Quiz answers Chapters 4,5,18

An introduction to a research report should contain A)Statement of the problem, overview of relevant research, and research questions/hypotheses B)Statement of the problem, participants, and research design C)Research design, procedures, and instruments D)Research design, overview of relevant research, and results

A)Statement of the problem, overview of relevant research, and research questions/hypotheses

A mean of 50 is used when calculating A)T-scores B)Normal distribution C)Z scores D)Stanine scores

A)T-scores

Which of the following is true about Likert scales? A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value D)The distance between scale points are equal E)They have a true zero point

A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes

When a researcher unintentionally influences the study's outcome, it is known as A)Halo effect B)Experimenter effect C)Hawthorne effect D)John Henry effect

B)Experimenter effect

A common mistake in writing research reports is A)Failing to include the results sections B)Failing to follow the publication guidelines C)Co-authorship D)Length

B)Failing to follow the publication guidelines

The easiest measure of central tendency to calculate is the A)Mean B)Mode C)Median D)Normal distribution

B)Mode

The methods section of a research report contains A)Results of the study B)Relevant literature C)Participants, measures, design D)The introduction

C)Participants, measures, design

Statistical analyses are included in which section of the research report? A)Introduction B)Methods C)Results D)Discussion

C)Results

Common problems in discussion sections include ALL BUT WHICH of the following? A)Failure to delineate limitations to the study B)Going beyond the data C)Weak abstract D)Failure to discuss implications and recommendations

C)Weak abstract

Variable traits

any trait, attribute, or characteristic that varies; it can vary within each person over time (e.g. age) or be constant within a person but vary across individuals (e.g. birthplace)

Important considerations in the development of a methodological plan include ALL BUT WHICH of the following A)Funding source B)Variable selection C)Population sampling D)Bias reduction

A)Funding source

Critical to research report writing is A)Ensuring the manuscript is 15 pages in length B)Reporting of both supportive and contradicting studies in the overview of relevant research C)Including previous research from all co-authors of the study D)None of the above

B)Reporting of both supportive and contradicting studies in the overview of relevant research

When data points on a particular variable do not conform to a normal curve they are best known as A)A frequency distribution B)Skewed C)Positively skewed D)Negatively skewed E)Symmetrical

B)Skewed

When studying the effect of maternal alcohol use and disruptive behavior in children, the child's disruptive behavior is considered A)The independent variable B)The dependent variable C)Unrelated to maternal alcohol use D)Qualitative data

B)The dependent variable

Which of the following is true about nominal scales? A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value D)The distance between scale points are equal E)They have a true zero point

C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value

A step to establish validity in qualitative research that includes incorporating multiple forms of data collection, theories, or researchers is known as A)Member checking B)Reflexivity C)Triangulation D)Researcher bias

C)Triangulation

Which of the following is true? A)small sample sizes are encouraged for studies that may lead to serious consequences if results are incorrect B)larger samples are recommended when studying homogeneous populations C)larger sample sizes are recommended when studying heterogeneous populations D)small sample sizes are recommended when studying heterogeneous populations

C)larger sample sizes are recommended when studying heterogeneous populations

The section most appropriate for drawing conclusions between the current study and existing research is A)Introduction B)Methods C)Results D)Discussion

D)Discussion

Which of the following is true about interval scales? A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value D)The distance between scale points are equal E)They have a true zero point

D)The distance between scale points are equal

A researcher calculates standard scores using the population mean and standard deviation. The researcher is calculating A)Raw scores B)T-scores C)Stanine scores D)Z scores

D)Z scores

Reporting effect size is optional and not advisable for most empirical manuscripts. True False

False

Typical manuscript initial review time for journal consideration is 18 months. True False

False

Blind review simply means that the reviewers are unaware of who authored the manuscript. True False

True

Which of the following is most true about error in measurement? A)Some tests contain no error B)All tests contain some error C)Reliability is not influenced by random error D)None of the above are true regarding error in measurement

B)All tests contain some error

Operationalizing variables simply means that they A)Are categorical B)Are well defined C)Can be manipulated D)Can be easily entered into SPSS

B)Are well defined

Dependent variables (DV)

is affected or changed by the independent variable (IV)

A graduate's score on the NCE is considered a measure of their knowledge and relates to A)Content validity B)Construct validity C)Convergent validity D)Discriminant validity

A)Content validity

When studying the effect of maternal alcohol use and disruptive behavior in children, maternal alcohol use is likely A)A manipulated variable B)Unrelated to the child's disruptive behavior C)Controlled by the researcher D)A selected variable

D)A selected variable

A researcher is interested in the reliability of a new instrument he has developed. One way of determining reliability is to A)Rank the scores of all participants who pilot the instrument B)Have an expert panel review the content C)Compare scores on the instrument to scores on another instrument that measures the same constructs D)Administer the same test on two occasions

D)Administer the same test on two occasions

Instrument selection is largely based on A)Where, when, and how data will be collected B)Appropriateness of instrument to the population being studied C)Psychometric properties of the instrument D)All of the above

D)All of the above

The chapter authors give some guidance to research report writers including A)Practice writing and getting feedback B)Anticipate rewriting C)Begin to write to overcome writer's block D)All of the above

D)All of the above

Which of the following is true regarding descriptive statistics? A)Mean and standard deviation are considered forms of descriptive statistics B)They serve as a way to understand numerical data C)They indicate basic features of data D)All of the above are true regarding descriptive statistics

D)All of the above are true regarding descriptive statistics

Categorical variables

categorized along type and show more qualitative differences (e.g. religious affiliation)

Independent variables (IV)

causes changes to the dependent variable (DV)

Considerations in determining appropriate sample size for a study generally include ALL BUT WHICH of the following A)Statistical program used to analyze data B)Type of statistical analysis to be employed C)Sample sizes in previous studies D)The likelihood of finding a large effect

