Quiz 9- chapters 30, 31, 32, 33, 46, 47

second generation fluoroquinolone

-Expanded Gram Negative Activity -Some Activity against Gram Positive Bacteria -Some Activity against Atypical Organisms ( Mycoplasma , Chlamydia)

fourth generation fluoroquinolone

-Improved Gram Positive Bacteria coverage -Maintains expanded Gram Negative activity -Less activity against Atypical Organisms -Shows activity against Anaerobic Organisms

first generation fluoroquinolone

-Moderate Gram Negative Activity - restricted to the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections

third generation fluoroquinolone

-Retain Expanded Gram Negative Activity -Improved Activity against Atypical Organisms ( Mycoplasma, Chlamydia ) -Improved Activity against specific Gram Positive Bacteria

a combination of antibiotics for 6 to 12 months to decrease risk of developing resistant strains

Active Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Therapy is best treated with

thicker

All Mycobacterium species share a waxy cell wall , rich in Mycolic Acid, that is characteristically __________________ than in many other bacteria, and this makes them highly resistant to antimicrobials.

false

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics are Indicated for the treatment of serious, life-threatening infections caused by Gram PositIve bacteria.

true

Aminoglycoside Antibiotics are associated with serious toxicites, such as ototoxity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular toxicities.

Folic acid antagonists

Antagonizes cellular enzymes Dihydro-pteroate Synthetase and Dihydro-folate Reducatse needed Bacterial DNA synthesis

false

Antimalarial Drugs bind to the toxic hemozoin molecules and prevent them from being converted into less toxic Heme molecules.

anti-protozoal drugs

Bind to the Heme Molecule within the RBC, raising the pH and destroying the parasite.

anti-malarial

Chloroquine and mefloquine are _______ drugs

antimycobacterials

Generally target enzymes needed for WAXY MYCOLIC ACID Bacterial Cell Wall.

false

Generally, Macrolide Antibiotics are Indicated for the treatment of gram negative infections respiratory tract infections , with gram positive infections generally being more resistant to the effects of these protein synthesis inhibitors.

false

Fungal Infections that penetrate the skin and become systemic are easily treated with Amphotericin B , with minimal risk of toxicities and adverse side effects associated with its use.

true

Gram Negative Urinary Tract infections respond well to Trimethoprim / Sulfamethoxazole ( Bactrim )

false

Helminths are a group of prokaryotic intestinal parasitic organsims that live in and feed off of hosts, receiving nurishment and protection while disrupting their hosts' nutrient absorption.

intracellular synthesis, diet

In looking at the mechanism of action for Folic Acid Antagonists, Prokaryotic bacterial cells, because they are impermeable to folic acid, obtain their needed folic acid via_______________________, while human eukayotic cells obtain their needed folic acid via ______________ for cell utilization.

Flouroquinolones

Inhibit Bacterial DNA Gyrase needed for bacterial DNA replication

plasmodium falciparum

MALARIA, the mosquito born infectious disease is caused by PROTOZOA of the genus PLASMODIUM , and the SPECIES of Plasmodium responsible for the most dangerous form of MALARIA is......

true

Macrolide Antibiotics have a spectrum of activity that is slightly wider than that of penicillins, and because of this, they are a common substitute for patients with Penicillin allergies

true

Malaria causing Plasmodium protozoa , once in the blood stream via a mosquito bite, invade Red Blood Cells, using hemoglobin in the RBC's as a nutrient for growth and replication.

5-10%

People who have Latent Tuberculosis Infection ( LTBI ) have about a _____________ chance of going on to develop Active Tuberculosis Disease.

anti fungal drugs

Target the characteristic ergosterol component of the cell membrane.

false

The Aminoglycosides, just as other antibiotic classes, have a WIDE THERAPEUTIC INDEX and therefore do not require therapeutic drug monitoring.

ivermectin (stromectol), albendazole (ablenza)

The Anti-Parastic Drug _________________hyperpolarizes the parasite's nerve and muscles cells, leading to cell death, while the Anti-Parasitic Drug _______________ interferes with the uptake of glucose , so that the cell loses energy and dies.

gram negative; gram positive

The Flouroquinolones Antibiotics are generally effective against ____________________ organisms, with newer generations showing improved coverage against _____________________ organisms and atypical organisms ( Mycoplasma, Chlamydia..etc)

dihydrofolate reductase

The Folic Acid Antgaonist - Trimethoprim antagonizes Folic Acid synthesis and subsequent synthesis of Bacterial RNA & DNA by inhibiting the enzyme ___________________

false

The Malarial Plasmodium parasites, in their digestion of hemoglobin as a nutrient, produce a toxic molecule called Hemozoin.

