quiz 11

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REM

- Indicated by movement of the eyes under the lids; dreaming occurs. - May allow the brain to work through emotional problems in dream imagery.

Frontal Lobe

- Primary (somatic) motor cortex. - Motor speech (Broca's) area. - Premotor cortex. - Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.

Receptive Region

- Receives stimuli. - Plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels.

NREM Stage 4

- The stage when vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) reach their lowest normal levels. - The sleep cycle where bed-wetting, night terrors, and sleepwalking may occur.

Roles of the basal nuclei?

- controlling starting and stopping movements - inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements - playing a role in cognition and emotion

Calcium Ions (IMAGE)

Calcium ions.

In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord?

In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord? (IMAGE)

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

Which is by far the most common neuron type?

Which is by far the most common neuron type? (IMAGE)

Which neuron would activate to a muscle?

Which type of neuron would connect to a muscle (IMAGE)

Any stimulus below this intensity will result in no response in a neuron.

A Threshold stimulation

Which of the following is true of axons?

A neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length. This is true; a neuron can have only one axon, but the axon may have occasional branches along its length.

interneuron

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. interneuron efferent neuron glial cell afferent neuron

the membrane potential has been reestablished

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. all sodium gates are closed proteins have been resynthesized the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell the membrane potential has been reestablished

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? -Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. -Specific potassium gates will open. -Specific sodium gates will open. -A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

Which of the following is not a structural feature of a neuron?

A synaptic cleft

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential?

A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? -Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. -Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions. -The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. -A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

The afferent fibers: Are sensory fibers Convey information to the CNS Enter the spinal cord through the ventral root 'a' and 'b' 'a', 'b' and 'c'

A& B

Ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid are called ________.

A) ependymal cells,

The sodium-potassium pump ________.

A) pumps three sodium ions outside the cell and two potassium ions inside

15) When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? A) Chemically gated sodium channels will open. B) Chemically gated chloride channels will open. C) Chemically gated potassium channels will open. D) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

A) Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

42) Which statement about coma is true? A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma. B) During coma, brain oxygen consumption resembles that of a waking state. C) Coma is neurologically identical to syncope. D) Coma is a form of deep sleep.

A) Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

25) Which of the following statements is FALSE? A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions. B) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible. C) Damage to the visual association area can result in blindness. D) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location.

A) Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Which of these ions is actively transported through the cell membrane to establish a resting potential?

A) Na

14) If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. A) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP B) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP C) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential D) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell

A) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

32) The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A) association B) automatic memory C) long-term memory D) rehearsal

A) association

59) The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. A) diencephalon B) midbrain C) brain stem D) basal nuclei

A) diencephalon

20) These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) ependymal cells B) Schwann cells C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

A) ependymal cells

7) What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) ependymal cells B) neurons C) epithelial cells D) astrocytes

A) ependymal cells

65) Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres? A) falx cerebri B) corpus callosum C) falx cerebelli D) tentorium cerebelli

A) falx cerebri

16) The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal

A) frontal from parietal

23) Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) sulci C) fissures D) ganglia

A) gyri

63) The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia. A) hippocampus B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) Wernicke's area

A) hippocampus

45) Declarative memory ________. A) is the ability to learn specific information B) is best remembered in the doing C) is hard to unlearn when learned once D) usually involves motor skills

A) is the ability to learn specific information

30) The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) metabolic waste such as urea B) nutrients such as glucose C) alcohol D) anesthetics

A) metabolic waste such as urea

8) Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? A) microglia B) satellite cells C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

A) microglia

19) Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS D) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract

A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

21) An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) paraplegia B) hemiplegia C) quadriplegia D) spinal shock only

A) paraplegia

29) Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) prefrontal cortex (anterior association area) B) posterior association area C) limbic association area D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex

A) prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

26) Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) pyramidal and corticospinal B) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal C) segmental and nigrostriatal D) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine

A) pyramidal and corticospinal

4) Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) div.) B) somatic nervous sys. C) sympathetic div. D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) div.)

2) Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

A) sensory (afferent) division

15) If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________. A) spinal cord may be affected B) cranial nerves would not form C) hindbrain would not be present D) telencephalon would cease development

A) spinal cord may be affected

Select the correct statement about serial processing.

A) spinal relfexes are an example of serial processing

54) Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease. A) substantia nigra B) red nucleus C) internal capsule D) reticular formation

A) substantia nigra

13) A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) sulcus B) fissure C) gyrus D) furrow

A) sulcus

10) Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) the thalamus D) sympathetic ganglia

A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

45) A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) the membrane potential has been reestablished B) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell C) proteins have been resynthesized D) all sodium gates are closed

A) the membrane potential has been reestablished

33) Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. A) the myelin sheath B) large nerve fibers C) diphasic impulses D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses

A) the myelin sheath

13) If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. A) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons B) the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold C) the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels D) the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize

A) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

22) Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) upper motor neurons B) lower motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) neuromuscular junction

A) upper motor neurons

Which type of wave predominates during stage 1 NREM sleep?

ALPHA

The peripheral nervous system includes: cranial nerves and their branches. spinal nerves and their branches. ganglia all of these choices

All of these

A) Action potential

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization

B) Relative refractory period

An exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization

hyperpolarization

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. a change in sodium ion permeability hyperpolarization lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur opening of voltage-regulated channels

Trigger Zone

Area where nerve impulse is generated.

What is the relationship between the accuracy of a subject's tactile localization and the results of the two-point discrimination test?

Areas with the most accurate touch localization have the smallest two-point thresholds.

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

Astrocytes

It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?

Astrocytes

Which of the following is the best explanation of why it is difficult to discriminate the color of an object at night?

At night, dilation of pupils stimulates the retina, where more rods are located rather than cones.

Temporal Lobe

Auditory area.

Neurotransmitters are released at the ________.

Axon terminal

Postsynaptic membrane (IMAGE)

Postsynaptic membrane.

Which Neuron is never myelinated (IMAGE)

Which Neuron is rare? (IMAGE)

Which neuron ia rare andwould be found in the retina of the eye? (IMAGE)

Which neuron is never myelinated?

Which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell?

Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye?

Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc? (IMAGE)

B -

Numerous nerve impulses arriving at a synapse at closely timed intervals exert a cumulative effect.

B Temporal summation

Which of the following is correct relative to Ohm's law?

B) Current is directly proportional to the voltage

Choose the statement that is most correct about membrane potential.

B) Voltage would be measured by placing one electrode inside the membrane and another outside the membrane

35) Which of the following is false or incorrect? A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. B) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal. C) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane.

B) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

10) An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. B) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels. C) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. D) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions.

B) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

17) The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? A) Acetylcholine has many different forms. B) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors. C) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. D) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.

B) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

43) Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A) Huntington's disease B) Parkinson's disease C) cerebellar disease D) Alzheimer's disease

B) Parkinson's disease

24) Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) senses changes in the environment B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions C) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction

B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

8) The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) arachnoid and epidural B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and dura D) dura and epidura

B) arachnoid and pia

5) The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

6) The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

7) Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

B) astrocytes

6) Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) terminate in the spinal cord B) carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum C) give rise to conscious experience of perception D) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord

B) carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

3) The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar gray matter B) cerebellar white matter C) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum D) flocculonodular nodes

B) cerebellar white matter

48) White matter is found in all of the following locations EXCEPT the ________. A) corpus callosum B) cerebral cortex C) corticospinal tracts D) outer portion of the spinal cord

B) cerebral cortex

44) Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) concussion C) hemorrhage D) swelling

B) concussion

53) The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________. A) corona radiate B) corpus callosum C) internal capsule D) longitudinal fissure

B) corpus callosum

57) Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________. A) dorsal root ganglion B) dorsal (posterior) horn C) ventral (anterior) horn D) lateral horn

B) dorsal (posterior) horn

48) Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone? A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) serotonin D) nitric oxide

B) endorphin

40) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. A) a change in sodium ion permeability B) hyperpolarization C) opening of voltage-regulated channels D) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur

B) hyperpolarization

16) When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell? A) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane B) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane C) opening of chemically gated sodium channels D) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell

B) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

37) Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? A) it travels long distances B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes C) it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane D) it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase

B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes

24) The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) longitudinal fissure B) lateral sulcus C) central sulcus D) cranial fossa

B) lateral sulcus

11) Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A) central fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) parieto-occipital fissure D) lateral fissure

B) longitudinal fissure

40) Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory? A) hippocampus B) medulla oblongata C) thalamus D) prefrontal cortex

B) medulla oblongata

9) Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) pons B) medulla oblongata C) midbrain D) cerebrum

B) medulla oblongata

61) The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________. A) diencephalon B) midbrain C) cerebellum D) pons

B) midbrain

4) The brain stem consists of the ________. A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B) midbrain, medulla, and pons C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D) midbrain only

B) midbrain, medulla, and pons

46) The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. A) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell B) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell C) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell D) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell

B) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

50) Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A) spinal cord B) premotor cortex C) primary motor cortex D) rubrospinal tracts

B) premotor cortex

33) Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? A) declarative B) procedural C) motor D) emotional

B) procedural

35) Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) glucose B) red blood cells C) potassium D) protein

B) red blood cells

66) The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________. A) limbic system B) reticular activating system C) cerebellar peduncles D) basal nuclei

B) reticular activating system

34) The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) thalamus B) reticular formation C) pyramids D) limbic system

B) reticular formation

49) Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? A) short distance hyperpolarization B) short distance depolarization C) opens K+ or Cl- channels D) moves membrane potential away from threshold

B) short distance depolarization

3) Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) div. B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic div. D) parasympathetic div.

B) somatic nervous system

1) Which brain nucleus is the body's "biological clock"? A) dorsomedial nucleus B) suprachiasmatic nucleus C) lentiform nucleus D) subthalamic nucleus

B) suprachiasmatic nucleus

The point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the ________.

B) syanpse

39) Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A) red nuclei B) vestibular nuclei C) reticular nuclei D) superior colliculi

B) vestibular nuclei

27) Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) mechanically gated channel B) voltage-gated channel C) leakage channel D) ligand-gated channel

B) voltage-gated channel

Conducts impulses away from the nerve cell body.

B. Axon

In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.

B. negatively charged and contains less sodium

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

Brain and spinal cord

Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival

Brain stem

Synaptic Vesicles (IMAGE)

Synaptic vesicles.

Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?

Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves?

Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves? (IMAGE)

A neuronal circuit that concentrates or directs a large number of incoming impulses to a rather small number of neurons is called a(n) ________.

C converging circuit

Neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. Which of the following is correct?

C) Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction.

Direct-acting neurotransmitters ________.

C) open ion channels to provoke rapid responses

A neural circuit in which a single impulse is transmitted over and over is a ________.

C) reverberating circuit

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________.

