is pictured here
basophil
What intestinal parasites are common for horses?
Tapeworms Ascarids Strongyles
Which common horse parasites do not show up on fecals?
Tapeworms, bots, pinworms
Microbial fermentation occurs in
The cecum and colon
Keratoma
Keratin containing tissue that grows between hoof wall and distal phalanx
West Nile virus vaccine type and schedule
Killed monovalent or multivalent, initial dose, booster 3-4 weeks after, then annually just before mosquito season, can be twice yearly in endemic areas
On which side should you approach a horse and halter them?
Left side
GI exam
Listen 10-60 seconds to upper and lower, left and right, and ventral midline, should hear propulsive grinding sounds
Proximal phalanx aka
Long pastern bone
Lymph nodes to check
Mandibular, parotid, cervical, inguinal
Influenza vaccine type and schedule
IM killed or intranasal live, 2-3 booster series 3-4 weeks apart, then yearly, every 6 months for IN
Strangles vaccine type and schedule
IN live, 2 given 2 weeks apart, then annually IM killed, 3-4 inj 3 weeks apart, then annually
Why do you NEVER want to give an IM injection in the gluteals?
If an abscess forms, it can only drain down into the horse
What are some causes of small intestinal impactions?
Ileal impaction from feeding coastal Bermuda hay Tapeworm infection Adhesions Ascaridiasis
Rabies vaccine type and schedule
Inactivated and given annually
Tetanus vaccine type and schedule
Inactivated and given annually after initial series
Equine herpesvirus types 1 and 4 type
Inactivated, only protect against respiratory disease and abortion, all horses have herpes
How do macrocyclic lactones work? (eg: Ivermectin)
Increases parasite cell permeability to Cl, leading to paralysis and death Best for strongyles
How does praziquantel work?
Induces spastic paralysis and disrupts integument Treats tapeworms
Quittor
Infection/necrosis of collateral cartilages, direct injury to cartilage, abscess/fistulous tract at coronary band
What are common causes of colitis?
Infectious (salmonella, clostridium, coronavirus, potomac horse fever) Verminous (encysted small strongyles) Caustic (sand)
What are the common "at-risk" vaccines for horses?
Influenza, equine herpesvirus 1 and 2, strangles
What are the approved euthanasia methods?
Injectable barbituates Captive bolt Gunshot Potassium chloride while anesthetized
How do benzimidazoles work?
Interferes with carbohydrate metabolism of the parasite Best for ascarid infections in foals
Dermal exam
Masses, insect reactions, rubbing ventral edema, melanomas
Older, gray horses commonly have what skin disease?
Melanomas
neurologic exam
Mentatian, cranial nerves, ambulation
Street nail
Metallic puncture wound to sole- always considered an emergency
List the equine digestive system structures in order
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum (R), jejunum, ileum, cecum (R), right ventral colon - sternal flexure, left ventral colon - pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon - diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon, transverse colon, descending colon, rectum/anus
Hydration exam
Mucous membranes, skin tent, jugular refill
Gunshot
Must be 32 caliber or larger, proper placement necessary
What MUST be accomplished during euthanasia for it to be humane?
Must relieve fear and apprehension Must induce unconsciousness as rapidly as possible, ensuring minimal pain and suffering
Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis vaccine type and schedule
Mutivalent, initial dose, booster 3-4 weeks after, then annually 1 month prior to mosquito season, can be twice yearly in endemic areas
What areas can you give horses IM injections?
Neck (cranial to scapula, dorsal to spinous processes, ventral to nuchal ligament) Pectorals Triceps Semitendinosus
Urogenital exam
Observe for normal anatomy, ensure sex and sterilization status
Sidebone
Ossification of the collateral cartilages within the hoof, common in larger breeds, forefeet more commonly affected, questionable clinical significance
Medial to lateral hoof imbalance
Outside of toe strikes ground before heel, with inside heel landing last- leads to uneven forces across hoof and uneven loading of lower limb joints
Penetrating captive bolt
Pointed bolt propelled by pressurized air or a blank cartridge, penetrates the skull, enters the cranium, and catastrophically damages the cerebrum and part of the cerebellum. Due to concussion, destruction of vital centers of the brain, and an increase in intracranial pressure, the animal loses consciousness. Most effective Risky if brain matter enters bloodstream
Why would you use acepromazine?
Produces sedation only, no pain control, so it may be useful when evaluating lameness in an excited horse
White line disease
Progressive separation of the inner zone of the hoof wall between stratum medium and stratum internum; delamination process caused by mechanical stress, poor environmental conditions, and/or selenium toxicity
What are the horse core vaccines?
Rabies, tetanus, and viral encephalitides (WEE, VEE, EEE, West nile)
Respiratory exam
Rate, smell, sound, rebreathing
Function of colon in digestion
Reabsorption of water and some fermentation
What are common causes of peritonitis?
Recent abdominal surgery, cyathostomiasis (small strongyles), infiltrative bowel disease, internal abscesses
When listening to a horses GI system on exam, where should you place the stethoscope?
Right and left dorsal (deeper sounds from large bowel) Right and left ventral (higher pitch sounds from small intestine) Ventral midline (listen for sand)
basic equine foot care
Routine cleaning picking with hoof pick Routine trimming/corrective trimming and shoeing Treatment of injury and disease
What are rugae and where are they?
Rugae are series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ Most commonly refers to gastric rugae (internal stomach)
What are common causes of large colon impaction?
Sand (commonly accumulates in ventral colon) Enteroliths (California alfalfa associated) Cecal impaction (associated with orthopedic surgeries)
Hearing waves on a beach while listening to GI tract indicates
Sand impaction
Laminitis occurs as a sequelae of
Sepsis/endotoxemia Excessive weight on limb due to injury of opposite limb Cushing's Equine Metabolic Syndrome
What are clinical signs associated with colon volvulus?
Severe and unrelenting abdominal pain, gross distension of the abdomen
Intermediate phalanx aka
Short pastern bone
farrier
Specialist in equine hoof care, including the trimming and balancing of horses hooves and the placing of shoes on their hooves, if necessary
When should you start deworming horses?
Starting at 6-8 weeks
What are some causes of small intestinal strangulations?
Strangulating Lipomas (on stalk of mesentery) Epiploic foramen entrapment Intussusception (ileocecal most common) Inguinal hernia (stallions)
Large strongyles
Strongylus vulgaris Causes thromboembolic colic Ivermectin once yearly prevents them
Hoot-pastern axis
With horse standing still, cannon bone should be perpendicular to ground when viewed from the side, straight line that passes through middle 3 phalanges, dorsal surfaces of pastern and hoof wall form a straight line
How do tetrahydropyrimidines work? (eg: pyrantel)
acts as a cholinergic agonist (interferes with parasite CNS) Effective against adult strongyles and tapeworms
navicular disease
chronic degeneration of the navicular bone, most common cause of forelimb lameness, lameness caused by navicular bone pain and pain in DDFT, navicular bursa, and distal sesamoidean impar ligament
S1 heart sound
closure of AV valves, begins systole (lub)
Before euthanizing an insured horse, you need to...?
contact the insurance company for consent
What type of WBC is pictured here
eosinophil
Use of any of the 3 types of captive bolts must be followed by...?
exsanguination
What kind of teeth do horses have?
hypsodont
canker
infectious process that results in chronic hypertrophy of horn-producing tissue, starts in frog, commonly seen in draft breeds
Laminitis
inflammation of the lamina within the hoof, loss of interdigitation between dermal and epidermal laminae
