Quiz 5 Psych& 100

In which of these scenarios has extinction occurred?

Connor has quit smoking and no longer feels excited when he sees a cigarette.

In what way are classical and operant conditioning distinct?

In operant conditioning, the strength of learning is usually measured by emitted responses, whereas in classical conditioning it is usually measured by elicited responses.

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

It happened because the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus.

The finding that an animal will stop performing an instrumental response that once led to a reinforcer if the reinforcer is separately made aversive or undesirable is known as what?

Reinforcer devaluation effect

Three years ago, Nasim ate a burger and was violently sick a few hours afterwards. Even though it was the only time up to that point that he had had this reaction to burgers, he cannot even look at a burger without feeling sick. Why is his conditioned taste aversion puzzling from the perspective of the general principles of classical conditioning?

The association that Nasim made between eating the burger and feeling sick required only a single US-CS pairing.

Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect?

The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer.

Jaspreet has been nagged by his parents to make his bed.

When Jaspreet makes his bed and the nagging stops, he is negatively reinforced

What is the difference between aggressive behaviors and violent actions?

aggression may cause harm, but violence is intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury or death)

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively when:

aggressive models were punished

Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans.

anxiety disorder

The tendency to overestimate the amount of violence that occurs in the world based on the ease with which you can call a recent example of violence to mind is called the _________ heuristic.

availability

Social models are an important part of observational learning. Which group is NOT necessarily a good social model for learning?

best friends

Sidney Crosby, a famous hockey player, is paid $10 million to wear Reebok ice-skates. Reebok hopes this will increase sales of their skates due to:

classical conditioning

In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.

elicited; before

One external factor that can lead to aggressive behaviors is ________, which occurs when goal-directed behaviors are blocked. A good example of this would be getting stuck in traffic on your way to a class or an important meeting.

frustration

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.

goal-directed

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene behavior (e.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

Humans are much more likely to associate snakes with danger than flowers and danger. This is due to our evolutionary tendency called __________.

preparedness

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement