px1

46) Disappearance of which type of junction most likely contributes to the metastasis of cancer cells throughout the body? A) tight B) anchoring C) gap

b

12) An immunoliposome is a liposome that A) can recognize cancer cells. B) suppresses the immune system. C) stimulates the immune system. D) None of the answers are correct.

a

14) Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules? A) kinesins B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) Golgi complex D) mitochondria E) ribosomes

a

27) Which is NOT synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) proteins B) steroids C) lipids D) fatty acids E) All are synthesized in the SER.

a

3) The lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the ________ environment. A) external B) internal

a

30) The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the A) Golgi complex for packaging. B) cell membrane for secretion. C) lysosome for modification. D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. E) nucleus for cellular use.

a

33) Peroxisomes A) use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. B) are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. C) are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. D) are a type of lysosome. E) All of the answers are correct.

a

92) ________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. A) Microtubular B) Endocrine C) Exocrine D) Nuclear E) Hormonal

c

40) Which cellular organelle is considered the powerhouse of the cell because it produces most of the ATP? A) mitochondria B) Golgi apparatus C) nucleus D) ribosome E) endoplasmic reticulum

a

44) The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be A) stratified squamous epithelium. B) transitional epithelium. C) cuboidal epithelium. D) simple columnar epithelium. E) simple squamous epithelium.

a

47) The types of junction proteins important in nerve growth and development are A) immunoglobulin superfamily. B) occludins. C) claudins. D) connexins. E) integrins.

a

48) Which is NOT a primary tissue type? A) osseous tissue B) muscle tissue C) neural tissue D) epithelial tissue E) connective tissue

a

54) Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True B) False

a

55) Epithelia are more likely to develop genetic mutations associated with cancer because they divide frequently. A) True B) False

a

66) The heaviest organ in the body is the A) skin. B) stomach. C) urinary bladder. D) brain. E) liver.

a

71) The simplest cell-cell junction is called a(n) A) gap junction. B) neuromuscular junction. C) desmosome. D) anchoring junction. E) tight junction.

a

76) Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix are the main cell type in this tissue. A) loose connective tissue B) fat C) cartilage D) blood E) bone

a

87) The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as A) extracellular matrix. B) blood. C) cytoplasm. D) mucous. E) micelles.

a

91) ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. A) Neural tissue B) Connective tissue C) Exocrine tissue D) Endothelium E) Epithelia tissue

a

96) ________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. A) Glycocalyx B) Focal Adhesion C) Cadherin D) Epidermis E) Connective tissue

a

17) Ribosomal RNA is formed by A) lysosomes. B) nucleoli. C) the endoplasmic reticulum. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi complexes.

b

20) Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by having defective A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B) lysosomes. C) mitochondria. D) Golgi bodies. E) rough endoplasmic reticulum.

b

25) Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of BOTH types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the A) storage of biomolecules. B) storage of genetic material for the cell. C) transport of biomolecules. D) synthesis of biomolecules.

b

28) Which consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum B) rough endoplasmic reticulum C) nucleoli D) Golgi apparatus E) mitochondria

b

34) The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ________ the number of mitochondria in adipose (fat) cells. A) less than B) greater than C) equal to

b

39) The term secretion refers to A) the manufacture and assembly of a material. B) the process by which a cell releases a substance into the extracellular space. C) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell. D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell. E) None of the answers describe secretion.

b

41) Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence. 1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. 2. A secretory vesicle is formed. 3. A transport vesicle is formed. 4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. A) 1, 3, 2, 4 B) 1, 3, 4, 2 C) 3, 1, 4, 2 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 4, 3, 1, 2

b

43) Which is NOT a type of cell junction? A) tight junctions B) loose junctions C) gap junctions D) desmosomes E) adherens junctions

b

5) Which term is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) plasma membrane B) a cell wall C) a cell membrane D) plasmalemma E) All of the answers are correct.

b

61) Loose connective tissue A) attaches muscle to bone. B) supports small glands. C) surrounds muscles and nerves. D) All of the answers are correct.

b

64) The definition "less specialized cells that retain the ability to divide" applies to A) nurse cells. B) stem cells. C) apoptosis. D) gametocytes. E) totipotent cells.

b

7) Cell membranes are said to be A) impermeable barrier. B) selectively permeable barrier. C) freely permeable barrier. D) only permeable to water soluble molecules. E) None of the answers are correct.

