Quiz #1

Cultural relativism

focus on culture and how disorder is manifested possibly because of it

psychodynamic therapy

way of shortening and simplifying the lengthy process of classical psychoanalysis, don't use all techniques associated with classical analysis

Ethical coaching

Focuses on living life more fully and effectively --> empowers individuals to make more effective plans

Reality anxiety

fear of danger from the external world and a level of such anxiety is proportionate to degree of the threat

Neurotic anxiety

fear that the instincts (id) will get out of hand and cause the person to do something for which they will be punished

cultural humility

"way of being" rather than a way of "doing" (cultural competence) --> humility is virtues therapist holds towards the client, while competence is knowledge/skills used in working with them - awareness of person's biases, values, cultural norms - appreciate world from client's POV - understand oppression, racism, discrimination and effects on mental health obstacles: - cognitive: avoiding cognitive dissonance - emotional: avoiding strong emotions - behavioral: avoiding action

Why is sympathy worse than empathy?

- Patient's feelings when in one situation will be different than helper's if in the same situation --> helper perceives emotions wrong - helper takes on emotions of client and is also then in need of help

How to communicate empathy

- Repeat back what client said to you in your own words to make sure you understand correctly - Reflect same tone of voice as client --> if client is mad, you are also mad - Respond frequently to client - do not try to persuade a client to think a certain way

object relations theory

- the psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior - object refers to representation of caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy -these objects persist into adulthood & impact our relationships

Emotional resistance

A defensive maneuver that entails emotions such as guilt, anger, defensiveness, or helplessness that block self-exploration and acknowledging/understanding diversity

multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Empathy

Ability to enter into the life of another person, to accurately perceive their current feelings and their meanings - essential for interpersonal process - understand current feelings - requires vulnerability - find something that connects you with someone else - four elements: see their world, no judgement, understand feelings, communicate understanding

Emic

Culture specific, qualitative methodology, individual differences

Etic

Culture-universal, quantitative methodology, group differences

Issues faced by therapists

Dealing with anxiety: be open to anxieties and don't deny them, self-doubt is normal, get support from others Being yourself and Self-Disclosure: Overly concerned with what book says and mechanics on how to perform --> being yourself is good! two extremes of the spectrum = either hide behind a professional facade or get too personal with their life Avoiding perfectionism: Mistakes are unavoidable, embrace them and you will grow Being honest about your limitations: You can't be work successfully with every client --> be able to admit that Understanding silence: Client may be thinking and evaluating, or waiting for therapist to take the lead. It may be overwhelming or calming. Explore the meaning of the silence with the client Dealing with demands from clients: Clients may want to see you for longer periods of time or more frequently or in social events. They may demand answer or what to do in a situation. Make expectations and boundaries clear beforehand! Dealing with clients who lack commitment: Some clients are forced by law to take therapy and it may be hard to work with them. Prepare them for the process, listen to them, keep them aware of confidentiality and other factors Tolerating ambiguity: Don't be discouraged if you don't see immediate results. Sometimes clients "get worse" before they get better Becoming aware of your countertransference (projections that influence the way we perceive and react to a client): do not accept responsibility for client's problems, countertransference occurs when we are triggered emotionally and are unable to be present in relationship because our own issues get in the way --> become aware of your own issues Developing a sense of humor: Laughter is good, but you must distinguish between humor that distracts vs humor that enhances the situation Sharing responsibility with the client: Do not assume full or too little responsibility, do not direct client's life or provide a "magic answer" Declining to give advice: Therapists should help clients discover their own solutions, not tell them what to do Defining your role as a counselor: Help clients recognize their own strengths and discover what is preventing them from using their resources. Provide care, but also challenge your client. May have to take on multiple roles Learning to use techniques appropriately: Know theoretical rationale for every technique you use. Don't use techniques in a "hit-or-miss" fashion --> choose methods carefully Developing your own counseling style: There is no one way to conduct therapy, don't imitate others Maintaining your vitality as a person and as a professional: be authentic, take care of yourself so you can better take care of others, be aware of professional burnout

Empathy vs sympathy

Empathy: helper borrows patient's feelings in order to fully understand, but is still aware of own separateness Sympathy: helper loses his own separate identity and takes on the patient's feelings as if he/she were in his/her place

Self Psychology

Emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self

Microskills

Foundation of interviewing, communication skill units of the interview that provide specific alternatives for you to use with many types of clients - visual contact, vocal quality, verbal tracking, body language - open ended questions, observational skills, encouraging, paraphrasing, reflection of feeling

personality development

Freud: •Love and trust •Powerful feelings / autonomy •Sexuality (Oedipus & Electra complex) •Social development •Mature social and sexual relationships Erikson: •Trust vs. Mistrust •Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt •Initiative Vs. Guilt •Industry Vs. Inferiority •Identity Vs. Role Confusion •Intimacy Vs. Isolation •Generativity Vs. Stagnation •Integrity Vs. Despair