C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally

47) Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate? A) During seizures, sensory messages are processed normally but responses are blocked. B) Absence seizures typically begin in adolescence and are often severely disabling. C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor. D) The aura in tonic-clonic seizures typically occurs as the patient regains consciousness.

C) Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.

The sheath of Schwann is also called the ________.

C) Neurilemma

44) Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. B) Ions always move passively across membranes. C) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. D) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

C) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

14) Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex? A) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. B) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. D) No functional area of the cortex works alone.

C) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

26) Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? A) They conduct impulses. B) They have extreme longevity. C) They are mitotic. D) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate.

C) They are mitotic.

43) Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? A) They are short-lived. B) They can form on receptor endings. C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. D) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.

C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

11) The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates. A) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon. B) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane. C) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell. D) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon.

C) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.

23) Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? A) cholinesterase B) norepinephrine C) acetylcholine D) gamma aminobutyric acid

C) acetylcholine

An excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle is ________.

C) acetylcholine

31) The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) the spinal nerves B) sensory (afferent) nerves C) brain and spinal cord D) the somatic nerves

C) brain and spinal cord

56) Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood. A) pia B) arachnoid C) dura D) subarachnoid

C) dura

12) Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) motor command center B) visceral command center C) executive suite D) decussation center

C) executive suite

21) What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? A) origin of the stimulus B) type of stimulus receptor C) frequency of action potentials D) size of action potentials

C) frequency of action potentials

30) Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) nuclei B) nerves C) ganglia D) tracts

C) ganglia

28) Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? A) inability to release acetylcholine B) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh C) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft D) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine

C) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

32) A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) efferent neuron B) afferent neuron C) interneuron D) glial cell

C) interneuron

17) Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________. A) ventral (anterior) spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic

C) lateral spinothalamic

19) The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A) myelinated nerve fibers only B) unmyelinated nerve fibers only C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers D) cell bodies

C) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

9) Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) neurons must meet a high demand for ATP B) neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen C) neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments D) neurons produce many proteins

C) neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments

38) Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) ependymal cells B) microglia C) oligodendrocytes D) astrocytes

C) oligodendrocytes

2) Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________. A) midbrain B) medulla C) pons D) cerebrum

C) pons

60) The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________. A) olives B) nuclei C) pyramids D) lateral horns

C) pyramids

46) Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A) postcentral gyrus B) gustatory cortex C) red nuclei D) Wernicke's area

C) red nuclei

________ is an indolamine.

C) serotonin

5) The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) frontal lobe C) temporal lobe D) parietal lobe

C) temporal lobe

36) REM sleep is associated with ________. A) decreased vital signs, such as heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased activity of the brain, especially the cerebral cortex C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm D) decreased oxygen use, especially in the cerebral cortex

C) temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

49) Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________. A) spinal cord B) medulla C) thalamus D) somatosensory cortex

C) thalamus

The sympathetic and parasympathetic are subdivisions of the ________.

C) the autonomic nervous system

47) If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only B) muscle contraction would occur C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur

C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally

27) An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) calcarine cortex B) primary visual cortex C) visual association area D) lateral geniculate body

C) visual association area

The chemically gated channel, NMDA, allows ________ ions entry into the nerve cell.

C)Ca2+

An insufficient stimulus.

C. subthreshold stimulus

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

Chemically gated sodium channels will open

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? Chemically gated potassium channels will open. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. Chemically gated sodium channels will open. Chemically gated chloride channels will open.

Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

Synaptic Cleft (IMAGE)

Synaptic cleft.

Stimulation of a postsynaptic neuron by many terminals at the same time.

D spatial summation

41) Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A) Specific sodium gates will open. B) Specific potassium gates will open. C) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. D) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

D) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

64) Sleepwalking may occur during ________. A) REM B) NREM stage 1 C) NREM stage 2 D) NREM stage 4

D) NREM stage 4

Select the correct statement about synapses.

D) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.

36) Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. A) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. C) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. D) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

D) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

25) The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) resting period B) repolarization C) depolarization D) absolute refractory period

D) absolute refractory period

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

D) absolute refractory period

31) All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________. A) hippocampus B) cingulate gyrus C) amygdaloid body D) caudate nucleus

D) caudate nucleus

62) Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep? A) alpha B) beta C) theta D) delta

D) delta

58) Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby? A) declarative (fact) B) procedural (skills) C) motor D) emotional

D) emotional

18) Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex? A) cell bodies B) dendrites C) interneurons D) fiber tracts

D) fiber tracts

22) Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) motor neurons B) called neuroglial cells C) found in ganglia D) found in the retina of the eye

D) found in the retina of the eye

52) Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth

D) fourth

42) When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. A) postsynaptic potential B) excitatory potential C) action potential D) generator potential

D) generator potential

Ependymal cells ________.

D) help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

D) in the retina of the eye

55) What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? A) arbor vitae B) optic chiasma C) mammillary bodies D) infundibulum

D) infundibulum

20) Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei? A) playing a role in cognition and emotion B) controlling starting and stopping movements C) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements D) initiating protective reflex actions

D) initiating protective reflex actions

37) Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) protection from blows C) nourishment of the brain D) initiation of some nerve impulses

D) initiation of some nerve impulses

29) Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract B) innervation of cardiac muscle C) innervation of glands D) innervation of skeletal muscle

D) innervation of skeletal muscle

28) Broca's area ________. A) controls voluntary movements of the eyes B) is usually found only in the right hemisphere C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) is considered a motor speech area

D) is considered a motor speech area

38) Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) sleep disturbances B) loss of body temperature control C) dehydration D) loss of fine motor control

D) loss of fine motor control

Which of the following is a good example of a neuromodulator?

