Quiz 8 Ch. 17

Hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

False cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

Ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning.

What is credibility? What are the two factors?

Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker. A speaker's credibility is affected by two primary factors -competence and character.

What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeals.

Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverent, or the like. Three ways to generate emotional appeal are to use emotionally charged language, vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction.

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need evidence?

Evidence consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something. Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speaker is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.

What are the ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

Hasty Generalization, False Cause, Invalid Analogy, Bandwagon, Red Herring, Ad Hominem, Either-Or, Slippery Slope, Appeal to Tradition, Appeal to Novelty.

What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances?

Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. It is the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instances.

What is reasoning from specific instances?

Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistics.

Analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effects.

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during speeches?

Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are four tips or using evidence in a persuasive speech?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of the evidence.

Evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Terminal credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches?

Analogical reasoning compares two similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is true in one case will also be true in the other. When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstances.

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

What are the difference between initial, derived, and terminal credibility.

Initial credibility is the audience's perception of a speaker before the speech begins. Derived credibility is produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech. Terminal credibility is the audience's perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

Reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.