questions i keep freaking missing: final round part 1

Plato

(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection. He founded the Academy, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. He is widely considered the pivotal figure in the history of Ancient Greek and Western philosophy, along with his teacher, Socrates, and his most famous student, Aristotle. He wrote many Allegories and metaphors; Atlantis, Ring of Gyges, The Cave, The Divided Line, The Sun, Ship of State, Myth of Er, and The Chariot. His notable works include Apology (a Socratic dialogue of the speech of legal self-defence which Socrates spoke at his trial for impiety and corruption in 399 BCE), Crito, Euthyphro, Meno, Parmenides, Phaedo , Phaedrus, and most famously, Republic (authored around 375 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man.)

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the main contemporary author to have written plays mentioning him during his lifetime, though a fragment of Ion of Chios' Travel Journal provides important information about his youth. Which famous philosopher famously said "I know that I know nothing"?

H.M.S. Pinafore

(W.S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan, 1878). Aboard the title ship, Josephine promises her father, the captain, that she will marry Sir Joseph Porter, but Josephine secretly loves the common sailor Ralph Rackstraw, and the two plan to elope. A peddler named Buttercup reveals that she accidentally switched the captain and Ralph at birth: Ralph is of noble birth and should be captain, while the captain is nothing more than a common sailor. Ralph, now captain, marries Josephine, and the former captain marries Buttercup. Like The Pirates of Penzance, songs are named after their first lines; they include "We sail the ocean blue," "I'm called Little Buttercup," and "Pretty daughter of mine."

The Brandenburg Gate

A Berlin landmark, once a main city entrance, later closed by the Berlin Wall. An 18th-century neoclassical monument in Berlin, built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the temporary restoration of order during the Batavian Revolution. Originally called the Peace Gate, it was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans, replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original in the Customs Wall. The gate consists of twelve Doric columns, six to each side, forming five passageways. Its design is based on the Propylaea, the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece, and is consistent with Berlin's history of architectural classicism. Atop the gate is a Quadriga, a chariot drawn by four horses driven by Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory, sculpted by Johann Gottfried Schadow.

Bay Psalm Book

A metrical psalter first printed in 1640 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was the first book printed in British North America. The psalms in it are metrical translations into English. Its production, just 20 years after the Pilgrims' arrival at Plymouth, Massachusetts, represents a considerable achievement. In November 2013, one of eleven known surviving copies of the first edition sold at auction for $14.2 million, a record for a printed book.

Cass Gilbert

A prominent American architect, he was an early proponent of skyscrapers, his works include the Woolworth Building, the United States Supreme Court building, the state capitals of Minnesota, Arkansas and West Virginia; and the Saint Louis Art Museum and Public Library. His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and Renaissance humanism. His achievements were recognized in his lifetime; he served as president of the American Institute of Architects in 1908-09.

Jehovah's Witness

A religious sect that originated in the United States and had about 20,000 members in Germany in 1933. Their religious beliefs did not allow them to swear allegiance to any worldly power, making them enemies in the eyes of the Nazi state. The group reports a worldwide membership of approximately 8.68 million adherents involved in evangelism and an annual Memorial attendance of over 20 million. They are directed by a group of elders in Warwick, New York, United States, which establishes all doctrines based on its interpretations of the Bible. They believe that the destruction of the present world system at Armageddon is imminent, and that the establishment of God's kingdom over the earth is the only solution for all problems faced by humanity. The group emerged from the Bible Student movement founded in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell, who also co-founded Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881 to organize and print the movement's publications. A leadership dispute after Russell's death resulted in several groups breaking away, with Joseph Franklin Rutherford retaining control of the Watch Tower Society and its properties. Rutherford made significant organizational and doctrinal changes, including adoption of the name we know today. What religion is most for their door-to-door preaching, meeting at Kingdom Halls for worship and study, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and for refusing military service and blood transfusions.

Norman Rockwell

A twentieth-century American artist and illustrator, known for his warm-hearted paintings of rural and small-town life in the united States. Many of his paintings appeared cover illustrations for the magazine The Saturday Evening Post. Among the best-known of his works are the Willie Gillis series, Rosie the Riveter, The Problem We All Live With, Saying Grace, and the Four Freedoms series. He is also noted for his 64-year relationship with the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), during which he produced covers for their publication Boys' Life, calendars, and other illustrations. These works include popular images that reflect the Scout Oath and Scout Law such as The Scoutmaster, A Scout is Reverent and A Guiding Hand, among many others. He was also commissioned to illustrate more than 40 books, including Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn as well as painting the portraits for Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon, as well as those of foreign figures, including Gamal Abdel Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru. His portrait subjects included Judy Garland. One of his last portraits was of Colonel Sanders in 1973.

Neil Simon

American playwright, screenwriter, television writer, and librettist who was one of the most popular playwrights in the history of the American theatre. In 1961 his autobiographical play Come Blow Your Horn opened on Broadway and became a smash success. They included Barefoot in the Park; The Odd Couple, for which he won the Tony Award for best author; The Star-Spangled Girl; Plaza Suite; Last of the Red Hot Lovers; The Prisoner of Second Avenue; The Sunshine Boys; California Suite; Chapter Two; and I Ought to Be in Pictures. He also penned a trilogy of autobiographical plays consisting of Brighton Beach Memoirs; Biloxi Blues, which was awarded the Tony for best play; and Broadway Bound. Subsequent plays included Rumors; Lost in Yonkers, which won both a Pulitzer Prize and the Tony Award for best play; and The Dinner Party.

Margot Fonteyn

Born Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias, she was an English ballerina. She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Royal Ballet (formerly the Sadler's Wells Theatre Company), eventually being appointed prima ballerina assoluta of the company by Queen Elizabeth II. In 1961, Rudolf Nureyev defected while dancing in Paris. Though reluctant to partner with him, danced with him in his début with the Royal Ballet in Giselle . The duo immediately became an international sensation. They were most noted for their classical performances in Le Corsaire Pas de Deux, Les Sylphides, La Bayadère, Swan Lake, and Raymonda. The pair premièred Ashton's Marguerite and Armand, which had been choreographed specifically for them, and were noted for their performance in the title roles of Sir Kenneth MacMillan's Romeo and Juliet.

Coco Chanel

Born with the first name Gabrielle, she was a French fashion designer and businesswoman. The founder and namesake of her iconic brand, she was credited in the post-World War I era with popularizing a sporty, casual chic as the feminine standard of style, replacing the "corseted silhouette" that was dominant beforehand. She is the only fashion designer listed on Time magazine's list of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century. She herself designed her famed interlocked-CC monogram, which has been in use since the 1920s. Name this iconic woman who learned to sew in a convent, and gained her nickname from her cabaret shows

Stephen Foster

Composer of popular minstrel show tunes such as Oh, Susanna, and My Old Kentucky Home. Sometimes considered the Father of American music, or the embodiment of the south pre-civil war. He wrote more than 200 songs, including "Oh! Susanna", "Hard Times Come Again No More", "Camptown Races", "Old Folks at Home" ("Swanee River"), "My Old Kentucky Home", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair", "Old Black Joe", and "Beautiful Dreamer", and many of his compositions remain popular today.

The Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. The screenplay is adapted from, and originally sported the title of, the 1905 novel and play The Clansman, by Thomas Dixon Jr. It was the first 12-reel film ever made and, at three hours, also the longest up to that point. Its plot, chronicling the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth and the relationship of two families in the Civil War and Reconstruction eras over the course of several years—the pro-Union Stonemans and the pro-Confederacy Camerons—was by far the most complex of any movie made up to that date. It was originally shown in two parts separated by an intermission, and it was the first to have a musical score for an orchestra. It pioneered close-ups, fade-outs, and a carefully staged battle sequence with hundreds of extras (another first) made to look like thousands. It came with a 13-page "Souvenir Program". It was the first American motion picture to be screened in the White House, viewed there by President Woodrow Wilson. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Surrender of Breda

Diego Velazquez, depicts 1625 episode with Dutch surrendering to Spanish, stresses graciousness of Spanish victories, remain dignified, Dutch on left and scattered and not unified, Spanish weapons symbolized military might, has imaginary landscape

Moliere

French classicist playwright who produced popular comedies that exposed the hypocrisies and follies of society. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and more. Thirteen years as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comic abilities while he began writing, combining Commedia dell'arte elements with the more refined French comedy. Molière found success among Parisians with plays such as The Affected Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought a royal pension to his troupe and the title Troupe du Roi ("The King's Troupe"). In 1673, during a production of his final play, The Imaginary Invalid, he was seized by a coughing fit and a haemorrhage while playing the hypochondriac Argan. He finished the performance but collapsed again and died a few hours later. Name this playwright of Tartuffe, The Misanthrope, The Learned Women, and L'Avare, who was also reportedly called "Le Nez" due to his large nose

Albert Camus

French existentialist who stated that in spite of the general absurdity of human life, individuals could make rational sense out of their own existence through meaningful personal decision making. He was a French philosopher, author, and journalist. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature at the age of 44 in 1957, the second-youngest recipient in history. His works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Fall, and The Rebel. Name this playwright of the following works: Caligula The Misunderstanding The State of Siege The Just Assassins Requiem for a Nun The Possessed

Manet

French modernist painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) and Olympia, both 1863, caused great controversy and served as rallying points for the young painters who would create Impressionism. Adopting the current style of realism initiated by Gustave Courbet, he painted The Absinthe Drinker (1858-59) and other contemporary subjects such as beggars, singers, Gypsies, people in cafés, and bullfights. Name this artist who's last major work was Un bar aux Folies Bergère, or in English, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère

Corneille

French tragic dramatist whose plays treat grand moral themes in elegant verse (1606-1684) a French tragedian. He is generally considered one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine. As a young man, he earned the valuable patronage of Cardinal Richelieu, who was trying to promote classical tragedy along formal lines, but later quarrelled with him, especially over his best-known play, Le Cid, about a medieval Spanish warrior, which was denounced by the newly formed Académie française for breaching the unities. He continued to write well-received tragedies for nearly forty years. His first true tragedy is Médée, produced in 1635.

Voodoo

Haitian version of traditional African religious beliefs that are blended with elements of Christianity. a religion practiced in Haiti. It is a creolized religion forged by descendants of Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other African ethnic groups who had been enslaved and brought to colonial Saint-Domingue (as Haiti was known then) and Christianized by Roman Catholic missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. The word means "spirit" or "deity" in the Fon language of the African kingdom of Dahomey (now Benin).

Thespis

He was a singer of dithyrambs (songs about stories from mythology with choric refrains). He is credited with introducing a new style in which one singer or actor performed the words of individual characters in the stories, distinguishing between the characters with the aid of different masks. According to certain Ancient Greek sources and especially Aristotle, was the first person ever to appear on stage as an actor playing a character in a play (instead of speaking as themself). In other sources, he is said to have introduced the first principal actor in addition to the chorus.

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. It is one of the youngest of the major religions and the world's fifth-largest organized religion. A follower can be defined as any human being who faithfully believes in: 1.. One Formless Being 2. Ten Gurus, from Guru Nanak Sahib to Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, 3. The Guru Granth Sahib, 4. The utterances and teachings of the ten Gurus and 5. the baptism bequeathed by the tenth Guru, and who does not owe allegiance to any other religion, is a follower. This religion also follows the 5 Ks, five items that Guru Gobind Singh commanded Khalsa followers to wear at all times in 1699. They are: Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (a wooden comb for the hair), Kara (an iron bracelet), Kachera (a 100% cotton tieable undergarment, must not be elastic), and Kirpan (an iron dagger large enough to defend oneself ) .

Caravaggio

Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light. His influence on the new Baroque style that emerged from Mannerism was profound. Artists in the following generation heavily under his influence were called the under his name, as well as tenebrists or tenebrosi ("shadowists"). He developed a considerable name as an artist, and as a violent, touchy and provocative man. A brawl led to a death sentence for murder and forced him to flee to Naples. The two works making up the commission, The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew and The Calling of Saint Matthew, delivered in 1600, were an immediate sensation. His tenebrism (a heightened chiaroscuro) brought high drama to his subjects, while his acutely observed realism brought a new level of emotional intensity. Major works from his Malta period include the Beheading of Saint John the Baptist, his largest ever work, and the only painting to which he put his signature, Saint Jerome Writing. Among other works from his Syracuse period are Burial of St. Lucy, The Raising of Lazarus, and Adoration of the Shepherds. Name this highly controversial artist- arrested and sued many times, often fleeing or being bailed out by his patrons, using prostitutes as models, and reportedly homosexual- who also painted Head of Medusa, The Taking of Christ, David with the Head of Goliath, Judith Beheading Holofernes, and The Beheading of Saint John the Baptist

From the Earth to the Moon

Name this 1958 film based on a novel of the same name by Jules Verne. In 1868, American inventor Victor Barbicane develops a powerful military explosive that he also uses as fuel for a moon-bound rocket manned by himself and a motley crew. Set just after the American civil war, businessman and inventor Victor Barbicane invents a new source of power called Power X. He plans to use it to power rockets, and to show its potential he plans to send a projectile to the moon. Joining him for the trip are his assistant Ben Sharpe, Barbicane's arch-rival Stuyvesant Nicholl, and Nicholl's daughter Virginia. Nicholl believes that Power X goes against the will of God and sabotages the projectile so that they cannot return to earth, setting up a suspenseful finale as they battle to repair the projectile. Name this film with part of aa score reused from the 1956 film Forbidden Planet

symphonic poem

One-movement orchestral form that develops a poetic idea, suggests a scene, or creates a mood, generally associated with the Romantic era. Also known as a tone poem. Very popular among such composers as Liszt, Richard Strauss, Debussy, Ravel, and Schubert. Name this type of music exemplified by "Der Erlkonig," "Hungarian Rhapsodies," and "Bolero"

I.M. Pei

Pritzker Prize-winning Chinese-born American architect, known as the last master of high modernist architecture. In 1935, he moved to the United States and enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania's architecture school, but he quickly transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He spent his free time researching emerging architects, especially Le Corbusier. After graduating, he joined the Harvard Graduate School of Design (GSD) and became a friend of Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer. Name this highly decorated architect of the John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, National Gallery of Art East Building, Louvre Pyramid, Paris, Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Indiana University Art Museum, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Miho Museum, and Roosevelt Field (shopping mall)

Book of Mormon

Published by Joseph Smith in 1830. It was named for the ancient prophet who was claimed to have written in. It was, he said, a translation of gold tablets he had found in the hills of New York, revealed to him by an angel of God. It told the story of two successful ancient American civilizations, whose people had anticipated the coming of Christ and were rewarded when Jesus actually came to America after his resurrection. Ultimately, however, both civilizations collapsed. It has a number of original and distinctive doctrinal discussions on subjects such as the fall of Adam and Eve, the nature of the Christian atonement, eschatology, redemption from physical and spiritual death, and the organization of the latter-day church. The pivotal event of the book is an appearance of Jesus Christ in the Americas shortly after his resurrection.

Stravinsky

Russian-born composer, pianist, and conductor. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential composers of the 20th century. He practiced Neoclassicism and polytonality. He first achieved international fame with three ballets commissioned by the impresario Serge Diaghilev and first performed in Paris by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes: The Firebird , Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring. Who wrote the opera in 3 acts, The Rake's Progress, where the story concerns the decline and fall of one Tom Rakewell, who deserts Anne Trulove for the delights of London in the company of Nick Shadow, who turns out to be the Devil.

Deep in the Heart of Texas

The 1941 song features lyrics by June Hershey and music by Don Swander. There were no fewer than five versions in the Billboard charts in 1942. It spent five weeks at the top of Your Hit Parade in 1942 during its twelve weeks stay.

Well-Tempered Clavier

a collection of two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys, composed for solo keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach. In Bach's time, the title instrument was a generic name indicating a variety of keyboard instruments, most typically a harpsichord or clavichord - but not excluding an organ. Name this collection composed "for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning, and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study", for which a sequel was written 20 years after the original was published

Ishtar Gate

The entrance gate into Babylon, built by Nebuchadnezzar. It was the eighth gate to the inner city of Babylon. The walls were finished in glazed bricks mostly in blue, with animals and deities in low relief at intervals, these also made up of bricks that are molded and colored differently. The roof and doors of the gate were made of cedar, according to the dedication plaque. The bricks in the gate were covered in a blue glaze meant to represent lapis lazuli, a deep-blue semi-precious stone that was revered in antiquity due to its vibrancy. Through the gate ran the Processional Way, which was lined with walls showing about 120 lions, bulls, dragons, and flowers on yellow and black glazed bricks, symbolizing the goddess Ishtar. The gate itself depicted only gods and goddesses. These included the namesake goddess, Adad, and Marduk. During celebrations of the New Year, statues of the deities were paraded through the gate and down the Processional Way.

Et tu, Brute?

These are the famous last words of Julius Caesar after he is murdered by his friend Marcus Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. They mean "Even you, Brutus?" and are used poetically today to designate any form of the utmost betrayal.

Delacroix

This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People. In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres, he took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance, with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. As a painter and muralist, his use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of the optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. His painting of the Massacre at Chios shows sick, dying Greek civilians about to be slaughtered by the Turks. Name this artist, whose first major painting was, The Barque of Dante

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?

This novel by Philip Dick takes place in a post-apocalyptic future (originally 1992, changed to 2021 in later editions) brought on by "World War Terminus." It follows the story of Rick Deckard, an android bounty hunter, and John Isidore, a "chickenhead" disabled by the radioactive dust. Name this novel, the first in the Blade Runner series and the basis for the 1982 film, Blade Runner.

Ratatoskr

With a name meaning "drill tooth," this entity of Norse mythology is a squirrel who runs up and down the world tree Yggdrasil to carry messages between the eagle perched atop Yggdrasil, and the serpent Níðhöggr, who dwells beneath one of the three roots of the tree.

Pissarro

a Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter born on the island of St Thomas. His importance resides in his contributions to both Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. He studied from great forerunners, including Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot. He later studied and worked alongside Georges Seurat and Paul Signac when he took on the Neo-Impressionist style at the age of 54. Paul Cézanne said "he was a father for me. A man to consult and a little like the good Lord", and he was also one of Paul Gauguin's masters. It was by Corot that he was inspired to paint outdoors, also called "plein air" painting. Name this influential artist of "Hay Harvest at Éragny," "Apple Harvest at Éragny," and "Boulevard Montmartre, Paris"

Vermeer

a Dutch Baroque Period painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle class life. He produced a total of fewer than 50 paintings, of which 34 have survived. He worked slowly and with great care, frequently used very expensive pigments, and is particularly renowned for his masterly treatment and use of light in his work. "Almost all his paintings," Hans Koningsberger wrote, "are apparently set in two smallish rooms in his house in Delft; they show the same furniture and decorations in various arrangements and they often portray the same people, mostly women." Who is this artist of A View of Delft, The Music Lesson, The Milkmaid, The Astronomer, The Geographer, Lady Seated at a Virginal, and most famously, Girl with a Pearl Earring.

Van Dyck

a Flemish Baroque artist who became the leading court painter in England after success in the Southern Netherlands and Italy. He was successful as an independent painter in his late teens, and became a master in the Antwerp guild in 1618. By this time he was working in the studio of the leading northern painter of the day, Peter Paul Rubens, who became a major influence on his work. In the late 1620s he completed his greatly admired Iconography series of portrait etchings, mostly of other artists. In 1632 he returned to London to be the main court painter, at the request of Charles I of England. Charles I at the Hunt, Samson and Delilah, Henrietta Maria and the dwarf, Sir Jeffrey Hudson, Charles I in Three Positions, Cupid and Psyche,

Gauguin

a French Post-Impressionist artist. Unappreciated until after his death, he is now recognized for his experimental use of color and Synthetist style that were distinct from Impressionism. He was a large component of the Cloisonnist and Primitivist movements as well. He is known for his unpleasant relationship with the deeply ill artist van Gogh. Toward the end of his life, he spent ten years in French Polynesia. The paintings from this time depict people or landscapes from that region. Name this artist of "The Yellow Christ," "Spirit of the Dead Watching," and "Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?"