b

70) This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

b

75) This tissue is made up of adipocytes. A) dense, regular connective tissue B) fat C) dense, irregular connective tissue D) bone E) cartilage

b

77) Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue? A) bone B) cartilage C) fat D) loose connective tissue E) blood

b

78) An osteocyte is a main cell type in which tissue? A) loose connective tissue B) bone C) blood D) cartilage E) adipose

b

79) Which plays a role in temperature regulation in infants? A) collagen B) brown fat C) white fat D) bone E) cartilage

b

80) Nucleoli function in the production of A) DNA that controls all cell functions. B) RNA for ribosomes. C) peroxisomes. D) secretory vesicles. E) proteins.

b

82) The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) A) plasmalemma. B) nuclear envelope. C) protein coat. D) cell wall. E) adhesion molecule.

b

85) The lining of the heart is called A) secretory epithelium. B) endothelium. C) ciliated epithelium. D) transporting epithelium. E) protective epithelium.

b

86) ________ is the extracellular component of connective tissues. A) Mucous B) Ground substance C) Cartilage D) Cytoplasm E) Blood

b

89) The study of tissue structure and function is called A) differentiation. B) histology. C) physiology. D) remodeling. E) plasticity.

b

1) When cancer develops in one tissue and spreads to another through the blood or the lymph, the cancer is said to have undergone what process? A) cytokinesis B) mutation C) metastasis D) differentiation

c

10) Which structure is a lipid bilayer that controls which objects can leave or enter the cell? A) Golgi apparatus B) ribosome C) plasma membrane D) endoplasmic reticulum E) nucleus

c

2) The space that is surrounded by the tissue wall of hollow organs is known as the A) tract. B) extracellular space. C) lumen. D) peritoneal cavity. E) epidural space.

c

21) Microvilli are found A) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones. B) only on cells lining the reproductive tract. C) in cells that participate in absorption. D) on the inside of cell membranes. E) mostly in muscle cells.

c

23) Centrioles A) hold the cell's ribosomes in place. B) help move fluid through the cell. C) direct the movement of DNA during cell division. D) provide shape and stability to a cell. E) are white blood cells outside of vessels.

c

26) Which is NOT made in smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) fatty acids B) proteins C) RNA D) phospholipids E) steroids

c

29) Which structure is NOT involved in storage? A) storage vesicles B) peroxisomes C) mitochondrial cristae D) lysosomes E) All are involved in cellular storage.

c

42) Movement of material between cells is known as the ________ pathway. A) cisendothelial B) metacellular C) paracellular D) transendothelial E) transcellular

c

49) Which is NOT a function of epithelia? A) movement B) producing specialized secretions C) storing energy reserves D) providing physical protection E) regulating exchange

c

52) Glands that secrete hormones into the blood are A) unicellular glands. B) exocrine glands. C) endocrine glands. D) mixed glands. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

56) The function of microvilli on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia is to A) increase the toughness of the cell. B) increase the movement of extracellular fluid. C) increase the cell's surface area. D) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses. E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.

c

57) The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is called A) basolateral epithelium. B) luteal cells. C) endothelium. D) the vasa recta. E) None of the answers are correct.

c

65) Groups of tissues that carry out related functions may form structures known as A) organelles. B) cells. C) organs. D) organisms. E) Impossible to tell from the information given.

c

68) These degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

c

69) This is the digestive system of a cell, breaking down old organelles or bacteria. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

c

84) Cells are transformed into specialized units during A) programed cell death. B) transcription. C) differentiation. D) mitosis. E) apoptosis.

c

90) Structures composed of epithelial cells that produce secretions are called A) micelles. B) nuclear pores. C) glands. D) ducts. E) cell junctions.

c

16) The thickest protein fibers from the following group are A) myosin molecules. B) microfilaments. C) neurofilaments. D) microtubules. E) keratin filaments.

d

18) Which statement about mitochondria is FALSE? A) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. B) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria do not contain DNA nor RNA. E) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production.

d

19) In humans, only ________ cells have flagella. A) intestine lining B) respiratory tract lining C) stomach lining D) sperm E) uterine tube lining

d

24) Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is made in the A) nucleus. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) ribosomes. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.

d

31) You discovered a new cell that lacks lysosomes. This cell would NOT be able to A) transport water-soluble molecules. B) destroy H2O2. C) synthesize lipids. D) digest cellular wastes and bacteria. E) synthesize enzymes.

d

35) The control center for cellular operations is the A) ribosomes. B) mitochondria. C) endoplasmic reticulum. D) nucleus. E) Golgi complex.

