Quiz 3 learning

What do these rat group names used in Experiment 1A stand for procedurally (i.e. What variables do they indicate?) M-HP _____________ M-CP _____________ M-CAGE ___________ S _______________

(MORPHINE-HOT PLATE) (MORPHINE-COLD PLATE) (MORPHINE-CAGE) (SALINE)

Experiment 2A Procedure

- MHP rats: were given a placebo as a fifth trial. - S group rats: had another fifth trial again, but still not receiving morphine. - MCAGE4: 3rd control group was added to assess residual systemic effects of previously injected morphine or withdrawal from dependence. this group had 4 morphine trials in the colony room

Experiment 3 results

- both groups reached tolerance - group MRESTM continued morphine tolerance (short latency) when given morphine after delay interval - group MPM became nontolerant with long latency when tested with morphine - MPM had to be re-tolerated to morphine - tolerance disappeared after nonpairing of drug administration procedures with drugs

Experiment 2A results

- hypersensitivity to pain was developed by group MHP but not S or MCAGE4. - response to placebo (counteractive effects still occurred with nothing to counteract)

Experiment 2B Results

- paw lick latency doubled from baseline on first morphine trial - analgesic effect - decrease in latency until trial 4, where hot plate latency returned close to baseline. - hypersensitivity to heat returned on a placebo trial - after several placebo trials, there was a return to baseline (extinction)

Experiment 1A results

1. analgesic effect of morphine seen in all rats except for the saline group after just one session 2. analgesic effects were less pronounced after several trials. group MHP had shorter paw lick latencies on session 4 (tolerance) 3. group MCP rats showed short latency paw licks on the 4th session - showing that experience is irrelevant to analgesic toelrance 4. group MCAGE did not show tolerance on hot plate tolerance - this means that the cues in the environment does indeed affect development of tolerance

Discussion/overall results

1. rapid tolerance occurs in consistent context 2. morphine tolerance in one environment does not facilitate morphine tolerance to another 3. compensatory hyperalgesic CR can be seen when drug administration procedures occur without drugs. Can also lead to extinction. 4. Morphine tolerance extinguished when placebo is presented with drug administration procedure

Intensity of CS

A high intensity CS provides a stronger CR. intensity of a CS is its salience. A more intense CS results in faster conditioning . A strong US with a very salient CS = fewer trials to a big CRs

"It appears that as the drug administration procedure is successively presented without the systematic effects of the drug, the hyperalgesic response in morphine tolerant rats is subject to extinction, suggesting that it is indeed a _______." a. US b. CS. c. UR d. CR

CR

Siegel (1976), talks about how the "conditioned drug responses are commonly opposite in direction to the unconditioned effects of the drug" (499). In this situation, the CR is considered a _____________.

Compensatory response

"It is necessary to have a consistent set of ___________ cues reliably predicting the systemic effects of morphine if rapid tolerance is to be observed."

ENVIRONMENTAL

A conditioning theory of tolerance emphasizes _____________ in the development of tolerance, as opposed to other physiological theories of tolerance, which emphasize the physiological processes of an organism.

Environmental cues

True or False: Experience with morphine in one environment facilitates the acquisition of morphine tolerance in another environment.

False

In experiment 2B, they introduced a 2 week delay after tolerance to the morphine was demonstrated. Following the delay were sessions of the hot plate experiment but with a placebo instead of the drug. Their reaction times were significantly below baseline, showing ___________. However, that started to lessen after repeated exposure to the environmental cues (CS) without the effects of the drug (US). This shows that tolerance is subject to ___________.

Hyperalgesia; Extinction

What was the difference between Group M-HP and Group M-CP?

M-CP did not use the hot plate until the fourth session

Experiment 1B procedure and results

MCAGE rats were given morphine for 3 more sessions. They developed a tolerance not facilitated by the earlier experiences with morphine in cages. Tolerance acquisition thus depends on the number of pairings in a distinct environment

Negative contingency

P(US/CS)<P(US/noCS)

perfect contingency

P(US/CS)=1.0, P(US/noCS)= 0.0

No contingency

P(US/CS)=P(US/noCS)

Multiple hypotheses about how drug tolerance develops biologically (e.g. Metabolic rates, occupation of receptor sites, the formation of silent receptors) are categorized as ______________ theories.

