Quiz 2
PCR
(polymerase chain reaction) multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA
At what number carbon does the nucleotide "base" connect to the sugar?
1
Steps of DNA replication
1.Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break. 2.Strands of DNA separate 3.Free nucleotides are paired with the bases of the unzipped strands of DNA 4.Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form.
Thymine and Adenine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds?
2
guanine and cytosine are connected by how many hydrogen bonds?
3
At what number carbon does the phosphate group connect to the sugar?
3 and 5
the human body consists of how many chromosomes?
46 chromosomes. 23 from mother, 23 from father.
DNA polymerase can only build in what direction?
5' to 3'
Genome
A complete set of genes in a living organism.
Gene
A sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein(most of the time), resulting in a specific phenotype. consist of portions of DNA
Organelles
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
What is an electrophoresis gel made of?
Agarose and buffer
lane
Area of a gel a DNA fragment travels
three things that make up a nucleotide
Basic units of DNA molecule, composed of a sugar(deoxyribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base
RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)
Changes in the size of DNA fragments after they have been cut by restriction enzymes.
Chromosomes
DNA can be compacted into it. DNA wrapped around protein structures. genes are on chromosomes.
unzips or unwinds the two DNA strands away from each other
DNA helicase
glues the nucleotides together along the sugar-phosphate backbone?
DNA ligase
What enzyme places the nucleotides on the DNA strand?
DNA polymerase
restriction enzymes
Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Gene regulation
Genes turn "on" or "off" depending on the function of a cell.
the DNA strands wind around small proteins called
Histones
hydrogen bonds
Hold base pairs together
What phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?
Interphase
Bases of DNA
Make the difference in coding for traits.(Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues(contains amino acids)
DNA unwinding begins at..
Origin of replication
Adenine
Purine based component of nucleic acid that matched with Thymine
Guanine
Purine based component of nucleic acid that pairs with cytosine.
Cytosine
Pyrimidine based component of nucleic acid that pairs with Guanine.
enzyme is responsible for creating a primer that allows the DNA replication process to start
RNA primase
Restriction endonucleases
Recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts them off
do larger or smaller RFLPS move faster?
Smaller fragments move faster through the gel leaving the larger ones behind and thus the DNA samples are separated into distinct bands on the gel.
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Recognition sites
Where an enzyme is bound and cut
Thymine
a pyrimidine component of nucleic acids and nucleotides; pairs with adenine in DNA
DNA Lader
a standard made of known sizes of DNA
Accuracy vs. Precision
accuracy: how close experimental value is to accepted value; precision: how closely measured values agree with each other
Traits
coded by DNA,
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information. twisted in a double helix shape. MADE UP OF NUCLEOTIDES
The variations in length are due to
differences in each organism's DNA sequence
Prokaryotic cells
do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
Agar
forms a gelatin like substance that acts to filter DNA by size
Eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
semi-conservative
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotic cells?
in the Nucleus
well
indentation in a gel where DNA sample is loaded
Why is one strand known as the lagging strand?
it is built in discontinuous segments
Buffer
liquid used in the electrophoresis chamber
DNA's charge is ___
negative
nucleic acids are made up of
nucleotides
DNA strands are antiparallel. What does that mean?
opposite and parallel
DNA travels towards the________ pole during electrophoresis.
positive
PCR uses _____________ _____________ as molecular scissors to cut DNA in specific locations.
restriction enzymes
gel electrophoresis
separates DNA based on the size (length) of the pieces
Cells
smallest unit of life
Helix
spiral, coil
how do nitrogen bond factors connect
the base connects with the phosphate, which connects to the sugar
What is the main goal of DNA replication?
to make identical copies of your genes
double helix
two strands wrapping around each other
Restriction digestion
use of restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments in a test tube
if you load the gel backwards
your DNA will run off of the short end of the gel