Quiz 8 -- Hormones

Which of the following statements about glucocorticoids is correct? Group of answer choicesGlucocorticoid receptors are mostly found within limbic system neurons.Glucocorticoids increase levels of hormones that affect sexual function.Secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by the central nucleus of the amygdala.Cortisol is a glucocorticoid released by the anterior pituitary gland.An inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.

An inability to secrete glucocorticoids results in greater reactivity/toxicity to stressors.

The secretion of glucocorticoids is controlled by neurons localized within the preoptic hypothalamus reticular activating system PVN. central nucleus of the amygdala posterior pituitary.

PVN.

___________ challenges body's homeostasis and triggers arousal. Group of answer choicesorganizational effectstress response activating effects Stressor

Stressor

The following characteristics describe hormone properties compared to neurotransmitters (check all that apply): Group of answer choiceshave a small scale effecttravel via the blood streameffects that last millisecondsproduce effects for dayscan effect any cell in the body

travel via the blood stream produce effects for days can effect any cell in the body

Which part of the HPA Axis releases adrenocorticotropin hormone? Adrenocortico cortex Anterior Pituitary Hypothalamus Corticotropin gland Adrenal cortex

Anterior Pituitary

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens? Only males have androgens They are produced by the pituitary Both sexes have both types of hormones They have opposite effects in males and females

Both sexes have both types of hormones

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone has an effect on the brain's amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate gyrus but does not lower the stress responses or have an effect on emotions. True False

False

Estrogen is the primary reproductive hormone driving both genital and brain development in utero (before birth). True False

False

The adrenal medulla sends a neural message through the spinal cord in the fight or flight response. True False

False

The pituitary gland has two parts; the anterior portion stores hormones created by the hypothalamus and the posterior portion synthesizes hormones upon stimulation by the hypothalamus via releasing hormones. True False

False

Your autonomic stress response is responsible for increasing your appetite in times of stress. True False

False

ducts are the precursor structures that lead to the female internal reproductive structures. Gonad ducts Estrogen ducts Mullerian ducts Wolffian ducts Androgen ducts

Mullerian ducts

Which of the following correctly depicts the control of secretion of glucocorticoids? PVN activation -> CRH secretion into anterior pituitary -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex activation of the central nucleus of the amygdala -> sympathetic activation -> adrenaline release -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex central nucleus of the amygdala -> activates ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > PVN activation -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal medulla ACTH secretion from the PVN -> CRH release from the posterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex CRH secretion within the PVN -> activates ACTH release from anterior pituitary -> glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

PVN activation -> CRH secretion into anterior pituitary -> ACTH secretion from anterior pituitary - > glucocorticoid secretion from adrenal cortex

Why will taking a melatonin pill in the evening have little effect on sleepiness? Body temperature is too high The pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway The pineal gland is only active in the morning Body temperature is too low

The pineal gland produces melatonin at that time anyway

A single chemical messenger can be classified as a neurotransmitter or hormone -- it depends on where the target cell/tissue/organ is located compared to the origin of the message that defines the classification of the chemical. Group of answer choicesTrueFalse

True

Males have a higher production of cortisol in response to acute stressor than females. True False

True

The part of the HPA Axis that produces cortisol is the adrenal cortex. True False

True

Chronic stress may impair memory by destroying cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus increasing the reuptake of glutamate into hippocampal neurons inducing apoptosis of glial cells releasing acetylcholine in the hippocampus increasing the entry of glucose into neurons.

destroying cells within field CA1 of the hippocampus.

Elevated glucocorticoid levels during stress may explain induction of Alzheimer's disease after stress the inhibition of growth noted during stress development of memory problems in older persons loss of cells in the amygdala poor performance of stressed rats in tasks of cocaine self-administration.

development of memory problems in older persons.

Check all of the following hormones that are considered to be reproductive hormones: estradiol cortisol growth hormone thyroid-stimulating hormone oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone testosterone progesterone

estradiol oxytocin follicle-stimulating hormone testosterone progesterone

Most ________ are secreted into the extracellular fluid from endocrine glands or tissues. neuropeptides modulators neurotransmitters hormones pheromones

hormones

The hormonal secretions that accompany an emotion act to suppress pain reactivity. increase blood flow to the muscles. form glycogen within the muscles. control the absorption of nutrients from the gut. increase blood flow to the digestive organs

increase blood flow to the muscles.

The experience of stress has been found to Group of answer choicesincrease the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.render rats resistant to the reinforcing effects of cocaine.suppreses drug intake.block the craving for cocaine in abstinent addicts.reduce the high produced by cocaine.

increase the amount of cocaine self-administered by rats.

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: Decrease risk of heart attack and stroke Increases male fertility Increases liver and kidney function Increases aggression

not b

Prolonged stress can result in cardiovascular disease because stress can increase blood pressure which leads to heart attacks and strokes activation of the sympathetic nervous system produces more wear and tear on the cardiovascular system stress-related hormones are toxic for cardiac cells prolonged activation of the parasympathetic nervous system damages heart tissue stress increases consumption of fatty foods that clog the arteries.

stress can increase blood pressure which leads to heart attacks and strokes.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia leads to extra _______. estrogen progesterone testosterone oxytocin

testosterone

Hans Selye argued that ill health induced by chronic stress exposure reflects overstimulation of growth. the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids the activation of apoptosis in brain by stress exposure. the prolonged secretion of acetylcholine. decreased blood pressure.

the prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids