Quiz Questions Exam 1
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soybean protein on biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and adipocytokines in adults living in the southern United States. What is the independent variable?
Cotton seed oil
An investigator hypothesizes that consumption of a diet rich in cottonseed oil increases adiponectin and other biomarkers for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. What is the independent variable?
Cottonseed oil
A researcher predicts that a positive attitude will effect time to exhaustion during a treadmill run. Time to exhaustion is a
Dependent variable
What does the Common Rule (the federal regulations that guide research with human participants) require of all research involving human subjects?
Informed consent
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the type of activity program (integrated vs. segregated) on perceived competence and general self-worth. Participants were 64 adolescent females with intellectual disability, divided equally into four groups: (1) segregated swimming; (2) integrated swimming; (3) adapted physical activity; and (4) sedentary. The experimental treatment was 32 months long; for sport groups, this involved 2 hours of training each week. The Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children was administrated to determine changes in perceived physical competence and general self-worth. What would be a limitation of the study?
Only females were used
The purpose of this study was to examine the independent and combined effects of niacin and a single bout of exercise on the blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles in sedentary, postmenopausal women. Eighteen sedentary, postmenopausal women (40 - 80 years old), were recruited (mean ± SD; age = 57 ± 6 yrs; height = 161.3 ± 6.7 cm; weight = 75.8 ± 13.9 kg; % body fat = 46.2 ± 6.6 %). The without-niacin (WON) condition was first assigned followed by the with-niacin (WN) condition. The WN condition consisted of ingesting 1,000 mg/day of extended-release niacin for 4 weeks. Rest (R) and exercise (E) trials were randomly assigned within each WON or WN condition. What is a delimitation of the study?
Training done by gymnasts after their career was over
5 steps in the scientific method:
1. Define the problem 2. Determine the hypothesis 3.Develop a research plan 4.Gather the data 5.Analyze and interpret data
The present study examined whether motor skill learning could be enhanced through a hypnotic intervention. The task involved throwing a tennis ball overhand at a target. Participants were assigned to either a hypnosis or control group. How many levels of the independent variable are there?
2
The title of a study is "The effects of amount of practice and practice order on learning tasks with similar relative timing". How many independent variables are in the study?
2
Male coaches from NCAA Division I (n = 297), Division III (n = 294), and Japanese universities (n = 254) responded to the Coach Satisfaction Questionnaire measuring satisfaction with supervision, coaching job, autonomy, facilities, media and community support, pay, team performance, amount of work, colleagues, athletes' academic performance, and job security. How many levels of the independent variable are there?
3
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a 40-m repeated sprint training program that does not involve strength training on sprinting speed and repeated sprint speed on young elite soccer players. What is the independent variable?
40-m repeated sprint training
The purpose of this study was to compare daily, physical education, recess, and after school moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) levels between children with and without autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Children ages 5 to 12 years wore a uniaxial accelerometer for five days (four weekdays, one weekend day).What is the dependent variable?
Activity levels
The characteristics of the research process suggest that research...
All of above: procedures should be followed precisely in order to generate useful data; methods should be recorded in such a way that the methods are transparent and can be followed by others; should collect and summarize data in some way
The goal of present research was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks aquatic training on lipid profile in patients with type II diabetes...What is the independent variable?
Aquatic training
The premise that a 3-day dietary recall is a valid measure of dietary intake of participants is an example of a(n)
Assumption
The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the long-term effect of exercise on bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition (BC) in post-menopausal women who were elite athletes during their youth compared with sedentary controls... What is a dependent variable
Bone mineral content
The study examined caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight) vs. placebo during anaerobic exercise. Eighteen male athletes (24.1 ± 5.8 yr; BMI 26.4 ± 2.2 kg/m²) completed a leg press, chest press, and Wingate test. A repeated-measures analysis of variance determined the independent effects of caffeine versus no caffeine on plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum free fatty acids, plasma lactate, serum cortisol concentrations, and heart rate. Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine differences between the preexercise, midpoint, and postexercise values.What would be a RESEARCH hypothesis for this study
Caffeine intake will increase fatty acid levels during exercise
This article empirically examines the effects of changes in free agent rules on competitive balance over time in the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), and National Hockey League (NHL). Regression analysis using within-season and between-season measures of competitive balance provided mixed results. What is the independent variable?
Changes in the free agent rules
When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher
Collects data on which to base decisions
Which of the following is defined as the capacity of individuals to control when and under what conditions others will have access to their behaviors, beliefs, and values?
Confidentiality
The dietary habits of Americans are creating serious health concerns, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even some types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to design an Internet-based nutrition education program and to explore its effect on weight, blood pressure, and eating habits after 12 months of participation. We designed the DASH for Health program to provide weekly articles about healthy nutrition via the Internet. What is the independent variable?
DASH for health program
In Experiment 1, including 145 male handball referees, we investigated the influence of referees' level of expertise on their decisional biases against women handball players. What is the dependent variable?
Decisional bias
Which of the following is expected to change in a study as a result of the treatment?
Dependent variable
In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?
Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?
We assessed the impact of the minimum legal drinking age on hospital-based treatment for alcohol-related conditions or events.What is the independent variable?
Drinking age
Which of the following would be INCORRECT according to APA?
Each child weighed approximately 30 kilograms
A good beginning point in a literature search for the student with a very limited knowledge about a topic is
Encyclopedias, textbooks, and literature reviews
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is
Experimental research
The purpose of this research was to verify differences in fat metabolism during training in fasting or feeding conditions. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and substrate utilization, estimated by the respiratory-exchange ratio (RER), were compared in 8 healthy young men who performed the same moderate-intensity training session (36 min of cardiovascular training on treadmill at 65% maximum heart rate) in the morning in 2 trials in random sequence: (1) Fasting condition without any food intake or (2) Feeding condition after breakfast. In both trials, participants were asked to consume the same total amount and quality of food in the 24 hr after the training session. What would be a NULL hypothesis for this study?
Fat metabolism will not be different between the fasted and fed trials
In writing the Methods section of our paper, and describing the pertinent characteristics of the participants, which of the following would be least pertinent in a study that surveyed the favorite books of children?
Height of the children
The present study examined whether motor skill learning could be enhanced through a hypnotic intervention. The task involved throwing a tennis ball overhand at a target. Participants were assigned to either a hypnosis or control group.What is the independent variable?
Hypnosis
Which of the following would be the correct format for a reference citation in the text? Assume this is the first citation and there are no other similar citations.
In earlier studies (Cruz, 2011; Cruz & Rangel, 2010)
Which of the following should the researcher do to ensure confidentiality?
Inform particpants about who will have access to the data; remove identification of participants; allow no unauthorized indivdiuals to have access to the data
An investigator who explains the benefits and risks of participating in a study is addressing the ethical standard of
Informed consent
A research hypothesis
Is directly testable
It is desirable to carry out a pilot study prior to the actual research study because
It permits a thorough check of the planned data collection and analysis procedures
Which of the following describes the research hypothesis of a study?
It secifies what the researcher expects to find
Which of the following applies more to basic research than applied research?
It usually has more controls
In Experiment 1, including 145 male handball referees, we investigated the influence of referees' level of expertise on their decisional biases against women handball players. What is the independent variable?
Level of expertise
The research hypothesis for this study was that high phosphorus intake would be associated with increased mortality in a healthy US population. What is the dependent variable?
Mortality
The present study examined whether motor skill learning could be enhanced through a hypnotic intervention. The task involved throwing a tennis ball overhand at a target. Participants were assigned to either a hypnosis or control group.What is the dependent variable?
Motor skill or throwing
The purpose of this investigation was to assess movement capabilities of adults with visual impairments in comparison to sighted peers... What is the dependent variable?
Movement capability
Properly answering a research question requires using evidence that is
Objective and unbiased
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age, ethnicity, and organizational tenure diversity on occupational commitment and occupational turnover intent among coaching staffs. Data were gathered via questionnaire from coaches in 48 NCAA Division IA football coaching staffs (235 coaches).What is the dependent variable(s)
Occupational turnover and occupational commitment
To eliminate bias in writing, APA style would indicate which phrase would be the better choice
People with disabilities as compared to people without disabilities
The section of the Methods in which the sequence of events from the beginning to the end of a study is described is the ____.
Procedures
The sampling method that ensures the most representative samples is ____.
Random sampling
This study examines the effectiveness of educational technology applications in improving the reading achievement of struggling readers in elementary schools. What is the dependent variable?