D) nitric oxide

34) Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? A) amino acid B) biogenic amine C) ATP and other purines D) nucleic acid

D) nucleic acid

1) Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

D) parasympathetic division

18) Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? A) support and brace neurons B) anchor neurons to blood vessels C) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability D) provide the defense for the CNS

D) provide the defense for the CNS

12) During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. A) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions B) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed C) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory D) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

D) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane

51) Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children? A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta

D) theta

41) The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A) olfactory cortex B) gustatory cortex C) vestibular cortex D) visceral sensory area

D) visceral sensory area

39) Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? A) voltage gated sodium channels B) chemically gated chloride channels C) voltage gated calcium channels D) voltage gated potassium channels

D) voltage gated potassium channels

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________.

D)are crucial for the development of neural connections

Which of the following statements is FALSE

Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Conducts impulses toward the nerve cell body.

Dendrites

Which is the main receptive portion of the neuron?

Dendrites are the main receptive or input regions, providing an enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so?

Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? -Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors. -Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. -Acetylcholine has many different forms. -Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.

Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

Converging circuit

Different types of sensory input can have the same ultimate effect.

Which description of synapses is NOT correct?

Direct signaling involves the activation of G Proteins. Indirect signaling involves G Proteins. Direct signaling involves opening ion channels that affect the polarization of the membrane.

Ion Channel (IMAGE)

Ion channel.

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

Endorphin

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons

FALSE

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus

FALSE

More Na+ than K+ leaks through neuron membranes because of the properties of the non-gated leak channels.

False

T/F: Vitamin A needed by the photoreceptor cells is stored by the cells of the retina pigmented layer.

False

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place.

False

The canal connecting the third and fourth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen.

False

The nodes of Ranvier are found only on myelinated, peripheral neuron processes. True False

False

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

Fequency of action potentials

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

Found in the retina of the eye

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

Ganglia

Select the statement that is most correct.

Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Insula

Gustatory (taste) area.

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

Hyperpolarization

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon, ________. the impulse would move to the axon terminal only the impulse would spread bidirectionally the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur muscle contraction would occur

a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

If a postsynaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

If a postsynaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. the postsynaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels the postsynaptic cell is slow to repolarize the postsynaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold the postsynaptic cell has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

voltage-gated potassium channels

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? voltage-gated calcium channels chemically-gated chloride channels voltage-gated potassium channels voltage-gated sodium channels

A) Multipolar (CNS)

In a reflex arc, which neuron has its cell body inside the spinal cord?

Diverging circuit

Involved in activating fibers of a skeletal muscle such as the biceps muscle.

Reverberating circuit

Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing.

A) Calcium ions

Match: Calcium Ions

E) Ion channel

Match: Ion Channel

B) Postsynaptic membrane

Match: Postsynaptic membrane

D) Synaptic cleft

Match: Synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicles

Match: Synaptic vesicles

Parallel after-discharge circuit

May be involved in complex, exacting types of mental processing.

microglia

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? oligodendrocytes satellite cells microglia Schwann cells

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

Microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons?

Microglial cells are small and ovoid with relatively long "thorny" processes. Their processes touch nearby neurons, monitoring their health, and when they sense that certain neurons are injured or are in other trouble, the microglial cells migrate toward them. Where invading microorganisms or dead neurons are present, the microglial cells transform into a special type of macrophage that phagocytizes the microorganisms or neuronal debris.

Which of the choices below describes the ANS?

Motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Which of the following correctly states the direction followed by the specified ions when their voltage-gated channels open?

Na+ ions move into the axon; K+ ions move out.

Which of the following does NOT describe conditions that occur during an action potential?

Na+ is used to repolarize the membrane. This is false. Initially, K+ leaves the cell through voltage-gated channels. As K+ leaves the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more negative, repolarizing the cell.

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________.

Negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

The rough ER of the cell.

Nissal Bodies

Dendrites are processes of a neuron that: carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. are usually myelinated. are usually longer than axons. none of these choices

None of these

Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation?

One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold. This statement is true, but summation considers the action of multiple synaptic potentials working on a cell simultaneously.

Diverging circuit

One incoming axon triggers responses in ever-increasing numbers farther and farther along the circuit.

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

Parasympathetic division

Secretory Region

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

Conducting Region

Plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels.

Parietal Lobe

Primary somatosensory cortex.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?

Release hormones into the bloodstream that travel around the systemic blood circulation to communicate with cells in multiple locations within the body.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic functions of the nervous system?

Release hormones into the bloodstream to communicate with other cells in the body. Hormones are released by endocrine organs. The nervous system does have some control over endocrine function, but the endocrine system is considered a separate signaling system

Axon Terminal

Release neurotransmitters into the extracellular space

the myelin sheath

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. large nerve fibers erratic transmission of nerve impulses diphasic impulses the myelin sheath

Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

Schwann cells

Which of the following peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglia form the myelin sheaths around larger nerve fibers in the PNS?

Schwann cells (also called neurolemmocytes) surround all nerve fibers in the PNS and form myelin sheaths around the larger fibers. Myelin protects and electrically insulates nerve fibers, and it increases the transmission speed of nerve impulses.

The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic cell.

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the postsynaptic cell. Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.

Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

Sensory (afferent) division

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

Sodium channels in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? -Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. -Ions always move passively across membranes. -Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. -Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?