Renoir

a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style. As a celebrator of beauty and especially feminine sensuality, it has been said that "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau." A Girl with a Watering Can, 1876, Bal du moulin de la Galette, 1876, Luncheon of the Boating Party, 1880, Pink and Blue, 1881Girls at the Piano, 1892, Nude, 1910 and Claude Monet Painting in His Garden at Argenteuil

Matisse

a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter, and as the leading figure of Fauvism. Woman with a Hat (1905)The Joy of Life (1906)Nu bleu (1907)La Danse (1909)L'Atelier Rouge (1911)

Charles Perrault

a French author and member of the Académie Française. He laid the foundations for a new literary genre, the fairy tale, with his works derived from earlier folk tales, published in his 1697 book Histoires ou contes du temps passé orContes de ma mère l'Oye (Stories or Tales from Past Times, with Morals or Mother Goose Tales). The best known of his tales include Le Petit Chaperon Rouge ("Little Red Riding Hood"), Cendrillon ("Cinderella"), Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté ("Puss in Boots"), La Belle au bois dormant ("Sleeping Beauty"), and Barbe Bleue ("Bluebeard"). Name this leader of the Modern faction during the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns.

Sartre

a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). His plays are richly symbolic and serve as a means of conveying his philosophy. The best-known, Huis-clos (No Exit), contains the famous line "L'enfer, c'est les autres", usually translated as "Hell is other people." He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honours and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution." Name this author of Nausea, the story of Antoine Roquentin in diary form, a French writer who is horrified at his own existence.

Rodin

a French sculptor[1] generally considered the founder of modern sculpture.[2] He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell.

Bach

a German composer and musician of the Baroque period. He is known for instrumental compositions such as the Brandenburg Concertos and the Goldberg Variations, and for vocal music such as the St Matthew Passion and the Mass in B minor. Since the 19th-century namesake revival, he has been generally regarded as one of the greatest composers of all time. Name this composer, for which a numbered catalogue of his works uses the initials BWV

Aeneid

a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed. Name this piece with characters Dido, Turnus, Ascanius, Anchises, Creusa, Sinon, Latinus, and Lavinia

Brancusi

a Romanian sculptor, painter and photographer who made his career in France. Considered a pioneer of modernism, one of the most influential sculptors of the 20th-century, he is called the patriarch of modern sculpture. The Endless Column (1938) Bird in Space (1919) Torso of a Young Man (1917-22) The Newborn (1915) Mademoiselle Pogany (1912) Prometheus (1911) Sleeping Muse (1910) The Kiss (1908)

Shostakovich

a Russian composer and pianist. He is regarded as one of the major composers of the 20th century, with a unique harmonic language and a historic importance due to his years of work under Stalin. In 1918 he wrote a funeral march in memory of two leaders of the Kadet party murdered by Bolshevik sailors. While writing the Second Symphony, Shostakovich also began work on his satirical opera The Nose, based on the story by Nikolai Gogol. Much of this period was spent writing his opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District, which was first performed in 1934. It was immediately successful, on both popular and official levels. It was described as "the result of the general success of Socialist construction, of the correct policy of the Party", and as an opera that "could have been written only by a Soviet composer brought up in the best tradition of Soviet culture". Who wrote the Leningrad and Stalingrad symphonies, number 7 and 8 respectively

Mussorgsky

a Russian composer, one of the group known as "The Five". He was an innovator of Russian music in the Romantic period. He strove to achieve a uniquely Russian musical identity, often in deliberate defiance of the established conventions of Western music. Many of his works were inspired by Russian history, Russian folklore, and other national themes. Such works include the opera Boris Godunov, the orchestral tone poem Night on Bald Mountain and the piano suite Pictures at an Exhibition.

Rite of Spring

a ballet and orchestral concert work by the Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was written for the 1913 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company; the original choreography was by Vaslav Nijinsky with stage designs and costumes by Nicholas Roerich. When first performed on 29 May 1913, the avant-garde nature of the music and choreography caused a sensation. Many have called the first-night reaction a "riot" or "near-riot". The music achieved equal if not greater recognition as a concert piece and is widely considered to be one of the most influential musical works of the 20th century. The scenario depicts various primitive rituals celebrating the advent of spring, after which a young girl is chosen as a sacrificial victim and dances herself to death. Name this ballet by Stravinsky subtitled, "Pictures of Pagan Russia in Two Parts"

flying buttress

a buttress that stands apart from the main structure and connected to it by an arch. As a lateral-support system, it was developed during late antiquity and later flourished during the Gothic period of architecture. Ancient examples can be found on the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and on the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki. These structures of Notre Dame de Paris, constructed in 1180, were among the earliest to be used in a Gothic cathedral. They were were also used at about the same time to support the upper walls of the apse at the Church of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, completed in 1163. They were sometimes decorated with crockets (hooked decorations) and sculpted figures set in aedicules (niches) recessed into the structures.

Midsummer Night's Dream

a comedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595/96. The play is set in Athens and consists of several subplots that revolve around the marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. One subplot involves a conflict between four Athenian lovers. Another follows a group of six amateur actors rehearsing the play which they are to perform before the wedding. Both groups find themselves in a forest inhabited by fairies who manipulate the humans and are engaged in their own domestic intrigue. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular and is widely performed. Theseus—Duke of Athens Hippolyta—Queen of the Amazons Egeus—father of Hermia Hermia—daughter of Egeus, in love with Lysander Lysander—in love with Hermia Demetrius—suitor to Hermia, former lover of Helena Helena—in love with Demetrius Philostrate—Master of the Revels Peter Quince—a carpenter Nick Bottom—a weaver Francis Flute—a bellows-mender Tom Snout—a tinker Snug—a joiner Robin Starveling—a tailor Oberon—King of the Fairies Titania—Queen of the Fairies Robin "Puck" Goodfellow—a mischievous sprite with magical powers Peaseblossom, Cobweb, Moth and Mustardseed—fairy servants to Titania Indian changeling—a ward of Titania Name this Shakespearean play in which Puck causes all sorts of love triangles and gives Bottom the head of a donkey.