Reading achievement
It was hypothesized that third-grade students will have better overall upper body posture than fifth grade students and that boys will exhibit better posture than their female counterparts. What type of hypothesis is presented?
Research
What type of hypothesis is the following: "Students exposed to an experimental leisure activity program will show greater self-esteem than do students who have not been exposed to this program."
Research
A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a
Research hypothesis
The primary sources of a literature review should be
Research journal articles
What are the three guiding principles of the Belmont Report?
Respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
The group of people selected to be included in a study is the ____.
Sample
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of soybean protein on biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and adipocytokines in adults living in the southern United States. What is the independent variable?
Soybean protein
The primary purpose of this study was to examine how the presence of sponsor signage in collegiate basketball arenas influences correct sponsorship recognition by women's basketball spectators. What is the independent variable?
Sponsor signage
An investigator divides the students from a community college with an enrollment of 1500 assigns four homogeneous subgroups based on the students' classification of their racial background and then draws a simple random sample of students from each subgroup is using
Stratified random sampling
Why was the Tuskegee Syphilis Study unethical?
Study withheld treatment from participants
This study was intended to evaluate the effect of high-tech swimsuits (HTS) on the swimming performance of top-level swimmers in the 50-m race. What is the dependent variable?
Swimming performance
An investigator who wants to study drug use at a university has been given a complete list of enrolled students. The psychologist randomly selects the number 9 from a table of random numbers and selects every 9th student on the list to be surveyed. This selection procedure is called
Systematic random sampling
Weight management interventions can be extended using mobile telephone technology to deliver support in real-time, real-world settings... What is the independent variable?
Text messaging
An investigator studied the influence of race on the incidence of the Female Athlete Triad in active women. Incidence of the Female Athlete Triad is
The dependent variable
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-week plyometric program on kinetics of the lower extremity of physically active women. In this study, kinetics of the lower extremity is
The dependent variable
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of tart cherry juice on joint flexibility by comparing participants that drink cherry juice with participants that do not. The researcher expects the cherry juice drinkers to have greater joint flexibility. Cherry juice is
The independent variable
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the type of activity program (integrated vs. segregated) on perceived competence and general self-worth. Participants were 64 adolescent females with intellectual disability, divided equally into four groups: (1) segregated swimming; (2) integrated swimming; (3) adapted physical activity; and (4) sedentary. The experimental treatment was 32 months long; for sport groups, this involved 2 hours of training each week. The Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children was administrated to determine changes in perceived physical competence and general self-worth. What would be an assumption of the study?
The measure of general self-worth is valid in adolescents with ID
The independent variable might also be called
The treatment variable
Plagiarism can be defined as
Using the words or ideas of someone else as your own without acknowledging
The purpose of this investigation was to assess movement capabilities of adults with visual impairments in comparison to sighted peers. Thirty participants (n = 15 visually impaired; n = 15 without vision loss) were age and gender matched and assesed on three functional movement measures. A Walk Across, Forward Lunge, and Sit to Stand were completed on a long force plate and analyzed using Group MANOVAs. What is the independent variable?
Vision
This study asked the question what effect does NCAA divisional affiliation have on the difference in the amount of web-based coverage of men's and women's sports teams. What is the dependent variable?
Web-based coverage
The dietary habits of Americans are creating serious health concerns, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even some types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to design an Internet-based nutrition education program and to explore its effect on weight, blood pressure, and eating habits after 12 months of participation. We designed the DASH for Health program to provide weekly articles about healthy nutrition via the Internet. What is the dependent variable?
Weight and blood pressure
The purpose of this study was to investigate gross and fine motor skill in overweight and obese children compared with normal-weight peers...What is the independent variable?
Weight classification
In terms of bias, which phrase would be the better choice?
When an indivdiaul does weight training that person becomes much stronger; When people do weight trainig, they become much stronger
A null hypothesis is
a statistical hypothesis that assumes that there is no difference among the effects of treatments
The purpose of an Institutional Review Board is to
ensure ethical standards for research are followed
An important principle set forth by the Nuremberg Code and the Belmont Report is the right of informed consent, which states that the researcher is obligated to
explain the major features of the study to the participants before the beginning of
Recognizing that grade point average may not completely reflect success in school is an example of a
limitation