Quiz 2

PCR

(polymerase chain reaction) multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA

At what number carbon does the nucleotide "base" connect to the sugar?

1

Steps of DNA replication

1.Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. 2.Strands of DNA separate 3.Free nucleotides are paired with the bases of the unzipped strands of DNA 4.Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.

Thymine and Adenine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds?

2

guanine and cytosine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds?

3

At what number carbon does the phosphate group connect to the sugar?

3 and 5

the human body consists of how many chromosomes?

46 chromosomes. 23 from mother, 23 from father.

DNA polymerase can only build in what direction?

5' to 3'

Genome

A complete set of genes in a living organism.

Gene

A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein(most of the time), resulting in a specific phenotype. consist of portions of DNA

Organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

What is an electrophoresis gel made of?

Agarose and buffer

lane

Area of a gel a DNA fragment travels

three things that make up a nucleotide

Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar(deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base

RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)

Changes in the size of DNA fragments after they have been cut by restriction enzymes.

Chromosomes

DNA can be compacted into it. DNA wrapped around protein structures. genes are on chromosomes.

unzips or unwinds the two DNA strands away from each other

DNA helicase

glues the nucleotides together along the sugar-phosphate backbone?

DNA ligase

What enzyme places the nucleotides on the DNA strand?

DNA polymerase

restriction enzymes

Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides

Gene regulation

Genes turn "on" or "off" depending on the function of a cell.

the DNA strands wind around small proteins called

Histones

hydrogen bonds

Hold base pairs together

What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

Interphase

Bases of DNA

Make the difference in coding for traits.(Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues(contains amino acids)

DNA unwinding begins at..

Origin of replication

Adenine

Purine based component of nucleic acid that matched with Thymine

Guanine

Purine based component of nucleic acid that pairs with cytosine.

Cytosine

Pyrimidine based component of nucleic acid that pairs with Guanine.

enzyme is responsible for creating a primer that allows the DNA replication process to start

RNA primase

Restriction endonucleases

Recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts them off

do larger or smaller RFLPS move faster?

Smaller fragments move faster through the gel leaving the larger ones behind and thus the DNA samples are separated into distinct bands on the gel.

Genetics

The scientific study of heredity

gel electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

Recognition sites

Where an enzyme is bound and cut

Thymine

a pyrimidine component of nucleic acids and nucleotides; pairs with adenine in DNA

DNA Lader

a standard made of known sizes of DNA

Accuracy vs. Precision

accuracy: how close experimental value is to accepted value; precision: how closely measured values agree with each other

Traits

coded by DNA,

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. twisted in a double helix shape. MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES

The variations in length are due to

differences in each organism's DNA sequence

Prokaryotic cells

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Agar

forms a gelatin like substance that acts to filter DNA by size

Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

semi-conservative

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?

in the Nucleus

well

indentation in a gel where DNA sample is loaded

Why is one strand known as the lagging strand?

it is built in discontinuous segments

Buffer

liquid used in the electrophoresis chamber

DNA's charge is ___

negative

nucleic acids are made up of

nucleotides

DNA strands are antiparallel. What does that mean?

opposite and parallel

DNA travels towards the________ pole during electrophoresis.

positive

PCR uses _____________ _____________ as molecular scissors to cut DNA in specific locations.

restriction enzymes

gel electrophoresis

separates DNA based on the size (length) of the pieces

Cells

smallest unit of life

Helix

spiral, coil

how do nitrogen bond factors connect

the base connects with the phosphate, which connects to the sugar

What is the main goal of DNA replication?

to make identical copies of your genes

double helix

two strands wrapping around each other

Restriction digestion

use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments in a test tube

if you load the gel backwards

your DNA will run off of the short end of the gel