neither gram positive nor gram negative

The Mycobacteria , Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, is classified as:

false

The Spectrum of Activity of the Folic Acid Antagonists ( Sulfa Drugs and Trimethoprim )are similar to each other, however, Trimethoprim is 20 to 50 fold LESS potent that the Sulfonamides ( Sulfasalazine, Sulfamethoxazole)

dihydropteroate synthase

The Sulfonamide Folic Acid Antgaonists ( Sulfasalazine , Sulfamethoxazole) antagonize Folic Acid synthesis and subsequent synthesis of Bacterial RNA & DNA by inhibiting the BACTERIAL enzyme ___________________.

true

The bacterial ( prokaryotic) ribosome is SMALLER (70S) than the mammalian ( eukaryotic) ribosome (80S) ,is composed of subunits ( 50S & 30S) that are smaller than that of mammalian ribosome ( 60S & 40S), and this ultimately allows for the "selective toxicity" where Protein Synthesis Inhibitors CAN interact with the bacterial target , but spare the host cells.

ergosterol

The component of the Fungal Cell that provides 'selective toxicity' for many of the Anti-Fungal Agents is the:

true

The flouroquinolone antibiotic drugs are generally safe to take, however, they are alsoassociated with rare but serious tendonopathy and neuropathy adverse effects.

false

The flu-like signs and symptoms of Malaria ( Headache, fever, shivering, joing pain, vomitting, jaundice, hemoglobinuria) typically begin under a week following infection.

true

The general usefullness of Tetracycline Antibiotics has been reduced due to bacterial resistance, and they are most commonly used in the treatment of moderately severe acne and rosacea

Cestodes

The intestinal parasitic 'tapeworm' belongs to what major group of Helminth?

Inhibit the bacterial enzyme, DNA Gyrase, which is needed for DNA replication

The mechanism of action for the Floroquinolone Antibiotics is:

Bactrim (sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim)

Which Folic Acid Antagonist Drug shows the greatest inhibition of bacterial growth?

bactrim DS

a combination folic acid antagonist drug

anti-fungal

amphotericin is considered an ________ given through IV

anti-fungal; topical

clotrimazole is a _________ drug the is used for _______ application

eukaryotic organisms

fungi are classified as

anti-helminthic

ivermectin and albendazole are _______ drugs

false

protozoa can be seen by the human eye

binding to the 30s subunit and distorting it, causing misreading and premature chain termination and inhibition of protein synthesis

the MOA for the amino glycoside antibiotics is

binding to the 50s subunit of the ribosome, inhibiting the translocation step of protein synthesis.

the MOA for the macrolide antibiotics

binding to the 30s subunit and prohibiting the MRNA /TRNA union and protein synthesis

the MOA for the tetracycline antibiotics is

1. kidney toxicity 2. ototoxicity 3. neuromuscular paralysis

what 3 serious adverse affects are associated with amino glycoside antibiotics

chloroquine and mefloquine

what are 2 anti-malarial drugs

1. Ciprofloxacin 2. Levofloxacin

what are 2 fluoroquinolone drugs

1. sulfamethoxazole 2. trimethoprim

what are 2 folic acid antagonist drugs

1. rifampin 2. isoniazid 3. pyrazinamide

what are 3 anti-mycobacterial drugs

1. serious/complicated gram negative skin, bone or soft tissue infections 2. gram-negative septicemia 3. serious complicated gram negative urinary tract infection

what are 3 common clinical uses of aminoglycoside antibiotics

1. erythromycin 2. azithromycin 3. clarithromycin

what are 3 macrolide antibiotics

1. ciproflaxin (cipro) 2. norfloxacin (Noroxin) 3. ofloxacin (floxin)

what are 3 second generation fluoroquinolone

1. tetracycline (cyclocin) 2. doxycycline (doryx) 3. minocycline (minocin)

what are 3 tetracyclines

1. gentamycin 2. neomycin 3. amikacin 4. tobramycin 5. streptomycin

what are 5 amino glycoside antibiotics

1. terbinifine (lamisil) 2. miconazole (monistic) 3. terconazole (terazole) 4. ketoconazole (Nizoral) 5. fluconazole (diflucan)

what are 5 anti fungal agents

1. nalidixic acid (neggram)

what is one first generation fluoroquinolone

1. moxifloxicin (Avelox)

what is one fourth generation Flouroquinolone

1. Levofloxacin ( Levaquin )

what is one third generation Fluoroquinolone