Counseling

Helping people cope with normal problems and opportunities, although these "normal problems" often become quite complex

Anxiety

feeling of dread that results from repressed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences that emerge to the surface of awareness, function = warn of impending danger

psychosocial stages

In Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to eight major challenges/"crises" that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others. At these points, we either resolve conflict or fail to master developmental task

Psychotherapy

Intense process focused on deep-seated personality or behavioral difficulties

Microskills hierarchy

Ivey Ch. 1 page 15

Behavioral Resistance

Resistance that entails inaction in the presence of discrimination from majority group individuals --> helplessness (feeling powerless)and hopelessness (self-belief that no action will matter)

psychosexual stages

The Freudian chronological phases of development, beginning in infancy. Each is characterized by a primary way of gaining sensual and sexual gratification. It is deterministic, which means patterns evolve early 1) oral stage: THE MOUTH, ego develops, inability to trust oneself and others, resulting in fear of loving/forming close relationships 2) anal stage: THE ANUS, inability to recognize/express anger, leading to denial of one's own power as a person and they lack sense of autonomy 3) phallic stage: THE PENIS OR CLITORIS, superego develops, inability to fully accept one's sexuality/sexual feelings 4) latent: little or no sexual motivation 5) genital: sexual intercourse

Moral anxiety

The fear of one's own conscience; people with a well-developed conscience tend to feel guilty when they do something contrary to their moral code

psychoanalytic therapy

Uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his/her unconscious motives, in order to help the patient be more able to choose behaviors consciously. Therapy sessions usually focus on patients talking about their lives and reducing anxiety through self insight through analysis and interpretation.

cognitive resistance

a form of intellectual denial in which individuals from the majority group provide alternative reasons or excuses to explain incidences of racism, oppression, or discrimination

brief psychodynamic therapy

a modern therapy based on psychoanalytic theory but designed to produce insights more quickly

pleasure principle

aimed at avoiding pain and gaining pleasure

jung's perspective on the development of personality

analytical psychology: elaborate explanation of human nature that combines ideas from history, mythology anthropology, and religion - at midlife we need to let go of the many values and behaviors that guided the first half of our life and confront our unconscious --> pay attention to dreams - we are not only shaped by past events, but also future ones --> humans aspire to be better (achieving individuation, the harmonious integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of personality) - we have both constructive and destructive forces and to become integrated, it is essential to accept dark side, or shadow (primitive impulses such as greed/selfishness) - collective unconscious: deepest and least accessible level of psyche, contains accumulation of inherited human experiences of human and prehuman times - archetypes: images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious --> three types: persona (mask, public face we wear to protect ourselves), animus and anima (represents both biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity), shadow (most dangerous archetype, thought and feelings we project) - dreams' functions = help people prepare for experiences, bring balance between opposites within the person

contemporary psychoanalysis

based on ego psychology (part of classical analysis with emphasis placed on id, ego, and superego), which does not deny role of instinctual conflicts but rather emphasizes the striving of the ego for mastery and competence throughout life --> find better ways of coping

working-through process

consists of repetitive and elaborate explorations of unconscious material and defenses, most of which originated in early childhood

unconscious

corey pg. 61, stores all experiences and repressed material, aim of psychotherapy is to make the unconscious conscious

Comparing Freud's Psychosexual Theory and Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

corey pg. 65

multicultural counseling competence

counselor's acquisition of awareness/knowledge needed to function effectively in a democratic society (ability to communicate)

Psychotherapy in short is ______

creating a relationship --> listening to their story and finding strengths in it --> setting goals --> rewriting the story to make change --> action

microaggression

everyday slights, put-downs, invalidations, and insults directed to socially devalue group members by well-intentioned people who are unaware they have engaged in biased/harmful behaviors --> lifetime of this = very bad

classical psychoanalysis

grounded on id psychology, holds that instincts are the basic factors shaping personality development, clients must be willing to commit themselves to long, intensive therapy

ego-defense mechanisms

help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being overwhelmed, corey pg. 62-63 mature ones: •Altruisim: deal with stress or conflict through dedication to meeting other's needs •Anticipation: anticipate possible adverse events and prepare for them •Humor: deal with stress by seeing irony •Sublimation: channel potentially maladaptive impulses into socially acceptable behavior •Suppression: avoid thinking about stressor •Affiliation: turn to others for support •Intellectualization: using reason and logic to avoid emotions

multicultural therapy

helping role and process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients

defense analysis (resistance analysis)

identifying and modifying defense mechanisms to more mature ones

difference between mature defense mechanisms and immature ones

immature = problem remains in the unconscious and person is unaware, mature = person is aware of issue and is trying to ease pain

countertransference

inappropriate affect, when therapists respond in irrational ways or when they lose their objectivity in a relationship because their own conflicts are triggered

superego

internalized social component, what is "right" and socially acceptable, judicial

therapeutic techniques and procedures

maintaining the analytic framework: whole range of procedural and stylistic factors, such as analysts's relative anonymity, maintaining neutrality and objectivity, the regularity and consistency of meetings, starting and ending sessions on time, clarity on fees, and basic boundaries free association: say whatever comes to mind without a filter, helps open unconscious interpretation: analyst pointing out, explaining, and teaching client the meanings of behaviors dream analysis: procedure that uncovers unconscious material and giving client insight into areas of unresolved conflict, latent content is hidden, symbolic, unconscious motives/wishes --> because they are so painful, the unconscious sexual/aggressive impulses that make up latent content are transformed into more acceptable manifest content, which is the dream as it appears to the dreamer, dream work: is the process by which latent content of a dream is transformed into a less threatening manifest content analysis and interpretation of resistance: resistance is anything that works against the progress of therapy analysis and interpretation of transference: lets clients reexperience feelings and recognize repeated patterns application to group counseling: clients compete for attention of leader, projections onto leader are clues to everyday conflict

reality principle

realistic and logical thinking, formulates plans of action that satisfies needs in a socially acceptable way

Id

untamed drives/impulses that may be caused by biology, at birth this is all a person is, cannot tolerate tension and ruled by pleasure principle, illogical

ego

mediate between id and reality of dangers of id's impulses, executive, ruled by reality principle

categories of theories

psychodynamic: role of subconscious cognitive behavioral: it's not the event, it's what we think about the event humanistic/person-centered: unique challenges of being human, meeting our full potential systems and post modern: person-in-environment, truth is relative

the steps of psychotherapy broken down

relationship: "working alliance," progress is made when the relationship includes care, empathy, acceptance, etc. story and strengths: listen to what client has to say, focus on when client succeeds and overcomes obstacles goals: therapy must have a focus, "what do you want to happen as a result of the conversation?" restory: understand clients stories and goals, you can help them generate new ways to talk about themselves action: client must act and think in new ways for the next week

free association

say whatever comes to mind without thinking

Libido

sexual drive/energy

cultural competence

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures - therapist = aware of one's own assumptions, values, biases - understanding the worldviews of cultural diverse clients - developing culturally appropriate intervention strategies

Death instincts

the unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression

therapeutic relationship (alliance)

therapist as a person is key, empathy, authenticity, cultural humility

"blank-screen" approach

therapists avoid self-disclosure and maintain sense of neutrality to foster a transference relationship, in which clients will make projections onto them transference relationship = transfer of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other important people in a person's environment

Effective use of microskills enables ______________

you to anticipate or predict how clients will respond to your interventions. and if clients do not do what you expect, you can shift to skills that match their needs

ethics

• Fundamental component of effective counseling • Guidelines that outline professional standards of behavior and practice • Codes do not make decisions for counselors • Counselors must interpret and apply ethical codes to their decision-making examples: - beneficence and nonmaleficence: avoid causing harm to other, focus on client's best interest - fidelity and responsibility: faithful and loyal to clients, accept responsibility for actions - integrity: remain honest, only enter into professional commitments for which one is qualified, avoid deception -justice: act fairly, treat others equally, avoid bias - respect for people's rights and dignity: recognize worth of every human, safeguard client's privacy, maintain awareness of bias - informed consent: therapeutic procedures and goals, approximate length of treatment, risks/benefits and alternatives to treatment, the right to withdraw from treatment, costs or fees the counselor's use of supervision, the limits of confidentiality - limits of confidentiality (exceptions): Client is a danger to self or others, client discloses active abuse of a dependent, client is gravely disabled, information is required in a court action, client requests a release of record, client involved with child pornography multiple or dual relationships: not inherently unethical, managed well to promote client's well-being, sexual relations = unethical

psychoanalytic approach strengths

•Attention to childhood and early life experiences applicable to people from all cultures •Erikson's attention to development over the whole life span •Normalizes anxiety and coping mechanisms •Promotes intensive psychotherapy for therapists, giving insight into their biases and prejudices

psychoanalytic approach weaknesses

•May be cost prohibitive •Some clients may want more direction and structure •More concerned with long-term personality reconstruction than with short-term problem solving •Deterministic •Requires therapist interpretation •Fails to address social, cultural, and political factors