PHYSIOLOGICAL

The present findings parallel ____________'s discovery of psychic secretions (and their importance in digestive functioning), in that the interaction between the conditioned and unconditioned responses both contribute the observed effect of the drug. a. Skinner b. Pavlov c. Watson d. Thorndike

Pavlov

physiological theories of drug tolerance

Postulates the following: - metabolism of drug is more efficient after early experience - drug molecules stay at sites, preventing binding later on - silent receptors reduce effects of later drug administration - immunity-like process occurs to create tolerance to the drug

27. True or False? The purpose of experiment 3 was to determine if placebo test sessions would attenuate established tolerance.

TRUE

True or False: The purpose for having a group of rats receiving morphine injections in each the colony room and testing room was to hold constant the morphine injections and to illustrate the potential effect of environmental cues during injection on drug tolerance.

True

True or false? Conditioned drug responses are commonly opposite in direction to the unconditioned effects of the drug?

True

conditioning theory of tolerance

US (drug) + CS (context) -> CR. CS comes to produce counteractive effects. Can test this using placebo drug along with the same procedure of drug administration.

In these experiments, the analgesic effect of the drug was what kind of stimulus/response? a. UCR b. CR c. UCS d. d.CS

a, UCR

The dependent variable(s) in the Siegel (1975) experiments was (were) _______ a. Paw-lick latencies b. Tail-flick latencies c. Lever-press latencies d. All of the above

a, paw lick latencies

Intensity of US

affects the magnitude of the CR or UR. Also affects the intensity of the CS. Determines the asymptote of the CR magnitude.

Blocking

as a result of previous conditioning with CS1, conditioning is prevented from happening in a different stimulus CS2

In this study, the _______ theory of tolerance states that narcotic tolerance is the result of the learning of an association between the systematic effects of the drug and those environmental cues that reliably precede these systematic effects.

conditioning

The____________theory of tolerance says that narcotic tolerance is the result of the learning of an association between the systemic effects of the drug and those environmental cues that reliably precede these systemic effects.

conditioning

Predictiveness

contingent relationship between the CS and the US. formula includes: P(US/CS) = probability of US occurring when CS is present. ans P(US/no CS) probability of US occurring when CS is not present.

Rats in Experiment 1 B, in the Morphine - CAGE group: a. exhibited savings or acquisition of tolerance b. did not acquire tolerance c.were not presented with drug cues d. b. and c.

d

Experiment 2 B procedure

done to demonstrate hyperalgesia but within subjects rather than between subjects design - each of the 6 group S rats were given 7 trials on the hot plate for baseline. longer than baseline would mean analgesia, shorter than baseline would be hyperalgesia - two week delay after four morphine trials - then placebo hot plate test

Experiment 1A procedures

four groups, four trials. Last trial was hot plate test. Groups were the following: - M-HP: initial analgesic UR and development of tolerance. administration of drug occurred in hot plate room. - M-CP: used to explore if practice would result in tolerance. treated the same as MHP but no hot plate, cold plate 3/4 trials. - M-CAGE: different cues - given drug in the colony room. - S: given saline as a control/baseline group. had the hot plate each time.

In Experiment 1A and 1B, what technique was used to assess pain sensitivity?

hot plate technique

The procedure used to measure analgesic effects of morphine in the experiments was called the ___ _____ procedure, and researchers were interested in ____ of paw licking.

hot plate, latency

In figure 1 (experiment 1A), the M-CAGE group exhibited ____________ based on their long paw-lick latencies.

lack of tolerance

analgesic measurement

long paw lick latencies

hot plate procedure

measures latency of paw licks - relief from hot surface. If tolerance to drug is to build up, latency will be similar to a control group (no drug) after repeated trials

In experiment 1A, group M-CP (cold plate) showed short latency paw licks on the fourth/test session. This suggests that _______ is irrelevant to analgesia tolerance.

repeated experience or practice

hyperalgesic measurement

short paw lick latencies

Experiment 3 procedure

sought to find if repeated placebo presentations would lead to attenuation of tolerance. 2 groups, 6 trials with 9 days between trials 3 and 4. had a total of 6 morphine analgesia assessment sessions - M-REST-M: left undisturbed between sessions 3 and 4 - MPM: placebo tests on hot plate on all 9 days

temporal contiguity

temporal arrangement. CS should precede US. Shorter delay between CS and US begets best conditioning

Overshadowing

when two neutral stimuli are paired in compound with a single US, more conditioning to the more salient CS. If two CS are paired with same US an equal amount of times and with alternating trials, then both will come to produce a CR, but a very weak one.