Somatic nervous system

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain

TRUE

T/F: In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

TRUE

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes

TRUE

Relay station for info into cerebral cortex.

Thalamus

A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). She asks the nurse "Why did this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Why are some forms of MS characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation?

The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of sodium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume.

Astrocytes

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation

astrocytes

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? astrocytes oligodendrocytes Schwann cells satellite cells

Many neurons have many short, branching extensions called dendrites. What is the benefit of these structures for a neuron?

The dendrites provide a large surface area for connections from other neurons. Yes, because of the branching and extensive membrane surface area, there is a large amount of membrane dedicated to synapses with other neurons.

The efflux of potassium ions, resulting in depolarization of the cell

In a lab you are conducting tests with various chemicals and neurotransmitter receptors. You notice that exposed frog muscle cells depolarize when you add the chemical nicotine to the acetylcholine (ACh) receptors. What does this tell us about the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors?

The effect of a neurotransmitter is based on the properties of the receptor more than the neurotransmitter. This is true; also consider that in the neuromuscular junction, ACh receptors are excitatory, but in the heart muscle, ACh receptors are inhibitory.

Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so

Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? Acetylcholine has many different forms. Acetylcholine has a "dose effect." Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors. Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times.

Which of the following generalizations does NOT describe the cerebral cortex?

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function

E) Depolarization

The interior of the cell becomes less negative d/t an influx of sodium ions A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization

negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

The myelin sheath

D) Absolute refractory period

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization

You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane?

The neuron would be unable to repolarize. This is true; K+ is used to repolarize the membrane after Na+ rushes into the membrane.

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________.

The postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

C) Repolarization

The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron d/t a change in membrane permeability A) Action potential B) Relative refractory period C) Repolarization D) Absolute refractory period E) Depolarization

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses

The synaptic cleft transmits a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell through diffusion of neurotransmitters across the cleft.

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses.

The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. -The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. -The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell. -Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. -Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.

The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data, what part of the brain was injured?

There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

NREM Stage 3

Theta and delta waves begin to appear.

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

They are mitotic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of neurons?

They are mitotic.

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?

They are mitotic.

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?

They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell.

Local anesthetics block voltage-gated Na+ channels, but they do not block mechanically gated ion channels. Sensory receptors for touch (and pressure) respond to physical deformation of the receptors, resulting in the opening of specific mechanically gated ion channels. Why does injection of a local anesthetic into a finger still cause a loss of the sensation of touch from the finger?

Touch stimulation of this sensory receptor will open the mechanically gated ion channels, but action potentials are still not initiated because propagation of an action potential requires the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Propagation (spreading) of an action potential from the cell body to the axon hillock and eventually the axon terminals (synaptic knobs) requires the sequential opening of mechanically and voltage-gated ion channels. When the sequence is interrupted, the message cannot spread to the sensory regions of the central nervous system, causing numbness.

A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane.

True

Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity

True

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts.

True

Cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system.

True

Cell bodies of somatic lower motor neurons are located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord.

True

Dendrites conduct signals toward the neuron cell body; the axon conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. True False

True

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative

True

During depolarization, the inside of the neuron's membrane becomes less negative. T/F

True

Enkephalins and endorphins are peptides that act like morphine

True

In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control language abilities, math, and logic.

True

In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

True

Neurons in the CNS are organized into functional groups. T/F

True

Neurons is the CNS are organized into functional groups

True

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli that will produce the same effect every time. T/F

True

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains.

True

The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane

True

The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column

True

The oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons. True False

True

Unipolar neurons have axons structurally divided into peripheral and central processes.

True

NREM Stage 2

Typified by sleep spindles.

NREM Stage 1

Very easy to awaken; EEG shows alpha waves; may even deny being asleep.

Occipital Lobe

Visual area

frequency of action potentials

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? size of action potentials type of stimulus receptor origin of the stimulus frequency of action potentials

Chemically gated sodium channels will open.

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the postsynaptic cell? Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. Chemically gated potassium channels will open. Chemically gated sodium channels will open. Chemically gated chloride channels will open.

A) Multipolar (CNS)

Which is by far, the most common neuron type?

C) Unipolar

Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc?

C) Unipolar

Which neuron is common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves?

B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs)

Which neuron is never myelinated?

B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs)

Which neuron is rare?

B) Bipolar (Retina/Sense organs)

Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye?

A) Multipolar (CNS)

Which neuron would connect to a muscle?

It can have amplitudes of various sizes.

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? It can have amplitudes of various sizes. It is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane. It travels long distances. It has a depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization phase.

short distance depolarization

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? moves membrane potential away from threshold opens K+ or Cl- channels short distance hyperpolarization short distance depolarization

nucleic acid

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of neurotransmitters? ATP and other purines amino acid nucleic acid biogenic amine

A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Which of the following is false or incorrect? An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. Ions always move passively across membranes. Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels.

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) ganglia B) nerves C) tracts D) nuclei

Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________. A) the voltage gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane B) the membrane is now impermeable to all ions C) the sodium potassium pump will stop working during relative refractory D) the inactivation gates on voltage gated sodium ion channels are closed

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following? A) inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft B) stimulation of the production of acetylcholine C) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh D) inability to release acetylcholine

Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains a) why these neurons cannot regenerate. b) why neurons grow such long axons. c) the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. d) the ability of neurons to live long lives. e) the conducting ability of neurons.