A)Statistical program used to analyze data

Variables such as religion and sexual orientation are considered A)Categorical B)Numerical C)Quantitative D)Constants

A)Categorical

A form of bias that allows a typically irrelevant trait to influence perceptions of another, typically more relevant, trait is known as A)Halo effect B)Experimenter effect C)Hawthorne effect D)John Henry effect

A)Halo effect

A researcher gives a class of 8th graders a test on basic concepts of conflict resolution at the end of a 6 week psychoeducation group on the topic. The average score on the test is 82. This is known as the A)Mean B)Mode C)Indicator of success of the group D)Normal distribution

A)Mean

Which of the following types of data typically require larger sample sizes? A)Nominal B)Ordinal C)Interval D)Metric-level analysis

A)Nominal

Measurement is best defined as A)A classification proposed to describe the nature of information contained within numbers assigned to objects and, therefore, within the variable B)A management system for data C)How a researcher classifies ordinal and nominal data D)The manner in which data is transformed into descriptive statistics

A)A classification proposed to describe the nature of information contained within numbers assigned to objects and, therefore, within the variable

Researchers may be accused of bias in their writing meaning A)They have reviewed only those studies that support the argument they hope to make with their findings B)The language is gender neutral C)Methodology is incomplete D)All of the above

A)They have reviewed only those studies that support the argument they hope to make with their findings

A primary concern of using a large sample is A)As the number of participants increases, the risk of finding true significance increases B)As the number of participants increases, the risk of finding significance where none exists increases C)It is less likely to be a representative sample of the target population D)None of the above are concerns related to larger sample sizes

B)As the number of participants increases, the risk of finding significance where none exists increases

The extent to which a test is an accurate measure of a particular variable is known as A)Content validity B)Construct validity C)Convergent validity D)Discriminant validity

B)Construct validity

An overview of relevant research, also known as a literature review, is important because A)It is an exhaustive and thorough integration of all related research B)The literature review strengthens the framework the researcher uses to approach the study C)It addresses relevant empirical and theoretical research on the topic at hand D)All of the above are true E)b & c only

E)b & c only

An important consideration of the research report title is A)It should reflect the desired outcome of the research B)It should ensure that the research can be accessed by those interested in the topic C)Titles are not important in the research report writing process D)The APA manual contains no guidelines relative to titling the research report

B)It should ensure that the research can be accessed by those interested in the topic

Variables such as height, weight, and test score are considered A)Categorical B)Numerical C)Constants D)Qualitative

B)Numerical

Which of the following is true about ordinal scales? A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value D)The distance between scale points are equal E)They have a true zero point

B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank

Existing counseling research is largely based on A)Non-white, low SES participants B)White, middle-class, educated participants C)White, under-educated participants D)Non-white, middle-class, educated participants

B)White, middle-class, educated participants

The authors discuss three types of research reports. Which of the following is not considered a type of research report? A)Journal articles B)Dissertations/Theses C)Book chapters D)Dissertation/Thesis proposals

C)Book chapters

An important consideration about traits is that they A)Are always changing B)Are constant C)Can be changing or constant D)Are always categorical

C)Can be changing or constant

When scores on one test of a variable correlate highly with scores on another test of the same variable, one can assume A)Content validity B)Construct validity C)Convergent validity D)Discriminant validity

C)Convergent validity

In general, potential sources of bias include ALL BUT WHICH of the following A)Unintentional errors B)Expectations of the researcher C)Having too large of a sample D)Observation recording methods

C)Having too large of a sample

The concept that research participants are more motivated to perform when they know they are being studied is known as A)Halo effect B)Experimenter effect C)Hawthorne effect D)John Henry effect

C)Hawthorne effect

Highlighting a specific case example is typically a goal of what type of research? A)Predictive designs B)Educational research C)Qualitative research D)Quantitative research

C)Qualitative research

The bridge in research report writing refers to A)An organized overview of literature that builds an argument for conducting of the study B)Results of the current study C)How the writer answers the question "why this, why now?" D)Both a & c

D)Both a & c

Researchers are remiss if they do not include __________ in the results section? A)Discussion points B)A discussion of statistical versus clinical significance C)Effect size D)Both b & c

D)Both b & c

When scores on the 16 Personality Factor test do not highly correlate with the Wide Range Achievement Test, one can assume A)Content validity B)Construct validity C)Convergent validity D)Discriminant validity

D)Discriminant validity

Four levels of measurement proposed by Stevens (1946) include ALL BUT WHICH of the following A)Nominal B)Ordinal C)Interval D)Metric E)Ratio

D)Metric

Obtaining a representative, random, and generalizable sample is typically a goal of what type of research? A)Single subject design B)Educational research C)Qualitative research D)Quantitative research

D)Quantitative research

All BUT WHICH of the following are true regarding research reports A)Published reports are occasionally poorly written B)The written report is the permanent record of the research C)Research reports are archival documents for other scientist practitioners D)Research reports are based solely on papers presented at professional conferences

D)Research reports are based solely on papers presented at professional conferences

Which of the following is true about ratio scales? A)They range from strongly agree to strongly disagree and rate people's attitudes B)They divide observations into categories and provides measurement by order and rank C)These scales consist of numbers assigned to groups or categories which have no inherent quantitative value D)The distance between scale points are equal E)They have a true zero point

E)They have a true zero point

Selected variables

observed as they occur or after they have occurred without researcher intervention

Numerical variables

quantitative in nature; easily categorized with numerical values and show differences in amounts (e.g. test scores)

Manipulated variables

those that are controlled, created, applied, enforced, or enacted by the researcher

Extraneous variables

undesirable variables that influence the outcome of the study