d

36) The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein hormone. Which organelle would be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) lysosomes B) mitochondria C) microvilli D) ribosomes

d

37) If the adrenal cortex produces lipid hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex? A) Golgi apparatus B) ribosome C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum E) mitochondria

d

4) The watery medium that surrounds a cell is known as A) protoplasm. B) cytoplasm. C) intracellular fluid. D) extracellular fluid. E) cytosol.

d

45) The type of protein found in gap junctions is the A) claudin. B) integrin. C) occludin. D) connexin. E) cadherin.

d

50) Epithelial cells adapted for membrane transport of large quantities of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) flagella B) lysosomes C) cilia D) microvilli E) mitochondria

d

51) Epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by A) a basal lamina. B) gap junctions. C) the apical surface. D) basal body. E) desmosomes.

d

63) The term meaning "programmed cell death" is A) necrosis. B) cytocide. C) diuresis. D) apoptosis. E) oncogenesis.

d

67) This organelle is the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) mitochondria E) peroxisomes

d

9) Which of the following is NOT a membrane lipid? A) phospholipids B) cholesterol C) sphingolipids D) All are membrane lipids.

d

11) A liposome is a A) a structural part of cell membranes. B) medium to deliver drugs. C) medium to deliver cosmetics. D) a type of lipid. E) a medium to deliver cosmetics and drugs.

e

13) Intermediate filaments A) stabilize the position of organelles. B) transport materials within the cytoplasm. C) provide the cell with strength. D) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

15) Which is an example of a membranous organelle? A) cilia B) centriole C) ribosome D) cytoskeleton E) lysosome

e

22) Microtubules A) form cilia that aid in cell movement. B) are composed of tubulin. C) are the largest cytoplasmic fibers. D) are hollow, filamentous structures. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

32) Which activates digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? A) base B) air C) water D) enzymes E) acid

e

38) The nucleus stores DNA that encodes the sequence of which molecules? A) phospholipids B) carbohydrates C) proteins D) lipids E) All of the answers are correct.

e

53) Exocrine glands A) may make either mucous or serous secretions. B) may work as single cells or as a multicellular organ. C) may release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts. D) release their secretions into the external environment. E) All of the statements are true.

e

58) Which tissue has extensive extracellular matrix? A) epithelial B) muscle C) connective D) neural E) epithelial, neural, and muscle

e

59) Functions of connective tissue include A) storing energy reserves. B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials. C) establishing a structural framework for the body. D) providing protection for delicate organs. E) All of the answers are correct.

e

6) Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins? A) respond to extracellular molecules B) act as transport molecules for various solutes C) creating junctions between cells D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

e

60) Cells that store fat are called A) liposomes. B) melanocytes. C) fibroblasts. D) mast cells. E) adipocytes.

e

62) Which is NOT a characteristic of plasma? A) part of the ECF B) the fluid portion of blood C) a dilute solution of ions and dissolved organic molecules D) a watery extracellular matrix E) a sticky solution containing glycoproteins and proteoglycans

e

72) This junction contributes to the blood-brain barrier. A) gap junction B) anchoring junction C) neuromuscular junction D) desmosome E) tight junction

e

73) These junctions can be cell-matrix junctions. A) gap junction B) connexin C) neuromuscular junction D) tight junction E) anchoring junction

e

74) The loss of these junctions are a characteristic of cancer. A) claudin constructed junction B) gap junction C) neuromuscular junction D) tight junction E) anchoring junction

e

8) What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? A) the formation of a barrier that is selective for lipid-soluble molecules B) the absorption of fats only C) to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment D) to provide a framework for membrane proteins only E) the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

e

81) Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. A) structural B) a physical barrier C) hydrophilic D) metabolically active E) selectively permeable

e

83) Communication between the nucleus and cytosol occurs through A) sodium channels. B) plasmalemma. C) nucleoli. D) desmosomes. E) nuclear pores.

e

88) The fluid substance of blood is called A) interstitial fluid. B) peroxide. C) endothelium. D) cytoplasm. E) plasma.

e

93) ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. A) Ribosomal B) Serous C) Mucous D) Exocrine E) Endocrine

e

94) ________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. A) Peripheral B) Glycolipid C) Nuclear D) Cytoskeletal E) Transmembrane

e

95) ________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. A) Transmembrane B) Glycolipid C) Cytoskeletal D) Nuclear E) Peripheral

e