cakewalk

a dance developed from the "prize walks" held in the mid-19th century, generally at get-togethers on black slave plantations in the Southern United States. Alternative names for the original form of the dance were "chalkline-walk", and the "walk-around" At the conclusion of a performance of the original form of the dance in an exhibit at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, an enormous title pastry was awarded to the winning couple. Thereafter it was performed in minstrel shows, exclusively by men until the 1890s. The inclusion of women in the cast "made possible all sorts of improvisations in the Walk, and the original was soon changed into a grotesque dance" which became very popular across the country. Name this dance, whose fluid and graceful steps may have given rise to the colloquialism that the term is synonymous with "something accomplished with ease"

1984

a dystopian social science fiction novel by English novelist George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance, and repressive regimentation of persons and behaviours within society. Orwell, himself a democratic socialist, modelled the authoritarian government in the novel after Stalinist Russia. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within politics and the ways in which they are manipulated. The story takes place in an imagined future, in the title year, when much of the world has fallen victim to perpetual war, omnipresent government surveillance, historical negationism, and propaganda. Great Britain, known as Airstrip One, has become a province of a totalitarian superstate named Oceania that is ruled by the Party who employ the Thought Police to persecute individuality and independent thinking. Big Brother, the leader of the Party, enjoys an intense cult of personality despite the fact that he may not even exist. The protagonist, Winston Smith, is a diligent and skillful rank-and-file worker and Outer Party member who secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion. He enters into a forbidden relationship with a colleague, Julia, and starts to remember what life was like before the Party came to power.

Pantheon

a former Roman temple, now a Catholic church (Basilica of St. Mary and the Martyrs), in Rome, Italy, on the site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus, later rebuilt by the emperor Hadrian and dedicated approx. 126 AD. Its date of construction is uncertain, because Hadrian chose not to inscribe the new temple but rather to retain the inscription of Agrippa's older temple, which had burned down. The building is cylindrical with a portico of large granite Corinthian columns (eight in the first rank and two groups of four behind) under a pediment. A rectangular vestibule links the porch to the rotunda, which is under a coffered concrete dome, with a central opening (oculus) to the sky. Almost two thousand years after it was built, its dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.

Theseus

a hero and king of Athens who was noted for his many great deeds: killed Procrustes, the marathonian bull, the club bearer, and the Minotaur and defeated the Amazons and united Attica. Name this ancient Greek hero who withstood the 6 labours, and who's father committed suicide on mistake of what color sails he used.

Guernica

a large 1937 oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. It is one of his best known works, regarded by many art critics as the most moving and powerful anti-war painting in history. It is exhibited in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid. The grey, black, and white painting, which is 3.49 meters (11 ft 5 in) tall and 7.76 meters (25 ft 6 in) across, portrays the suffering of people and animals wrought by violence and chaos. Prominent in the composition are a gored horse, a bull, screaming women, dismemberment, and flames.

the Vedas

a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India. Composed in a special type of Sanskrit, the texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism. They are divided into 4 sections: the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and the Atharvaveda. These texts are even further subdivided into the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). Some scholars add a fifth category - the Upasanas (worship). The texts of the Upanishads discuss ideas akin to the heterodox sramana-traditions. Name these orally handed down texts of the Hindu faith

falsetto

a method of voice production used by male singers, especially tenors, to sing notes higher than their normal range.

expressionism

a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. It developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film and music. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. Name the movement spanning countless others, including Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke, featuring such artists as van Gogh, Willem de Kooning, Marc Chagall, Wassily Kandinsky, and Edvard Munch.

The Hunchback of Notre Dame

a musical based on the 1831 novel of the same name written by Victor Hugo with songs from the 1996 Walt Disney Animation Studios film adaptation. The original musical premiered in 1999 in Berlin, Germany as Der Glöckner von the title cathedral. ("The Bellringer of the title cathedral). It was produced by Walt Disney Theatrical, the company's first musical to premiere outside the U.S. It ran for three years, becoming one of Berlin's longest-running musicals. Name this play in which a man's mother was murdered because guards thought that she stole bread, when the bag really had a baby in it who was disfigured. The murderer was then to raise the child as his own.

Tarzan

a musical based on the Walt Disney Animation Studios 1999 film of the same name. The songs are written by Phil Collins with a book by David Henry Hwang. The musical follows Tarzan, who is raised by gorillas in West Africa. He meets Jane, a young English naturalist, and falls in love, unknowing that Jane's entourage plans to kill the gorillas. The original Broadway production opened in 2006, directed and designed by Bob Crowley with choreography by Meryl Tankard. The production ran for 35 previews and 486 performances. Subsequently, the show has been staged in several other countries and by regional theatres. Name this musical with songs by Phil Collins such as, "Two Worlds", "You'll Be in My Heart", "Son of Man", and Strangers Like Me"

Van Eyck

a painter active in Bruges who was one of the early innovators of what became known as Early Netherlandish painting, and one of the most significant representatives of Early Northern Renaissance art. About 20 surviving paintings are confidently attributed to him, as well as the Ghent Altarpiece and the illuminated miniatures of the Turin-Milan Hours, all dated between 1432 and 1439. Ten are dated and signed with a variation of his motto ALS ICH KAN (As I can), a pun on his name, which he typically painted in Greek characters. Name this artist of Ghent Altarpiece, Portrait of a Man in a Turban, Arnolfini Portrait

The Spanish Golden Age

a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Empire under the Catholic Monarchs of Spain and the Spanish Habsburgs. The greatest patron of Spanish art and culture during this period was King Philip II (1556-1598), whose royal palace, El Escorial, invited the attention of some of Europe's greatest architects and painters such as El Greco, who infused Spanish art with foreign styles and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting. Spanish literature blossomed as well, most famously demonstrated in the work of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote de la Mancha. Spain's most prolific playwright, Lope de Vega, wrote possibly one thousand plays during his lifetime, of which over four hundred survive to the present day. Diego Velázquez, regarded as one of the most influential painters of European history and a greatly respected artist in his own time, was patronized by King Philip IV and his chief minister, the Count-Duke of Olivares. The legacy of Diego Velázquez includes several portraits that demonstrate his style and skill.

Mozart

a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. He composed more than 600 works, many of which are acknowledged as pinnacles of symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral music. Some of his best known works include Serenade No. 13 "Eine kleine Nachtmusik", or A Little Night Music, Symphony No. 41 "Jupiter", and "The Magic Flute". He produced operas in each of the prevailing styles: opera buffa, such as The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte. Name this composer known for his rivalry with Antonio Salieri, as well as the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death and final piece, Requiem. His life is also chronicled in a movie and play bearing his first name, created by Miloš Forman and Peter Shaffer, respectively.

The Secret Life of Walter Mitty

a short story by James Thurber. The most famous of Thurber's stories, it first appeared in The New Yorker on March 18, 1939, and was first collected in his book My World and Welcome to It. It was made into a 1947 movie of the same name, with Danny Kaye in the title role, though the movie is very different from the original story. The short story deals with a vague and mild-mannered man who drives into Waterbury, Connecticut, with his wife for their regular weekly shopping and his wife's visit to the beauty parlor. During this time he has five heroic daydream episodes. The first is as a pilot of a U.S. Navy flying boat in a storm, then he is a magnificent surgeon performing a one-of-a-kind surgery, then as a deadly assassin testifying in a courtroom, and then as a Royal Air Force pilot volunteering for a daring, secret suicide mission to bomb an ammunition dump. As the story ends, Mitty imagines himself facing a firing squad, "inscrutable to the last." Each of the fantasies is inspired by some detail of his mundane surroundings.

clarinet

a single-reed instrument with a straight tube, featured in songs such as Alexander's Ragtime Band, A Clair de Lune, and also representing the cat in Peter and the Wolf

Burj Khalifa

a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft, just over half a mile) and a roof height (excluding antenna, but including a 244 m spire) of 828 m (2,717 ft), it has been the tallest structure and building in the world since its topping out in 2009. It was designed by Adrian Smith, of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center.

A Doll's House

a three-act play written by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen. It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month. The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879. The play follows the Helmer family, and the lack of personal freedoms of the married woman in the 19th century. Nora and Torvald, with their 3 children- Ivar, Bobby and Emmy- see their marriage fall apart, with Torvald's intense love eventually stifling his wife. The play also includes characters Dr. Rank, Kristine Linde and Nils Krogstad

cancan

a woman's dance of French origin characterized by high kicking usually while holding up the front of a full ruffled skirt. was initially made popular at the popular cabaret, the Moulin Rouge, in Paris.

Francis Bacon

also known as Lord Verulam, was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution. He has been called the father of empiricism. His works argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon inductive reasoning and careful observation of events in nature. He was the first recipient of the Queen's counsel designation, which was conferred in 1597 when Elizabeth I of England reserved him as her legal advisor.

Charles Taze Russell

an American Christian restorationist minister from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and founder of what is now known as the Bible Student movement. After his death, Jehovah's Witnesses and numerous independent Bible Student groups developed from this base. He stated that he did not seek to found a new denomination, but intended to gather together those who were seeking the truth of God's Word "during this harvest time". He viewed himself—and all other Christians anointed with the Holy Spirit—as "God's mouthpiece" and an ambassador of Christ. He is widely regarded as the founder of Jehovah's Witnesses

Maya Lin

an American architect and sculptor. In 1981, while an undergraduate at Yale University, she achieved national recognition when she won a national design competition for the planned Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. She has designed other historical memorials, such as the Women's Table at Yale University, and the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama. In 1995, she completed Wave Field, at the University of Michigan. Although the recognition from the VVM has been life-changing, it branded this architect as a public works architect, rather than her self brand of "designer." Her other works have been much more abstract, like her Bodies of Water series and 2 by 4 Landscape

Count Basie

an American jazz pianist, organist, bandleader, and composer. In 1935, Basie formed his own jazz orchestra, and in 1936 took them to Chicago for a long engagement and their first recording. He was born in Red Bank, New Jersey on Mechanic Street, now renamed in his honor. He played the vaudevillian circuit for a time until he got stuck in Kansas City, Missouri in the mid-1920s after his performance group disbanded. He went on to join Walter Page's Blue Devils in 1928, which he would see as a pivotal moment in his career, being introduced to the big-band sound for the first time. He played vaudeville before eventually forming his own big band and helping to define the era of swing with hits like "One O'Clock Jump" and "Blue Skies." In 1958, he became the first African American male recipient of a Grammy Award. One of jazz music's all-time greats, he won many other Grammys throughout his career and worked with a plethora of artists, including Joe Williams and Ella Fitzgerald. Name this artist gaining his "royal" title from a radio broadcast announcer

Remington

an American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the American Old West, specifically concentrating on scenes from the last quarter of the 19th century in the Western United States and featuring images of cowboys, American Indians, and the U.S. Cavalry, among other figures from Western culture. Name this artist known for Modern Comanche, The Trooper, Fight for the Watering Hole, and most importantly, Bronco Buster

Lichtenstein

an American pop artist. His work defined the premise of pop art through parody. Inspired by the comic strip, Lichtenstein produced precise compositions that documented while they parodied, often in a tongue-in-cheek manner. He described pop art as "not 'American' painting but actually industrial painting". Drowning Girl, which was appropriated from the lead story in DC Comics' Secret Hearts No. 83., Whaam!, and Look Mickey , came from a challenge from one of his sons, are regarded as his most influential works. His most expensive piece is Masterpiece, which was sold for $165 million in January 2017. He received major commissions for works in public places: the sculptures Lamp (1978) in St. Mary's, Georgia; Mermaid (1979) in Miami Beach; the 26 feet tall Brushstrokes in Flight (1984, moved in 1998) at Port Columbus International Airport; the five-storey high Mural with Blue Brushstroke (1984-85) at the Equitable Center, New York; and El Cap de Barcelona (1992) in Barcelona. In 1994, he created the 53-foot-long Times Square Mural in Times Square subway station. In 1977, he was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 5 Racing Version of the BMW 320i. The DreamWorks Records logo was his last completed project. "I'm not in the business of doing anything like that (a corporate logo) and don't intend to do it again," allows Lichtenstein. "But I know Mo Ostin and David Geffen and it seemed interesting." Name this master of Ben-Day dots

T. S. Eliot

an American-born British poet, essayist, publisher, playwright, literary critic and editor. Considered one of the 20th century's major poets, he is a central figure in English-language Modernist poetry. He first attracted widespread attention for his poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" in 1915, which was received as a modernist masterpiece. It was followed by "The Waste Land", "The Hollow Men", "Ash Wednesday", and Four Quartets. He was also known for his seven plays, particularly Murder in the Cathedral and The Cocktail Party. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948, "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry". His other plays include Sweeney Agonistes, The Rock, The Family Reunion, The Confidential Clerk, and The Elder Statesman Name this author of Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats ("Old Possum" was Ezra Pound's nickname for him), the basis of the musical Cats! by Andrew Lloyd Webber

Schubert

an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. His major works include the Piano Quintet in A major, D. 667 (Trout Quintet), the Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D. 759 (Unfinished Symphony), the "Great" Symphony No. 9 in C major, D. 944, the String Quintet (D. 956), the three last piano sonatas (D. 958-960), the opera Fierrabras (D. 796), the incidental music to the play Rosamunde. Name this composer of Der Erlkonig, or The Erl King, a lieder based on a poem by Goethe

Purcell

an English composer. Although he incorporated Italian and French stylistic elements, Purcell's was a uniquely English form of Baroque music. His earliest anthem Lord, who can tell was composed in 1678. It is a psalm that is prescribed for Christmas Day and also to be read at morning prayer on the fourth day of the month. Between 1680 and 1688 he wrote music for seven plays. The composition of his chamber opera Dido and Aeneas, which forms a very important landmark in the history of English dramatic music, has been attributed to this period. In 1691, he wrote the music for what is sometimes considered his dramatic masterpiece, King Arthur, or The British Worthy . In 1692, he composed The Fairy-Queen (an adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream), the score of which (his longest for theatre) was rediscovered in 1901 and published by his namesake society. The Indian Queen followed in 1695. HisTe Deum and Jubilate Deo were written for Saint Cecilia's Day, 1694, the first English Te Deum ever composed with orchestral accompaniment. This work was annually performed at St Paul's Cathedral until 1712.

