Quiz 1
According to evolutionary developmental theory, the emergence of social emotions and social behavior such as play evolved because of the survival value of __________.
getting along within the social group
Researchers and practitioners utilizing the positive development framework focus on __________.
personal strengths of children and developmental assets in their environment
A standardized test is __________ if the scores for a person are consistent across different test occasions.
reliable
In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, how did children behave after seeing adults behave aggressively toward the Bobo doll?
These children were more likely to be aggressive toward the Bobo doll in the laboratory.
A child who lives in a stressful home environment is fearful when interacting with other children in kindergarten, despite the teacher's efforts to encourage her. She is increasingly ignored by her peers and as a result does not develop skills in initiating play. Her family moves, she starts first grade at a new school, and she is ignored by peers and picked on by a bully, who is easily able to make her fearful and upset. The best term to describe this developmental pattern is __________.
a developmental cascade
The finding that institutionalized children have better outcomes if they are adopted before 18 months of age is an example of __________.
a sensitive period
In contrast to Freud, Erikson thought that the main issue for the toddler (e.g., approximately age 2) was not toilet training but __________.
achieving autonomy from the parent
Cognitive developmental neuroscientists use MRI and other brain imaging methods to determine how __________ changes with age.
brain structure or function
Suppose a child adopted from an orphanage continues to show a negative reaction to being placed in a crib for several months after being adopted into a supportive and loving home. According to learning theorists, this might be a(n) __________ response learned from months of stressful experiences spent in her crib at the orphanage.
classically conditioned
The term for patterns of growth and change in behavior, thinking, or emotions over time is __________.
development
An enduring contribution of Freud's theory is his proposal that difficulties in __________ contribute to later development.
early experience
Information processing theories use computers as an analogy for the human brain. For example, a change in a child's information processing "hardware" might be __________, whereas an example of a change in his or her "software" might be __________.
increases in working memory capacity; increases in use of strategies
Multiple regression is a data analysis technique that enables researchers to evaluate the relative strength of association between many __________ and a __________.
independent variables; dependent variable
Which ethical guideline for research with children says that researchers should use the least stressful procedures whenever possible?
nonharmful procedures
According to researchers following up on Vygotsky's ideas, adult guidance of children in Western cultures is heavily verbal, whereas children in traditional societies depend a lot more on a process of __________.
observation and imitation of adults
Which of the following categories of professionals is responsible for the bulk of research publications on child and adolescent development?
psychologists and researchers
According to Piaget, the contrast in thinking between infancy and early childhood involves a transition from thinking about the world exclusively in terms of sensory impressions and motor actions to thinking about the world in terms of __________.
symbols
An important assumption of dynamic systems theorists is that __________ is the unit of analysis.
the whole individual
An advantage of cross-sectional over longitudinal studies is __________.
they are less costly and time consuming
An advantage of longitudinal over cross-sectional studies is _________.
they reveal relationships between earlier experiences or behaviors and later behavior