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. Question 13 options: astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes microglia

On what portion of the neuron do action potentials propagate? a) axon b) dendrite c) cell body d) nucleus e) soma

Select the correct statement regarding chemical synapses. A) The synaptic cleft uses the action potential to transmit a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell. B) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. C) Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapses. D) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells.

The depolarization phase of an action potential is punctuated by the closing of inactivation gates in the voltage gated sodium ion channels. All of the following are consequences of this inactivation except one. Choose the statement below that is not a consequence of the closing of inactivating gates. A) This allows for the efflux (diffusion out) of potassium ions, resulting in the repolarization of the cell. B) This allows for the one way transmission of action potential down the axon. C) This limits the frequency of action potentials down the axon. D) This stops the depolarization of the axon membrane.

The jumping of an action potential from node-to-node is called ________. a) saltatory conduction b) nodal conduction c) nodal propagation d) electrotonic conduction e) propagation

The opening of sodium channels causes a rapid ________ of sodium that ________ the neuron's membrane. a) influx : depolarizes b) efflux : hyperpolarizes c) influx : hyperpolarizes d) influx : repolarizes e) efflux : depolarizes

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. Question 7 options: neurotransmitter cholinesterase ion biogenic amine

The term central nervous system refers to the _______. A) brain and spinal cord B) sensory (afferent) nerves C) the somatic nerves D) the spinal nerves

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. A) ependymal cells B) astrocytes C) oligodendrocytes D) Schwann cells

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? Question 2 options: ependymal cells astrocytes Schwann cells oligodendrocytes

Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract D) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? A) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials. C) They can form on receptor endings. D) They are short-lived.

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? a) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. b) They can form on receptor endings. c) They are short-lived. d) They can be called postsynaptic potentials.

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? Question 16 options: A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. Specific sodium gates will open. Specific potassium gates will open. Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open.

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. -the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell -the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential -the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP -a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

a single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

a) asctrocytes

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

a) axon

An action potential ________.

a) is essential for impulse propogation

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.

a) the membrane potential has been reestablished

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.

a) the myelin sheath

Period during which the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.

absolute refractory period

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong

absolute refractory period

The neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong.

absolute refractory period

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the

absolute refractory period

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________.

absolute refractory period

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. repolarization absolute refractory period resting period depolarization

absolute refractory period

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle

acetylcholine

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?

acetylcholine

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? cholinesterase acetylcholine gamma aminobutyric acid norepinephrine

acetylcholine

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

action potential

Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons.

action potentials (AP)

Which of the following mechanisms is most significant in returning Na+ and K+ concentrations to resting ionic conditions (from point D to point E)?

active transport by the Na+-K+ pump Maintenance (and restoration) of the resting ion concentrations depends on the Na+-K+ pump. Once gated ion channels are closed, the combined action of the pump and ion leakage (particularly that of K+) establishes a resting membrane potential in a typical neuron of around âˆ'70 mV.

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function?

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? -analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions -responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction -senses changes in the environment

analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

arachnoid and pia

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n)

association neuron

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

association neuron

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a/an

association neuron

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

astrocytes

It is important for newly developed neurons to form synapses with other neurons. Which cells are most responsible for guiding the formation of these particular junctions?

astrocytes

Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.

astrocytes

The concentration neurotransmitters in the fluid of the synaptic cleft must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation?

astrocytes

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this?

astrocytes

Which glial cells have the most diversity of function?

astrocytes Astrocytes are the most abundant and diversely functioning glial cells. Examples of their many functions include: anchoring neurons to capillaries, aiding in the exchanges between neurons and blood, guiding the migration of young neurons, and helping control the chemical environment around neurons.

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________.

axon

The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a/an ________.

axon

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. Question 20 options: the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell the membrane potential has been reestablished proteins have been resynthesized all sodium gates are closed

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) all sodium gates are closed B) the membrane potential has been reestablished C) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell D) proteins have been resynthesized

At the resting membrane potential, the membrane is most permeable to ________, which moves ________ the cell due to its electrochemical gradient. a) chloride : into b) potassium : out of c) sodium : into d) sodium : out of e) potassium : into

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? a) sodium b) potassium c) calcium d) chloride

Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. neurons have a relatively high consumption of oxygen b. neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments c. neurons produce many proteins d. neurons must meet a high demand for ATP

Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. Question 8 options: diphasic impulses the myelin sheath large nerve fibers erratic transmission of nerve impulses

The concentration of ions in the chemical environment surrounding the neurons must be tightly regulated for neurons to function properly. Which of the following cells is most responsible for this? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes

The sheath of Schwann is also called the ________. Question 3 options: axolemma neurilemma sarcolema sheath white matter

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) mechanically gated channel B) voltage-gated channel C) leakage channel D) ligand-gated channel

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? A) it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase B) it can have amplitudes of various sizes C) it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane D) it travels long distances

Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction B) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions C) senses changes in the environment

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? Question 9 options: biogenic amine nucleic acid amino acid ATP and other purines acetycholine

Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? A) biogenic amine B) nucleic acid C) amino acid D) ATP and other purines

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract B) innervation of skeletal muscle C) innervation of cardiac muscle D) innervation of glands

Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? A) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. C) Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. D) Ions always move passively across membranes.