Fielding

an English novelist and dramatist known for his earthy humour and satire. He sometimes authored under various pen names, like "Captain Hercules Vinegar", "H. Scriblerus Secundus", also some works published anonymously. His comic novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is still widely appreciated.

Marlowe

an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. He was the first to achieve critical notoriety for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. Traditionally, the playwright's early, mysterious death has been blamed on a long list of conjectures, including a bar-room fight, blasphemous libel against the church, homosexual intrigue, betrayal by another playwright, and espionage from the highest level: Elizabeth I of England's Privy Council. Dido, Queen of Carthage is believed to be the first play ever performed by this playwright. Believed by many scholars to be his greatest success, Tamburlaine was the first English play written in blank verse and is generally considered the beginning of the mature phase of the Elizabethan theatre. Name this playwright of The Jew of Malta, Doctor Faustus, Edward II, and The Massacre at Paris, also famously sporting the nickname "Kit"

Hinduism

an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. It is the world's third-largest religion with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15-16% of the global population. Of the historical division into six darsanas (philosophies), two schools, Vedanta and Yoga, are currently the most prominent.[20] Classified by primary deity or deities, four major modern currents are Vaishnavism (Vishnu), Shaivism (Shiva), Shaktism (Devi) and Smartism (five deities treated as same). Other notable characteristics include a belief in the existence of ātman (soul, self), reincarnation of one's ātman, and karma as well as a belief in dharma (duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and right way of living). The son of Shiva and Parvati, the pot-bellied elephant god Ganesha is the lord of success, knowledge, and wealth. Ganesha is worshiped by all sects of Hinduism, making him perhaps the most important of Hindu gods. He is typically depicted riding a mouse, who assists the deity in removing barriers to success, whatever the endeavor.There are four Vedas - Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types - the Samhitas (mantras and benedictions), the Aranyakas (text on rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and symbolic-sacrifices), the Brahmanas (commentaries on rituals, ceremonies and sacrifices), and the Upanishads (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge). The trinity consists of Brahma, the creator, Shiva, the destroyer, and Vishnu, the creator. One of the most beloved of Hindu gods, blue-skinned Krishna is the deity of love and compassion.

Titian

an Italian painter during the Renaissance, considered the most important member of the 16th-century Venetian school. During the course of his long life, Titian's artistic manner changed drastically, but he retained a lifelong interest in colour. Although his mature works may not contain the vivid, luminous tints of his early pieces, their loose brushwork and subtlety of tone were without precedent in the history of Western painting. One of his earliest known works, Christ Carrying the Cross in the Scuola Grande di San Rocco, depicting the Ecce Homo scene, was long regarded as by Giorgione, his teacher. In 1516, he completed his famous masterpiece, the Assumption of the Virgin, for the high altar of the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. nother famous painting is Bacchus and Ariadne, depicting Theseus, whose ship is shown in the distance and who has just left Ariadne at Naxos, when Bacchus arrives, jumping from his chariot, drawn by two cheetahs, and falling immediately in love with Ariadne. At this time also, during his visit to Rome, the artist began a series of reclining Venuses: The Venus of Urbino of the Uffizi, Venus and Love at the same museum, Venus—and the Organ-Player, Madrid, which shows the influence of contact with ancient sculpture. Salome with the Head of John the Baptist c. 1515, or Judith; this religious work also functions as an idealized portrait of a beauty, a genre developed by Titian, supposedly often using Venetian courtesans as models Who also painted Danaë, and Venus and Adonis

Paganini

an Italian violinist, violist, guitarist, and composer. He was the most celebrated violin virtuoso of his time, and left his mark as one of the pillars of modern violin technique. He owned both Guarneri and Stradivari violins in his lifetime. His first break came from an 1813 concert at La Scala in Milan. In 1827, Pope Leo XII honoured Paganini with the Order of the Golden Spur. His fame spread across Europe with a concert tour that started in Vienna in August 1828, stopping in every major European city. His insane technical ability inspired many to believe he had "sold his soul to the devil in exchange." Despite reaching such sweeping success, he died a poor man after attempting to erect a casino in Paris. His 24 Caprices for Solo Violin Op. 1 are among the best known of his compositions, and have served as an inspiration for many prominent composers. Name this violinist of Le Streghe, The Carnival of Venice, Il Fandango Spanolo (The Spanish Dance), which featured a series of humorous imitations of farm animals, and Duetto Amoroso, in which the sighs and groans of lovers were intimately depicted on the violin.

beowulf

an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The story is set in pagan Scandinavia in the 6th century. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel. After the title character slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then defeated. Victorious, the title character goes home to Geatland (Götaland in modern Sweden) and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years later, the title character defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory.

Dada

an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris. Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works. The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism, and maintained political affinities with radical left-wing and far-left politics. There is no consensus on the origin of the movement's name; a common story is that the German artist Richard Huelsenbeck slid a paper knife (letter-opener) at random into a dictionary, where it landed on "dada", a colloquial French term for a hobby horse. Jean Arp wrote that Tristan Tzara invented the word at 6 pm on 6 February 1916, in the Café de la Terrasse in Zurich. Others note that it suggests the first words of a child, evoking a childishness and absurdity that appealed to the group. The term anti-art, a precursor to Dada, was coined by Marcel Duchamp around 1913 to characterize works that challenge accepted definitions of art. Key figures in the movement included Jean Arp, Johannes Baader, Hugo Ball, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, John Heartfield, Emmy Hennings, Hannah Höch, Richard Huelsenbeck, Francis Picabia, Man Ray, Hans Richter, Kurt Schwitters, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Tristan Tzara, and Beatrice Wood, among others. Marcel Duchamp began to view the manufactured objects of his collection as objects of art, which he called "readymades".

