Pyschology 101 Part 1
T/F - Correlations allow us to determine causality.
False
T/F - Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
T/F - Insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed.
False
T/F - John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.
False
T/F - PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.
False
T/F - Structuralists tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"
False
T/F - The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.
False
T/F - Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde dehfrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
False
In every experiment, the _________ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.
Dependent Variable
Which of the following is the correcct oder of prenatal development?
Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Raoul is one of the best football players in Newborn Warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable ot sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a ___________.
Health Psychologist
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning __________________.
Hippocampus
The ___________ Perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Roger and Abraham Maslow.
Humanistic-existential
A(n) ___________ primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
Industrial Psychologist
Jane is a 10-year-old girl with a mental age (MA) of 12. Jane's intelligence qoutient (IQ) calculated using Wihelm Stern's formula is __________.
120
The _________ refers to the smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimuli that we can detect.
Absolute Threshold
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the phsycial features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?
Accomodation
Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurence is known as the _________.
All-Or-None Principle
Piaget desribed human thought, or intelligence, in terms of the concepts of ________ and accomodation.
Assimilation
According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, __________ only occurs during a critical period of develpment.
Attachment
Brandon had a fear od dogs. To extinguish this fear, his mother bakes him his favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to him while he ate the cake. In this scenario, Brandon's mother used _______ to cure his fear.
CounterConditioning
T/F - According to Arne Ohman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
False
T/F - The Thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two-years-old.
False
T/F - The thyroid gland secretes melatonin.
False
T/F - With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.
False
T/F - You would not show any instinctive behaviors if you were born and raised seperately from others in your family and/or species.
False
William Wundt used _________ to try to discover the basic elements of experience.
Introspection
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating enviroments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
Neural events may be involved with memory.
The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely refers to _________.
Pitch
The _________ lies below the hypothalamus and is dubbed the "master gland."
Pituitary Gland
The _____________ is the part of the nervous system that is involved with the sensory and motor neurons which transmit messages about sights, sounds, smells, temperature, and body positions to the central nervous system.
Somatic Nervous System
T/F - Anterograde amnesia is the failure to remember events that occured after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occured prior to pyshcial trauma because of the trauma.
True
T/F - Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
True
When a patient insists on having a medical cure but a physician does not believe that medicine is necessary, the physician may prescribe sugar pills. Such fake plls are called ______________.
Placebos
The most dramatic gains in height and weight occur during _________.
Prenatal Development
People with ___________ stop breathing preiodically, up to several hundred times per night.
Sleep Apnea
In boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of __________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair.
Testosterone
T/F - People are at the height of their cognitive powers during early adulthood.
True
T/F - Psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by Sigmund Freud.
True
T/F - Girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche.
False
T/F - In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
False
T/F - In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the real world.
False
T/F - It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.
False
T/F - Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necesary for the perfecting-tasting pancakkes. In this example, changing the number of the blueberries would be considered the dependent variable.
False
A(n) ________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
Memory Trace
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate? A) Marijuana B) Nembutal C) Nicotine D) Demerol
Nembutal
___________ is produced largely by neurons in the brain stem and acts both as a neurotransmitter and as a hormone.
Norepinephrine
In the context of pain, Which of the following statements is true? A) Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed. B) Headaches originate through nerve endings present in the brain. C) Pain does not reverbrate throughout the nervous system. D) Modern research shows that acupuncture works by balancing the body's flow of energy.
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
T/F - In psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not in awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. What did I eat for breakfast this morning? or What is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material
True
T/F - Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozgotiic twins are the result of nurture.
True
T/F - A sample consists of multipule populations
False
T/F - Consider a child who is burned by toucing a hot stove. The sight of a stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.
False
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia? A) It is the failure to remember events that caused an accident or occured prior to an accident. B) It is the inability to recall events that occured prior to the age of three or so. C) It is the Failure to remember the events that occured after a psychial trauma. D) It is the inability to recall events that took place in childhood.
It is the failure to remember the events that occured after a physical trauma.
_________ is the founder of Behaviorism.
John B. Watson
When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enought to be a __________________.
Just Noticeable Difference
Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood? A) Menopause in women occurs. B) Both sexes may look better than their earlier adult years. C) Sense of smell declines. D) Strength, coordination, and stamina are lower than in ealier years.
Sense of smell declines
When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the _________.
Synaptic Cleft
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of biologically-oriented psychologists?
They study the role of heredity in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal behavior, and thinking.
T/F - Structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to intergrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns
False
T/F - Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alpabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.
True
B.F. Skinner proposed
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways becuase their behavior has a positive outcome.
T/F - A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False
T/F - Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, where as images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) sleep
False
T/F - Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
False
T/F - Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.
False
T/F - Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.
False
T/F - Sociocultrual psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind.
False
T/F - Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.
False
T/F - The hypothalamus is involded in the formation of verbal memories
False
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences, In this scenario, Ava is demonstarting __________.
Infinite Creativity
A participant's agreement to particiapte in research after recieving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referrred to as _________.
Informed Consent
When you first wake up in the morning and turn your lights on, the ____________ changes shape to keep out some of the light so it does not damage the eye.
Iris
Which of the following is funtionalism?
It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
Which of the following best defines the term preconsious?
It refers to the material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following is true of estrogen production in females? A) It stimulates the frontal lobes od the brain. B) It regulates the activity of the amygdala. C) It orevents growth of pubic hair. D) It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
It stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips.
The ________ adjusts or accomodates to an image by changing its thickness.
Lens
The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that ________ were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension
Monozygotic Twins
At the start of the exam Bobbi did not notice any distracting sounds. As time passed she became more and more aware of the ticking clock on the wall. What is this an example of?
Sensory Adaptation
During the embryonic stage of prenatal development, the ____________.
Sex organs start to differentiate.
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, ad he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of __________.
Sleep Terrors
A hypothesis is a:
Statement about behavior or mental processes that is testable through research.
Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?
The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participats and draw conclusions about cause and effect.
T/F - A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and enviromental factors contribute to IQ scores.
True
T/F - According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer
True
T/F - Behavioral psychologists believe leaning is a relativey permanent change in behaviour that arises from practice or experience.
True
T/F - Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
True
T/F - In classical conditioning. Extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
True
T/F - In pavlov's famous experiemtns, a dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
True
T/F - It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also ppreoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.
True
T/F - Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them
True
T/F - Odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrance high in each nostril
True
T/F - Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioural genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.
True
T/F - Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict and control behavior and mental processes.
True
T/F - Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (Stage 3 or 4) sleep.
True
T/F - The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.
True
T/F - The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while preception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.
True
T/F - With well-known information such as our names nad occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
True
T/F - You had not heard the song that you and your previous boyfriend used to listen to in years. Upon hearing it aggain you were surprised by all of the mixed emotions that you were experiencing. This is an example of spontaneous recovery.
True
High-Frequency brain waves are associated with _____________.
Wakefuleness
________ was a founder of the school of functionalism.
William James