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone? A) acetylcholine B) endorphin C) serotonin D) nitric oxide

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. C) Specific sodium gates will open. D) Specific potassium gates will open

The part of the neuron that normally receives stimuli is called ________.

b) the dendrite

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

b)hyperpolarization

The term central nervous system refers to

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the _

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the ________. brain and spinal cord the spinal nerves sensory (afferent) nerves the somatic nerves

brain and spinal cord

The term central nervous system refers to the __________.

brain and spinal cord

A change in a cell's membrane potential, such that it becomes more positive (less negative), is referred to as a ________. a) hyperpolarization b) polarization c) depolarization d) repolarization e) hypopolarization

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) efferent neuron B) afferent neuron C) interneuron D) glial cell

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. A) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur B) a change in sodium ion permeability C) hyperpolarization D) opening of voltage-regulated channels

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. Question 4 options: found in ganglia motor neurons found in the retina of the eye called neuroglial cells

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) motor neurons B) called neuroglial cells C) found in the retina of the eye D) found in ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. a) nuclei b) tracts c) ganglia d) nerves

If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only B) muscle contraction would occur C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur

If a post synaptic cell is stimulated to threshold by temporal summation this implies that ________. A) the postsynaptic cell can be influenced by only one presynaptic cell B) the postsynaptic cell is sending frequent action potential C) a presynaptic neuron is sending frequent EPSP D) the presynaptic neuron is sending frequent IPSP

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open? A) voltage gated calcium channels B) chemically gated chloride channels C) voltage gated potassium channels D) voltage gated sodium channels

In general, the nervous system a) is long lasting b) responds to changes in the external environment only. c) is fast acting. d) controls everything. e) all of the above

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? A) Schwann cells B) oligodendrocytes C) microglia D) satellite cells

Neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. Which of the following is correct? Question 18 options: Group A fibers are mostly somatic sensory and motor and are the smallest in diameter. Group B fibers are highly myelinated and have the highest conduction velocities. Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction. A small cross-sectional area allows shorter conduction times.

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. Question 14 options: ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes astrocytes

Small phagocytic cells that are especially obvious in damaged tissue in the CNS are the a) astrocytes. b) oligodendrocytes. c) microglia. d) ependymal cells. e) Schwann cells.

The brain and spinal cord comprise the a) autonomic nervous system. b) peripheral nervous system. c) central nervous system. d) efferent nervous system. e) afferent nervous system.

The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) repolarization B) resting period C) absolute refractory period D) depolarization

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? A) Chemically gated chloride channels will open. B) Chemically gated potassium channels will open. C) Chemically gated sodium channels will open. D) Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed.

Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? A) moves membrane potential away from threshold B) opens K+ or Cl- channels C) short distance depolarization D) short distance hyperpolarization

Which of the following is false or incorrect? Question 10 options: An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Which of the following is false or incorrect? A) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. B) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.

Which of the following is located in the autonomic nervous system? a) parasympathetic nervous system only b) sympathetic nervous system only c) both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems d) both sympathetic and somatic nervous systems e) somatic nervous system only

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

c) associatino neuron

The term central nervous system refers to the ________.

c) brain and spinal cord

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

c) ganglia

Which group of fibers spreads impulses at up to 1 meter per second?

c) group C fibers

All of the following are true of graded potentials except that they ________.

c) increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point

The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________.

c) neurotransmitter

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.

c) oligodendrocytes

The role of acetylcholinesterase is to ________.

c)destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axonal endings

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.

caudate nucleus

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter

Ensures coordination and balance

cerebellum

The arbor vitae refers to

cerebraller white matter

Executive suite

cerebrum

When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell?

chemically gated sodium channels will open

Which of the following types of receptors are located in the mouth?

chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors

Which of the following is a function of the parasympathetic division?

contracts smooth muscle of the bladder wall and relaxes urethral sphincter

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the

corpus callosum

An action potential is regarded as an example of a positive feedback. Which of the following examples below best illustrates the positive feedback aspect of an action potential? A) The sodium potassium pump consistently moves ions as long as ATP is available, and regardless of membrane potential changes. B) Potassium permeability is about 25 times greater than sodium ions. C) Voltage gated potassium ion channels open slowly and remain open long enough to cause hyperpolarization. D) A threshold stimulus will cause the opening of voltage gated sodium ion channels that will cause further depolarizing stimulus. This stimulus will open still more voltage gated sodium ion channels.

Ependymal cells ________. Question 12 options: are a type of macrophage are the most numerous of the neuroglia are a type of neuron are a type of macrophage are the most numerous of the neuroglia help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

If a post synaptic neuron is stimulated to threshold by spatial summation this implies that ________. A) the post synaptic cell has a lower than normal threshold B) the post synaptic cell has many voltage gated ion channels C) the post synaptic cell is slow to repolarize D) the postsynaptic cells has many synapses with many presynaptic neurons

Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. Question 15 options: are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters release nerve growth factor are found on "pathfinder" neurons are crucial for the development of neural connections

Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division

Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. A) erratic transmission of nerve impulses B) diphasic impulses C) large nerve fibers D) the myelin sheath

Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) astrocytes B) microglia C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes

Select the correct statement about serial processing. Question 19 options: Smells are processed by serial pathways. Input travels along several different pathways. Memories are triggered by serial processing. Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.

Select the correct statement regarding synapses. Question 11 options: Cells with interconnected cytoplasm are chemically coupled. Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons of cells. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another. The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled.

The effect of acetylcholine can be stimulating or inhibiting. Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? A) Acetylcholine has many different forms. B) Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit. C) Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. D) Different post synaptic cells will have different receptors

The interior surface of a neuron's plasma membrane at resting membrane potential will have a ________. A) negative charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell B) positive charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell C) positive charge and contains more sodium than outside of the cell D) negative charge and contains less sodium than outside of the cell

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? A) size of action potentials B) origin of the stimulus C) type of stimulus receptor D) frequency of action potentials

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell? A) influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell B) opening of chemically gated sodium channels C) depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane D) hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. A) postsynaptic potential B) excitatory potential C) action potential D) generator potential

Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? Question 5 options: ligand-gated channel mechanically gated channel leakage channel voltage-gated channel

Which of the choices below describes the ANS? Question 1 options: motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Which of the following accurately describes afferent neurons? a) They are typically multipolar neurons. b) They transmit information from the CNS to the periphery. c) They are the most abundant class of neurons. d) They transmit information from the periphery to the CNS. e) The cell body is located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? A) gamma aminobutyric acid B) cholinesterase C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? A) support and brace neurons B) anchor neurons to blood vessels C) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability D) provide the defense for the CNS

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? Question 6 options: innervation of cardiac muscle innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract innervation of glands innervation of skeletal muscle

Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons? A) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. B) They conduct impulses. C) They have extreme longevity. D) They are mitotic.

Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? Question 17 options: They are short-lived. They can be called postsynaptic potentials. They can form on receptor endings. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

d) intervention of skeletal muscle

Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?

d) potassium

Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane?

d)A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

d)generator potential

The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions.

depolarization

The ____________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

The ___includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

diencephalon

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that produce superiorly through the ___________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

dura

Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called a) synapse. b) synaptic knobs. c) action potentials. d) hillocks. e) collaterals.

In myelinated nerve fibers, where do action potentials occur? a) oligodendrocyte b) Schwann cell c) underlying myelin sheath d) cell body e) nodes of Ranvier

The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the a) ependymal cells. b) Schwann cells. c) fiber cells. d) microglia. e) astrocytes.

What is the functional unit of the nervous system? a) the brain b) glial cells c) axons d) the central nervous system e) neurons

What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system? a) ependymal cell b) microglia c) astrocyte d) Schwann cell e) oligodendrocyte

Which of the following is the correct term for the movement of an electrical charge across a membrane? a) transistor b) potential difference c) capacitance d) resistance e) current

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone

endorphin

Which of the following neurotransmitters inhibits pain and is mimicked by morphine, heroin, and methadone?

endorphin

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________.

ependymal cells

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid ________. Schwann cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes ependymal cells

ependymal cells

These cells in the CNS have cilia that move in order to circulate cerebrospinal fluid:

ependymal cells

What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

ependymal cells

What type of cells lines the ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron?

excitatory postsynaptic potential An excitatory postsynaptic potential, a type of graded potential, occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region, or postsynaptic membrane, of a neuron. Graded potentials are generated by chemically gated channels, whereas action potentials are produced by voltage-gated channels.

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

executive suite

Strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase. (true/false)

false

The all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place. (true/false)

false

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?

fiber tracts

Bipolar neurons are commonly

found in the retina of the eye

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.

found in the retina of the eye

Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. found in the retina of the eye found in ganglia motor neurons called neuroglial cells

found in the retina of the eye

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?

fourth

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?

frequency of action potentials

What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? frequency of action potentials size of action potentials origin of the stimulus type of stimulus receptor

frequency of action potentials

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal

Collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called

ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called ________.

ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.

ganglia

Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. ganglia nuclei nerves tracts

ganglia

Which of the following is NOT a function of dendrites?

generate nerve impulses and transmit them away from the cell body

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________.

generator potential

When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. generator potential excitatory potential action potential postsynaptic potential

generator potential

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere are called

gyri

Which of the following is a receptor for light touch?

hair follicle receptor

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________.

hyperpolarization

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. opening of voltage-regulated channels lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur a change in sodium ion permeability hyperpolarization

hyperpolarization

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell?

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell? -opening of chemically gated sodium channels -hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane -influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell -depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane

Visceral command center

hypothalamus

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase would result in which of the following?

inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would result in which of the following?

inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei?

initiating protective reflex actions

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerecrospinal fluid?

initiation of some nerve impulses

Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?

innervation of skeletal muscle

What component of the reflex arc determines the response to a stimulus?

integration center

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________.

interneuron

A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. efferent neuron afferent neuron glial cell interneuron

interneuron

A neuron that has its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ___________.

interneuron

Emotional memory ________.

involves your pounding heart when you hear a rattlesnake

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

it can have amplitudes of different sizes

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?

it can have amplitudes of various sizes

Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? -it has a depolarization, repolarization and hyperpolarization phase -it travels long distances -it is initiated by voltage changes in the membrane -it can have amplitudes of various sizes

it can have amplitudes of various sizes

A person has gone for an appointment to receive a deep-tissue therapeutic massage. Which of the following receptors would be stimulated by the massage?

lamellae corpuscle

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

longitudinal fissure

Which fissures separates the cerebral hemispheres

longitudinal fissures

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT

loss of fine motor control

what structures of the hypothalamus serve as relay stations in the olfactory pathway?

mammillary bodies

The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

medulla oblongata

Microglia

meningitis, can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

The blood-brain barrier is effective against __________.

metabolic waste such as urea

Bacteria in the blood can be prevented entry to the fluids surrounding the brain. Which cells are most responsible for preventing bacteria from entering the fluids of the brain?

microglia

Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection?

microglia

Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons?

microglia

The corpora quadrigemina serve as visual and auditory reflec centers and are found in the:

midbrain

The brain stem consists of the

midbrain, medulla, and pons

The brain stem consists of the ______.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Which of the choices below best describes the ANS?