spoonerism

an error in speech in which corresponding consonants, vowels, or morphemes are switched between two words in a phrase. These are named after the Oxford don and ordained minister William Archibald Spooner, who reputedly did this. An example is saying "The Lord is a shoving leopard" instead of "The Lord is a loving shepherd."

cowbell

an idiophone hand percussion instrument used in various styles of music including salsa and infrequently in popular music. It is named after the similar bell historically used by herdsmen to keep track of the whereabouts of namesake cattle. In Richard Strauss's Alpine Symphony, the tuned variety are used. They are also widely used in sports, notably Mississippi State University, where fans use the noisemakers to cheer on their team. Name this instrument, found to be lacking in some musical performances, as popularized in an SNL skit.

mural

any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on a wall, ceiling or other permanent surfaces. A distinguishing characteristic of this type of painting painting is that the architectural elements of the given space are harmoniously incorporated into the picture. They include cave paintings, graffitti, and traditional paintings. In modern times, the term became better known with the Mexican art movement (Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros and José Orozco). There are many different styles and techniques. The best-known is probably fresco, which uses water-soluble paints with a damp lime wash, rapid use of the resulting mixture over a large surface, and often in parts (but with a sense of the whole). The colors lighten as they dry. The marouflage method has also been used for millennia. Today they are painted in a variety of ways, using oil or water-based media. The styles can vary from abstract to trompe-l'œil (a French term for "fool" or "trick the eye").

Tintoretto

born Jacopo Robusti, he was an Italian painter and a notable exponent of the Venetian school. His contemporaries both admired and criticized the speed with which he painted, and the unprecedented boldness of his brushwork. For his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed Il Furioso ("The Furious"). His work is characterised by his muscular figures, dramatic gestures and bold use of perspective, in the Mannerist style. His father, Giovanni, was a dyer, or tintore; hence the son got the nickname of "little dyer", or "dyer's boy", which is the painting name he is known by. One of his early pictures still extant is in the church of the Carmine in Venice, the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple; also in S. Benedetto are the Annunciation and Christ with the Woman of Samaria. Two of these, now in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice, are Adam and Eve and the Death of Abel, both noble works of high mastery, which indicate that he was by this time a consummate painter. In 1548 he was commissioned for four pictures for the Scuola di S. Marco: the Finding of the body of St Mark, the St Mark's Body Brought to Venice, a St Mark Rescuing a Saracen from Shipwreck and the Miracle of the Slave. (these three are in Gallerie dell'Accademia Venice). The crowning production of his life, the last picture of any considerable importance which he executed, was the vast Paradise, in size 22.6 by 9.1 metres (74.1 by 29.9 feet), reputed to be the largest painting ever done upon canvas. Name this artist said to have painted 9 versions of the Last Supper.

Don Giovanni

generally regarded as one of Mozart's supreme achievements and one of the greatest operas of all time, and it has proved a fruitful subject for writers and philosophers. The opera's subject the notorious libertine of fiction, and his eventual descent into hell. Name this opera set in Seville, Spain and featuring characters such as Don Pedro, Donna Anna, and Zerlina

Moulin Rouge

is a famous cabaret in Paris, France. The original house, which burned down in 1915, was co-founded in 1889 by Charles Zidler and Joseph Oller, who also owned the Paris Olympia. It is best known as the birthplace of the modern form of the can-can dance. Close to Montmartre in the Paris district of Pigalle on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement, it is marked by the red windmill on its roof. The revue Lew Leslie's Blackbirds, starring jazz singer and Broadway star Adelaide Hall, was a hit at this establishment. Name this cabaret that Toulouse-Lautrec famously designed posters.

Pearl of Great Price

part of the canonical standard works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and some other denominations. It is one of the four books comprising the Standard Works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It contains five sections: Book of Moses, the Book of Abraham, Joseph Smith-Matthew, Joseph Smith-History, and the Articles of Faith. The first paragraph of the Introductory Note in the LDS edition of the book states: it " is a selection of choice materials touching many significant aspects of the faith and doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. These items were produced by Joseph Smith and were published in the Church periodicals of his day." The name of the book is derived from the parable told by Jesus in Matthew 13.

Cymbaline

play by William Shakespeare set in Ancient Britain (c. 10-14) and based on legends that formed part of the Matter of Britain concerning the early Celtic British King Cunobeline. The King of Britain banishes his daughter Innogen's husband, who then makes a bet on Innogen's fidelity. Innogen is accused of being unfaithful, runs away, and becomes a page for the Roman army as it invades Britain. In the end, Innogen clears her name, discovers her long-lost brothers and reunites with her husband while the title character makes peace with Rome.

Mosque of Cordoba

the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia. It is also known as the Mezquita. It is widely revered as the 1st Islamic structure in Europe. The mosque structure is regarded as an important monument in the history of Islamic architecture and is considered by many scholars to have been highly influential on the subsequent "Moorish" architecture of the western Mediterranean regions of the Muslim world.

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears."

the first line of a speech by Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare. Occurring in Act III, scene II, it is one of the most famous lines in all of Shakespeare's works. Followed by "I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him."

Farinelli

the greatest singer of the day; castrated; sang at court for 10 years to calm the nervous and bizarre king Felipe

Book of Common Prayer

the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Church, as well as by other churches related to Anglicanism. The original book, published in 1549 in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome. It was the first prayer book to include the complete forms of service for daily and Sunday worship in English. It contained Morning Prayer, Evening Prayer, the Litany, and Holy Communion and also the occasional services in full: the orders for Baptism, Confirmation, Marriage, "prayers to be said with the sick", and a funeral service. It also set out in full the "propers" (the parts of the service which varied week by week or, at times, throughout the Church's Year): the introits, collects, and epistle and gospel readings for the Sunday service of Holy Communion. The 1549 book was soon succeeded by a more reformed revision in 1552 under the same editorial hand, that of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury.

trombone

this brass instrument is the only one to not implement valves as its mode of playing. The range is from the E note below the bass clef to the B flat above middle C. Name this instrument famously played by Glen Miller and Tommy Dorsey

Medea

tragedy by Euripides, performed in 431 BCE. One of Euripides' most powerful and best-known plays, it is a remarkable study of injustice and ruthless revenge. In Euripides' retelling of the legend, the Colchian title character has married the hero Jason. As the play's action begins, Jason has decided to cast off his wife and to marry the daughter of Creon, king of Corinth. After a dreadful struggle between her passionate sense of injury and her love for her children, she determines that she will punish Jason by murdering not only her own sons but also the Corinthian princess, leaving Jason to grow old with neither wife nor child. She carries out the murders and escapes in the chariot of her grandfather, the sun-god Helios. Despite the monstrosity of her deeds, Euripides succeeds in evoking sympathy for her.

blank verse

verse without rhyme, especially that which uses iambic pentameter.